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African lion#Northeast African population

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+#Redirect [[African lion#Northeast African population]]
-{{subspeciesbox
-|name = Northeast African lion
-|image = Lion zoo Addis Ababa.jpg
-|image_caption = Captive male [[Ethiopia]]n lion at [[Addis Ababa Zoo]]
-|image2 = Caged (7492115944).jpg
-|image2_caption = Lioness or juvenile lion at [[Addis Abeba]] Zoo
-|genus = Panthera
-|species = leo
-|species_link = Lion
-|subspecies = leo x melanochaita
-|authority =
-|synonyms = formerly:
-* ''P. l. abyssinica''
-* ''P. l. massaica'' (partim)
-* ''P. l. nubicus''
-* ''P. l. roosevelti''
-* ''P. l. somaliensis''
-* ''P. l. webbiensis''
-|synonyms_ref = <ref name="Haasetal.,2005"/>
-}}
-The '''Northeast African lion''' is a [[population]] of [[lion]]s in [[Northeast Africa]]. In this part of [[Africa]], lions occur in [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]], but are [[locally extinct|regionally extinct]] in [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]].<ref name="Iucn2016">{{IUCN |assessor=Bauer, H. |assessor2=Packer, C. |assessor3=Funston, P. F. |assessor4=Henschel, P. |assessor5=Nowell, K. |year=2016 |id=15951 |taxon=''Panthera leo'' |version=2017-3 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en}}</ref> The results of [[genetics|genetic]] tests published in 2016 indicated that lions in the region where [[North Africa]] overlaps with [[East Africa]] (including northern [[Kenya]] and possibly northern [[Uganda]]), are [[genetic admixture|genetically mixed]]<ref name="Bertola et al., 2016">{{cite journal |author1=Bertola, L. D. |author2=Jongbloed, H. |author3=Van Der Gaag, K. J. |author4=De Knijff, P. |author5=Yamaguchi, N. |author6=Hooghiemstra, H. |author7=Bauer, H. |author8=Henschel, P. |author9=White, P. A. |author10=Driscoll, C. A. |author11=Tende, T. |author12=Ottosson, U. |author13=Saidu, Y. |author14=Vrieling, K. |author15=de Iongh, H. H. |year=2016 |title=Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |page=30807 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep30807?WT.feed_name=subjects_evolution |doi=10.1038/srep30807}}</ref> between the [[Central African lion clade|Central African]] (''[[Northern lion|P. l. leo]]'') and [[East-Southern African lion]]s (''P. l. melanochaita''). As a consequence, the taxonomic status of lions in the [[Horn of Africa]] was not resolved by the Cat Specialist Group.<ref name="Catsg2017">{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O’Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> [[Subpopulation]]s were referred to by [[trinomina]] such as ''Panthera leo nubica'', ''Panthera leo roosevelti'' and ''Panthera leo somaliensis'', and names such as "Abyssinian lion", "Egyptian lion", "[[Nubian lion]]", "Somali lion" and "Sudan lion",<ref name="Pease1909">{{cite book |last=Pease |first=A. E. |author-link=Alfred Edward Pease |title=The Book of the Lion |publisher=Ravenio Books |url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=XHyIDQAAQBAJ&q=Sudan+lions#v=snippet&q=Sudan%20lions&f=false |date=1909-10-16}}</ref> depending on the locality of occurrence.<ref name="Haasetal.,2005">{{cite journal |author1=Haas, S.K. |author2=Hayssen, V. |author3=Krausman, P.R. |title=''Panthera leo'' |year=2005 |journal=Mammalian Species |volume=762 |pages=1–11 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf |doi=10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728131140/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="HeptnerSludskii1972">{{cite book |author=Heptner, V. G. |author2=Sludskij, A. A. |orig-year=1972 |year=1992 |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |location=Washington DC |chapter=Lion |url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/82/mode/2up |pages=83–95 |isbn=90-04-08876-8}}</ref><ref name="Kingdonetal.2013">{{cite book |author1=[[Jonathan Kingdon]] |author2=David Happold |author3=Thomas Butynski |author4=Michael Hoffmann |author5=Meredith Happold |author6=Jan Kalina |title=Mammals of Africa |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |volume=1–6 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&dq |date=2013-05-23 |isbn=978-1-4081-8996-2}}</ref>
-== Genetic analyses and taxonomic history ==
-{{Further|Northern lion#Taxonomic history|East-Southern African lion#Taxonomic history}}
-{{multiple image |align=left |direction=vertical |width=
- |image1=Annual report - New York Zoological Society (1903) (18243500220).jpg |caption1=Young male Nubian lion in [[Bronx Zoo|New York Zoo]], 1903<ref name="NYZS1903">{{citation |publisher=The [[New York Zoological Society]] |title=Eighth Annual Report |chapter=List of members |page=32 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annualreportnewy81903newy/#page/n39/mode/1up |year=1903}}</ref>
