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Biting is defined as the act of using teeth to maneuver something. The muscle fibres in the jaw allow organisms to open the mouth and then those muscles contract again to bring the teeth together, resulting in a bite[ferrara]. It is a behaviour found in most organisms that has many types of implications. Biting is used for foraging, digesting, building, playing, protecting and much more.
{{redirect|Bite}}
{{selfref|For Wikipedia's guideline on retaining good editors, see [[Wikipedia:BITING|Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers]].}}
[[File:Tyrannoskull.jpg|thumb|[[Tyrannosaurus]] had a very strong bite<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/120228-t-rex-bite-bates-science-biology-letters-dinosaurs/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329081252/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/120228-t-rex-bite-bates-science-biology-letters-dinosaurs/ |archivedate=2014-03-29 |df= }}</ref>]]
'''Biting''' is a common behavior which involves the opening and closing of the [[jaw]] found in many animals. This behavior is found in [[Reptile|reptiles]], [[Mammal|mammals]], [[fish]] and [[Amphibian|amphibians]]. [[Arthropod|Arthropods]] can also bite. Biting is a physical action in an attack but it is also a normal activity or response in an animal as it eats, carries objects, softens and prepares food for it's young, removes [[Parasitism|ectoparasites]] from it's body surface, removes plant seeds attached to its fur or hair, scratching itself, and grooming other animals and for defense. Animal bites often result in serious infections and death.<ref name=Cherry2014>{{cite book | last = Cherry | first = James | title = Feigin and Cherry's textbook of pediatric infectious diseases – Animal and Human Bites, Morven S. Edwards | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-4557-1177-2|postscript=; Access provided by the [[University of Pittsburgh]] }}</ref> [[Dog bites]] are commonplace, with human children the most commonly bitten and the face being the most common target.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dogbitelaw.com/PAGES/statistics.html |title= Dog Bite Statistics |author= Kenneth M. Phillips |date= 2009-12-27 |accessdate= 2010-08-06 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100921105848/http://dogbitelaw.com/PAGES/statistics.html |archivedate= 2010-09-21 |df= }}</ref>


== In Humans ==
==Types of Teeth==
Organisms that bite use their teeth, which vary throughout the animal kingdom. Different types of teeth are seen in herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores as they are adapted over many years to better fit their diets. In general, tooth shape has traditionally been used to predict dieting habits<ref>Sanson, G. (2016). Cutting food in terrestrial carnivores and herbivores. Interface Focus,6(3). doi:10.1098/rsfs.2015.0109</ref>. Carnivores have long, extremely sharp teeth for both gripping prey and cutting meat into chunks.<ref>Animal Teeth | Types of Teeth | DK Find Out. (2018). Retrieved October 28, 2018, from https://www.dkfindout.com/us/animals-and-nature/food-chains/types-teeth/</ref> They lack flat chewing teeth because they swallow food in chunks. An example of this is shown by the broad, serrated teeth of great white sharks which prey on large marine animals<ref>Ferrara, T., Clausen, P., Huber, D., Mchenry, C., Peddemors, V., & Wroe, S. (2011). Mechanics of biting in great white and sandtiger sharks. Journal of Biomechanics,44(3), 430-435. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.09.028</ref>. On the other hand, herbivores have rows of wide, flat teeth to bite and chew grass and other plants. Cows spend up to eleven hours a day biting off grass and grinding it with their molars<ref>Wroe, S., Huber, D.R., Lowry, M., McHenry, C., Moreno, K., Clausen, P., Ferrara, T.L., Cunningham, E., Dean, M.N., Summers, A.P., 2008. Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite? Journal of Zoology 276 336–342.</ref>. Omnivores consume both meat and plants, so they possess a mixture of flat teeth and sharp teeth.
Biting is also an [[age appropriate]] [[behavior]] and reaction for human children 30 months and younger. Conversely, children above this age are expected to have verbal skills to explain their needs and dislikes, as biting is not seen as age appropriate. Biting may be prevented by methods including redirection, change in the environment and responding to biting by talking about appropriate ways to express anger and frustration. School age children, those older than 30 months, who habitually bite may require professional intervention.<ref>Child Care Links,"[http://www.childcarelinks.org/fyi/fyi_pdf/HOW%20TO%20HANDLE%20BITING.pdf How to Handle Biting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007012046/http://www.childcarelinks.org/fyi/fyi_pdf/HOW%20TO%20HANDLE%20BITING.pdf|date=October 7, 2011}}", retrieved 14 August 2007</ref> Some discussion of human biting appears in ''[[Kinsey Reports#Biting|The Kinsey Report on Sexual Behavior in the Human Female]]''.