- |image3=Annual report - New York Zoological Society (1914) (18433145331).jpg |caption3=Abyssinian lion in New York Zoo, 1914<ref name="NYZS1915">{{citation |publisher=The New York Zoological Society |title=Nineteenth Annual Report |chapter=Summary of membership |page=36 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annualreportnewy191914newy/#page/36/mode/1up |year=1914}}</ref>
-}}
-In the [[19th century]], a number of [[subspecies]] were described for lions in Northeast Africa. For example, [[zoological specimen]]s from [[Nubia]] and [[Somalia]] were described or proposed by [[zoologist]]s under the [[trinomina]] ''Felis leo nubicus''<ref name="DeBlainville1843">{{cite book |author=[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville, H. M. D. de]] |year=1843 |chapter=''F. leo nubicus'' |title=Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossils pour servir de base à la zoologie et la géologie. Vol 2 |location=Paris |publisher=J. B. Baillière et Fils |page=186}}</ref> and ''Felis leo somaliensis''.<ref name="Noack1891">{{cite journal |author=Noack, T. |year=1891 |title=''Felis leo'' |journal=Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=120 |url=}}</ref> In later centuries, these trinomina were alternatively considered to be [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with the [[scientific name]]s of the [[Barbary lion|North]]<ref name="Allen1939">{{cite journal |author=[[Glover Morrill Allen|Allen, G. M.]] |year=1939 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofmuseum83harv#page/242/mode/2up |title=A Checklist of African Mammals |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College |volume=83 |pages=1–763}}</ref><ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000229 |page=546 |heading=''Panthera leo''}}</ref> and East African lions.<ref name="Haasetal.,2005"/><ref name="Kingdonetal.2013"/>
-A test done in 2012 on 15 lions at [[Addis Ababa Zoo]] and lions from 6 [[wildlife|wild]] [[population]]s demonstrated that the [[captive animal|captive]] lions were genetically different to wild lions in other parts of East Africa.<ref name="Bruche et al., 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Bruche |first=S. |author2=Gusset, M. |author3=Lippold, S. |author4=Barnett, R. |author5=Eulenberger, K. |author6=Junhold, J. |author7=Driscoll, C. A. |author8=Hofreiter, M. |title=A genetically distinct lion (''Panthera leo'') population from Ethiopia |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |year=2012 |pages=215–225 |doi=10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5 |volume=59 |issue=2}}</ref><ref name="National Geographic 2012, Ethiopian lion">{{cite web |title=A New, Genetically Distinct Lion Population is Found |url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/11/30/a-new-genetically-distinct-lion-population-is-found/ |work=News Watch |publisher=National Geographic Society |access-date=13 December 2015 |date=30 November 2012 |quote=The Addis Ababa zoo lions have dark manes and small bodies, unlike other African lions. But life in captivity can sometimes influence appearance. A team of researchers, led by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany and the University of York in the UK, checked to see if the lions really are different by comparing DNA samples of 15 lions from the zoo to six populations of wild lions. Their genetic analysis revealed that the gene sequence of all fifteen lions were unique and showed little sign of inbreeding. The study was recently published in the European Journal of Wildlife Research.}}</ref>
-Results of a [[phylogeographic]] analysis using samples from African and [[Asiatic lion]]s was published in 2006. One of the African samples was a [[vertebra]] from the [[National Museum of Natural History (France)]] that originated in the [[Nubia]]n part of [[Sudan]]. In terms of [[mitochondrial DNA]], it grouped with lion skull samples from the [[Central African Republic]], [[Ethiopia]] and the northern part of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<!-- nos. given in table do '''not''' refer to year of collection!! But to museum IDs of samples (ID no. 1996-2516 and 1996-2517 from Paris museum, and ID nos. A59:5062 and A59:5066 (dating 1921) from Swedish Museum of Natural History, respectively) -->.<ref name="Barnettetal.,2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Barnes |first3=I. |last4=Cooper |first4=A. |year=2006 |title=The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |pmid=16901830 |volume=273 |issue=1598 |pmc=1635511 |pages=2119–2125 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3555 |url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/acad/publications/papers/Barnett%20PRS%20lions.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808182526/http://www.adelaide.edu.au/acad/publications/papers/Barnett%20PRS%20lions.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2007}}</ref>
-A phylogeographic analysis of [[Pleistocene]] cave lions, the results of which were published in 2009, revealed that a lion sample from [[Sudan]] was distinct from lion samples that originated in the northeastern part of [[Congo-Kinshasa]].<ref name="Barnettetal.,2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |authorlink2=Beth Shapiro |last3=Barnes |first3=I. A. N. |last4=Ho |first4=S. Y. W. |last5=Burger |first5=J. |authorlink5=Joachim Burger |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Higham |first7=T. F. G. |last8=Wheeler| first8=H. T. |last9=Rosendahl |first9=W. |last10=Sher |first10=A. V. |last11=Sotnikova |first11=M. |last12=Kuznetsova |first12=T. |last13=Baryshnikov |first13=G. F. |last14=Martin |first14=L. D. |last15=Harington |first15=C. R. |last16=Burns |first16=J. A. |last17=Cooper |first17=A. |title=Phylogeography of lions (''Panthera leo'' ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1668–1677 |year=2009 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ross_Barnett/publication/24216045_Phylogeography_of_lions_Panthera_leo_ssp_reveals_three_distinct_taxa_and_a_late_Pleistocene_reduction_in_genetic_diversity/links/0912f506d4495d91e7000000/Phylogeography-of-lions-Panthera-leo-ssp-reveals-three-distinct-taxa-and-a-late-Pleistocene-reduction-in-genetic-diversity.pdf |pmid=19302360 |pmc=}}</ref>
-In 2016, analysis of the genomes of lions showed that there had been a basal split between lions in northern and southern parts of Africa. Lions in northern Central Africa belong to the northern [[clade]], and those in [[Southeast Africa]] belonged to the southern clade. Lions samples from Ethiopia were shown to be related to both the South-East African and Central African groups, indicating an overlap between these groups there.<ref name="Bertola et al., 2016"/>
-In 2017, the Cat Classification Taskforce of the [[IUCN|Cat Specialist Group]] subsumed lion populations in [[Central African lion|Central]] and North Africa to ''P. l. leo'', and those in East Africa to ''P. l. melanochaita''. At the same time, it was stated that these two subspecies overlap in Ethiopia.<ref name="Catsg2017"/>
-== Habitat and distribution ==
-In Northeast Africa, lions may inhabit a variety of habitats, excepting dense [[forest]]s. For example, in Sudan, they were recorded on the [[bank (river)|bank]]s of the [[Blue Nile|Blue]] and [[White Nile]]s, and far away into desert areas.<ref name="Pease1909"/>
-Currently, not much is known about the distribution and sizes of populations in [[Sudan]] and [[South Sudan]]. In the 1980s, lions were reported in [[Southern Kordofan]] and [[Southern Darfur]] provinces, located west of the [[Nile River]].<ref name="Chardonnet2002">{{Cite book |last=Chardonnet |first=P. |year=2002 |title=Conservation of African lion |url=http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|publisher=International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife |location=[[Paris]] |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184540/http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Riggioetal.,2013">{{cite journal |author1=Riggio, J. |author2=Jacobson, A. |author3=Dollar, L. |author4=Bauer, H. |author5=Becker, M. |author6=Dickman, A. |author7=Funston, P. |author8=Groom, R. |author9=Henschel, P. |author10=De Iongh, H. |author11=Lichtenfeld, L. |year=2013 |title=The size of savannah Africa: a lion’s (''Panthera leo'') view |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation 22 |issue=1 |pages=17–35 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4 |doi=10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4}}</ref> In 2016, lions were discovered in Ethiopia's [[Alatash National Park]], which is adjacent to Sudan's [[Dinder National Park]].<ref name="BBC2016">{{cite news |title=Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35460573 |date=2016 |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo2016">{{cite news |author=Howard, B. C. |title=Once Thought Extinct, 'Lost' Group of Lions Discovered in Africa |publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160202-ethiopia-sudan-lost-lions-alatash-national-park-dinder/ |date=2016 |access-date=2016-02-07}}</ref><ref name="New Scientist2016">{{cite news |author=Wong, S. |publisher=New Scientist |title=Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2075740-hidden-population-of-up-to-200-lions-found-in-remote-ethiopia/ |date=2016 |access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref>