==See also==
==Carrying Mechanism==
Biting can serve as a carrying mechanism for species such as beavers and ants. Many organisms carry large objects with their teeth. In beavers specifically, they have a large tooth adapted for gnawing wood. Their jaw muscles are tuned to power through big trees and carry them back to their dam<ref>Müller-Schwarze, D. (2011). The beaver its life and impact.</ref>. In ant behaviour, ants use their powerful jaws to lift material back to the colony. They can carry several thousand times their weight, which is an incredible characteristic for such a small insect<ref>Ants Can Lift up to 5,000 Times Their own Body Weight. (2017, December 24). Retrieved from https://entomologytoday.org/2014/02/11/ants-can-lift-up-to-5000-times-their-own-body-weight-new-study-suggests/</ref>. Fire ants use their strong bite to get a grip on prey, and inject a toxic via its abdomen, then carry back to its territory<ref>Drees, Bastiaan M. (December 2002). "Medical Problems and Treatment Considerations for the Red Imported Fire Ant" (PDF). Texas A&M University (Texas Imported Fire Ant Research and Management Project). Retrieved 28 October 28, 2018</ref>.
* [[Bite force quotient]]
* [[Chewing]]
* [[The Bite Fight]]
*[[Dog bite prevention]]


==References==
==Dangerous Bites==
Some organisms have dangerous bites that produce toxin or venom to its victim. Spiders and snakes are commonly known for having lethal bites and are rated as some of the most feared species on the planet. Spider bites or, arachnidism, are mainly a form of predation, but also means of protection. When trapped or accidently tampered with by humans, spiders retaliate with biting<ref>"Workplace Safety & Health Topics Venomous Spiders". cdc.gov. February 24, 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2018</ref>. The recluse spider and widow species have neurotoxins or necrotic agents that paralyze prey and/or harm humans<ref>Braitberg, George (2009). "spider bites: Assessment and management" (PDF). Australian Family Physician. 38 (11): 862–67.</ref>. Snakes are another source of fear for humans as they have frightening fangs and are known to produce venom. A snake bite can cause various symptoms ranging from the simplicity of bleeding to the tragedy of death<ref>"Venomous Snakes". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 24 February 2012. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 28 October, 2018</ref>. Snake bites are normally used as a method of hunting but can double as a means for protection as well<ref>Kasturiratne, A.; Wickremasinghe, A. R.; de Silva, N; Gunawardena, NK; Pathmeswaran, A; Premaratna, R; Savioli, L; Lalloo, DG; de Silva, HJ (4 November 2008). "The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths". PLOS Medicine. 5 (11): e218. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050218. PMC 2577696. PMID 18986210.</ref>.
{{reflist}}
{{Animal bites and stings}}


==Disease==
[[Category:Violence]]
Mosquito are commonly known throughout the world as one of the most irritating insects and this is because of their bite. The mosquito bite produces an irritable bump on contact due to an immune response humans have<ref>Clements, Alan (1992). The biology of mosquitoes – volume 1: Development, Nutrition and Reproduction. London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-85199-374-5.</ref>. Not all mosquitos are harmless – some act as vectors for many diseases, viruses, and parasites<ref>Daniel, C. (2018). Why Mosquitoes Don't Spread Hepatitis. Retrieved October 28, 2018, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/spreading-hepatitis-by-mosquitoes-1760047</ref>. The bite of a mosquito can transfer these illnesses by sucking blood from one ill person to the next. A disease like malaria is commonly known to be spread by mosquitos<ref>Molavi, Afshin (June 12, 2003). "Africa's Malaria Death Toll Still "Outrageously High"". National Geographic. Retrieved July 27, 2007.</ref>.
[[Category:Martial art techniques]]


= References =


{{zoology-stub}}
{{reflist}}

Revision as of 23:26, 28 October 2018

Biting is defined as the act of using teeth to maneuver something. The muscle fibres in the jaw allow organisms to open the mouth and then those muscles contract again to bring the teeth together, resulting in a bite[ferrara]. It is a behaviour found in most organisms that has many types of implications. Biting is used for foraging, digesting, building, playing, protecting and much more.

Types of Teeth

Organisms that bite use their teeth, which vary throughout the animal kingdom. Different types of teeth are seen in herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores as they are adapted over many years to better fit their diets. In general, tooth shape has traditionally been used to predict dieting habits[1]. Carnivores have long, extremely sharp teeth for both gripping prey and cutting meat into chunks.[2] They lack flat chewing teeth because they swallow food in chunks. An example of this is shown by the broad, serrated teeth of great white sharks which prey on large marine animals[3]. On the other hand, herbivores have rows of wide, flat teeth to bite and chew grass and other plants. Cows spend up to eleven hours a day biting off grass and grinding it with their molars[4]. Omnivores consume both meat and plants, so they possess a mixture of flat teeth and sharp teeth.