-== Behaviour and ecology ==
-Even within what was Sudan, the diet of lions varied, depending on availability of prey or geography. In the area of [[Lake No]] and the Rivers of [[Bahr el Zeraf|Zeraf]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el-Ghazal]], they preyed on white-eared [[kob]]s. On the banks of the [[Atbarah River|Atbara]], Rahad, Blue Nile and lower White Nile, they tended to take [[livestock]]. In the eastern part of the country, [[dromedary|camel]]s were taken. In desert areas far away from sources of water, like in [[West Kordofan]], lions were reported to consume [[watermelon]]s for obtaining [[moisture]], as was the case with [[black-backed jackal|jackal]]s and people. A few cases on [[man-eating]] were reported in the areas of the Bahr el-Ghazal and Atabarah.<ref name="Pease1909"/>
-In what was Somaliland, lions were reported to have jumped over [[zariba]]s that were at least {{convert|10|-|12|ft|m|abbr=on}} high to get even large livestock like [[camel]]s out of them, or to consume them.<ref name="Pease1909"/>
-== Characteristics ==
-Lions in Northeast Africa exhibit a variety of characteristics. Sudan lions, with the exception of one black-maned male near the [[Rahad River]], were described as having scanty yellow manes. A [[desert]]-dwelling cub from Wadi Milh in West Kordofan was described as being pale, with the tail tuft and ear-backs being grey rather than black, and without clear spots.<ref name="Pease1909"/> A short-maned lion was also described from Somalia.<ref name="Hemmer1974">{{cite journal |author=Hemmer, H. |year=1974 |title=Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (''Pantherinae'') Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen ''Panthera (Panthera) leo'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |journal=Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung |volume=17 |pages=167–280 |url=https://archive.org/stream/verfentlichungen171974zool#page/178/mode/2up}}</ref>
-Lions from the [[Ethiopian highlands]] were described as having manes that were dark and heavy.<ref name="Heller1914">{{cite journal |author=[[Edmund Heller|Heller, E.]] |year=1914 |title=New races of carnivores and baboons from equatorial Africa and Abyssinia |journal=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections |volume=61 |issue=19 |pages=1–12 |url=https://archive.org/stream/smithsonianmisce611914smit#page/n579/mode/2up}}</ref> A similar observation was made for the manes of [[captive animal|captive]] lions at [[Addis Ababa Zoo]].<ref name="Bruche et al., 2012"/> [[Skull]]s of Ethiopian lions were shorter than those of [[Cape lion]]s, which is a reason why authors like Heller considered the latter to have been bigger in body size.<ref name="Pease1909"/><ref name="Heller1914"/>
-<gallery>
-File:Sudan. Khartoum. Khartoum Zoo. An African lion LOC matpc.17311.tif|Male in [[Khartoum]] Zoo, [[Sudan]], 1936
-File:Sudan. Khartoum. Khartoum Zoo. Major Barker, Director, plays with a young lioness LOC matpc.17310.jpg|Major Barker, Director of Khartoum Zoo, playing with a young lioness in 1936. Note the [[rosette (zoology)|rosette]]s.
-File:Lion zoo Addis Ababa 4.jpg|Cubs at Addis Abeba Zoo
-</gallery>
-== Threats ==
-Lions are threatened by factors like the destruction of habitat, poaching and in some places, such as Somalia's [[El Buur District]],<ref name="Fagotto1985">{{cite journal |author=Fagotto, F. |year=1985 |title=Larger animals of Somalia in 1984 |journal=Environmental Conservation |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=260−264}}</ref><ref name="FunaioliSimoetta1966">{{cite journal |author=Funaioli, U. and Simonetta, A. M. |year=1966 |title=The Mammalian Fauna of the Somali Republic: Status and Conservation Problems |journal=Monitore Zoologico Italiano, Supplemento |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=285–347}}</ref> Intensive [[poaching]] since the 1980s and civil unrest in [[El Buur District]] posed a threat to lion persistence.<ref name="Chardonnet2002"/>
-== In culture ==
-The lion was important to the [[ancient Egypt]]ians and [[Nubians]]. One of the defining pieces of [[Ancient Egyptian architecture]] is the [[Great Sphinx of Giza]], the body of which resembles that of a lion, barring the [[human head]].<ref name="Zivie-Coche 2002">{{cite book |first=Christiane |last=Zivie-Coche |title=Sphinx: History of a Monument |pages=99–100 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-8014-3962-0}}</ref> In 2004, a team of [[archeologist]]s under the leadership of Alain Zivie found the [[mummified]] remains of a male lion in the [[tomb]] of [[Maia (nurse)|Maia]], the [[wet nurse]] of King [[Tutankhamun]], on the opposite side of the [[Nile]] from [[Memphis]]. Nevertheless, lions were also [[Lion hunting#Ancient Egypt|hunted]] in large numbers by the Egyptians.<ref name="AP2004">{{cite news |last=Cosgrove-Mather |first=Bootie |work=AP |publisher=[[CBS News]] |title=First lion mummy found in tomb near King Tut |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/lion-mummy-found-in-egyptian-tomb/ |date=2004-01-14 |access-date=2018-06-13}}</ref> The [[ruins]] of [[Kingdom of Kush|Kushite]] city of [[Naqa]] in present-day Sudan include a Lion Temple.<ref name="Clammer2005">{{cite book |last=Clammer |first=P. |author-link=Paul Clammer |url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=lvVao2vWnxUC&q=lion#v=snippet&q=lion&f=false |title=Sudan |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |year=2005 |pages=6–261 |isbn=978-1-84162-114-2}}</ref>
-One of the lions that the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] used as its mascot was [[Leo the Lion (MGM)#Jackie (1928–1956)|Jackie]].<ref name="Tvacres">{{cite web |url=http://www.tvacres.com/adanimals_leolion.htm |title=TV ACRES: Advertising Mascots – Animals – Leo the MGM Lion (MGM Studios) |work=TV Acres |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121205093550/http://www.tvacres.com/adanimals_leolion.htm |archive-date=2012-12-05 |df=}}</ref> It was brought from the Nubian part of Sudan.<ref name="NJ2018">{{cite news |first=Albright |last=Joseph |title=Original MGM lion rests in N.J. & other historical tidbits |publisher=''Newjersey.com'' |url=http://www.nj.com/opinion/index.ssf/2018/06/original_mgm_lion_rests_in_nj_other_historical_tid.html |date=2018-06-13 |access-date=2018-06-13}}</ref>
-In December 2017, Sudan's President [[Omar al-Bashir]] had gifted 4 lion cubs to visiting [[Turkey|Turkish]] President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]. Later housed at the [[Gaziantep]] Zoo, the cubs were seen as symbolising strength.<ref name="HDN 01-2018">{{cite news |publisher=[[Hurriyet Daily News]] |title=Lion cubs gifted to Erdoğan by Sudan meet zoo visitors |location=[[Gaziantep]] |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/lion-cubs-gifted-to-erdogan-by-sudan-meet-zoo-visitors-125675 |date=2018-01-13 |access-date=}}</ref>
-<gallery mode=packed>
-File:Ostracon04-RamessidePeriod MetropolitanMuseum.png|[[Ancient Egypt]]ian [[ostracon]] of a lion being [[Lion hunting#Ancient Egypt|hunted]] with a [[spear]], with the help of a [[dog]], at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]
-File:By ovedc - Great Sphinx of Giza - 01.jpg|The [[Great Sphinx of Giza]] in [[Egypt]]
-File:Varie specie di animali quadrupedi (NYPL b14291206-425512).jpg|The lion featured amongst other animals in a picture recovered during Rosselini's expedition to Nubia and Egypt in 1832
-File:Through unknown African countries; the first expedition from Somaliland to Lake Lamu (1897) (14592552427).jpg|Illustration of a lion being encountered by a group of people on an expedition from Somaliland to Lake Lamu
-File:Leo the MGM lion 1928.jpg|[[Leo the Lion (MGM)#Jackie (1928–1956)|Jackie the MGM lion]] was from [[Nubia]]<ref name="NJ2018"/>
-</gallery>
-== See also ==
-* [[History of lions in Europe]]
-* [[West African lion]]
-* [[American lion]]
-* [[Panthera spelaea|Upper Pleistocene Eurasian cave lion]]
-* [[Panthera leo fossilis|Early Middle Pleistocene Eurasian cave lion]]
-* [[Physical comparison of tigers and lions]]
-* [[Tiger versus lion]]
-== References ==
-{{reflist}}
-== External links ==
-* [https://africanconservation.org/wildlife-news/big-cat-news/first-film-ever-about-newly-discovered-lions-in-montane-rainforests-of-ethiopia/ First film ever about newly discovered lions in montane rainforests of Ethiopia]
-* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pT-TJbrE1DU Black-maned] lion at [[Bale Mountains National Park]] ([[YouTube]])
-* [http://www.zoologicodevallarta.com/FichaTaxonomica/LeonMelenaNegra/LeonMelenaNegra.php?Idioma=Espanol ''Panthera leo abyssinica''] (in the [[Spanish language]])
-* [http://southernsudan.prm.ox.ac.uk/southernsudan/details/2004.130.32784.1/index.html Hunting lion] in [[Nuerland]]
-* [http://www.artbronze.com/nubianlionbyrembrandtbugatti.aspx "Nubian Lion" by Rembrandt Bugatti]
-* [http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/bestiary/lion.htm Ancient Egyptian Bestiary: Lions]
-[[Category:African lions]]