Carrying Mechanism

Biting can serve as a carrying mechanism for species such as beavers and ants. Many organisms carry large objects with their teeth. In beavers specifically, they have a large tooth adapted for gnawing wood. Their jaw muscles are tuned to power through big trees and carry them back to their dam[5]. In ant behaviour, ants use their powerful jaws to lift material back to the colony. They can carry several thousand times their weight, which is an incredible characteristic for such a small insect[6]. Fire ants use their strong bite to get a grip on prey, and inject a toxic via its abdomen, then carry back to its territory[7].

Dangerous Bites

Some organisms have dangerous bites that produce toxin or venom to its victim. Spiders and snakes are commonly known for having lethal bites and are rated as some of the most feared species on the planet. Spider bites or, arachnidism, are mainly a form of predation, but also means of protection. When trapped or accidently tampered with by humans, spiders retaliate with biting[8]. The recluse spider and widow species have neurotoxins or necrotic agents that paralyze prey and/or harm humans[9]. Snakes are another source of fear for humans as they have frightening fangs and are known to produce venom. A snake bite can cause various symptoms ranging from the simplicity of bleeding to the tragedy of death[10]. Snake bites are normally used as a method of hunting but can double as a means for protection as well[11].

Disease

Mosquito are commonly known throughout the world as one of the most irritating insects and this is because of their bite. The mosquito bite produces an irritable bump on contact due to an immune response humans have[12]. Not all mosquitos are harmless – some act as vectors for many diseases, viruses, and parasites[13]. The bite of a mosquito can transfer these illnesses by sucking blood from one ill person to the next. A disease like malaria is commonly known to be spread by mosquitos[14].

References

  1. ^ Sanson, G. (2016). Cutting food in terrestrial carnivores and herbivores. Interface Focus,6(3). doi:10.1098/rsfs.2015.0109
  2. ^ Animal Teeth | Types of Teeth | DK Find Out. (2018). Retrieved October 28, 2018, from https://www.dkfindout.com/us/animals-and-nature/food-chains/types-teeth/
  3. ^ Ferrara, T., Clausen, P., Huber, D., Mchenry, C., Peddemors, V., & Wroe, S. (2011). Mechanics of biting in great white and sandtiger sharks. Journal of Biomechanics,44(3), 430-435. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.09.028
  4. ^ Wroe, S., Huber, D.R., Lowry, M., McHenry, C., Moreno, K., Clausen, P., Ferrara, T.L., Cunningham, E., Dean, M.N., Summers, A.P., 2008. Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite? Journal of Zoology 276 336–342.
  5. ^ Müller-Schwarze, D. (2011). The beaver its life and impact.
  6. ^ Ants Can Lift up to 5,000 Times Their own Body Weight. (2017, December 24). Retrieved from https://entomologytoday.org/2014/02/11/ants-can-lift-up-to-5000-times-their-own-body-weight-new-study-suggests/
  7. ^ Drees, Bastiaan M. (December 2002). "Medical Problems and Treatment Considerations for the Red Imported Fire Ant" (PDF). Texas A&M University (Texas Imported Fire Ant Research and Management Project). Retrieved 28 October 28, 2018
  8. ^ "Workplace Safety & Health Topics Venomous Spiders". cdc.gov. February 24, 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2018
  9. ^ Braitberg, George (2009). "spider bites: Assessment and management" (PDF). Australian Family Physician. 38 (11): 862–67.
  10. ^ "Venomous Snakes". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 24 February 2012. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 28 October, 2018
  11. ^ Kasturiratne, A.; Wickremasinghe, A. R.; de Silva, N; Gunawardena, NK; Pathmeswaran, A; Premaratna, R; Savioli, L; Lalloo, DG; de Silva, HJ (4 November 2008). "The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths". PLOS Medicine. 5 (11): e218. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050218. PMC 2577696. PMID 18986210.
  12. ^ Clements, Alan (1992). The biology of mosquitoes – volume 1: Development, Nutrition and Reproduction. London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-85199-374-5.
  13. ^ Daniel, C. (2018). Why Mosquitoes Don't Spread Hepatitis. Retrieved October 28, 2018, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/spreading-hepatitis-by-mosquitoes-1760047
  14. ^ Molavi, Afshin (June 12, 2003). "Africa's Malaria Death Toll Still "Outrageously High"". National Geographic. Retrieved July 27, 2007.
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