User:Lyoflo1/103: Difference between revisions
←Created page with 'IB 35AC: Section 103' |
Added more information to page |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
A human milk bank or breast milk bank is a service which collects, screens, processes, and dispenses by prescription human milk donated by nursing mothers who are not biologically related to the recipient infant. The optimum nutrition for newborn infants is breastfeeding, if possible, for the first year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bertino|first=Enrico|last2=Giuliani|first2=Francesca|last3=Occhi|first3=Luciana|last4=Coscia|first4=Alessandra|last5=Tonetto|first5=Paola|last6=Marchino|first6=Federica|last7=Fabris|first7=Claudio|date=2009-10|title=Benefits of donor human milk for preterm infants: Current evidence|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.010|journal=Early Human Development|volume=85|issue=10|pages=S9–S10|doi=10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.010|issn=0378-3782}}</ref> Human milk banks offer a solution to the mothers that cannot supply their own breast milk to their child, for reasons such as a baby being at risk of getting diseases and infections from a mother with certain diseases,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.verywellfamily.com/when-not-to-breastfeed-safety-issues-for-you-and-baby-289824|title=How to Tell When Nursing Isn't the Healthiest Choice|work=Verywell Family|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> or when a child is hospitalized at birth due to [[Low birth weight|very low birth weight]] (and thus at risk for conditions such as [[necrotizing enterocolitis]]), and the mother cannot provide her own milk during the extended stay for reasons such as living far from the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/elena/titles/full_recommendations/feeding_lbw/en/|title=Feeding of low-birth-weight infants in low- and middle-income countries|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> |
|||
IB 35AC: Section 103 |
|||
Human milk banks had an increase in the amount of milk collected in 2012 compared to 2007, in addition the amount of milk donated by each donor had also increased.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1052083223|title=Survey of Italian Human Milk Banks.|last=Viviana.|first=De Nisi, Giuseppe. Moro, Guido E. Arslanoglu, Sertac. Ambruzzi, Amalia M. Biasini, Augusto. Profeti, Claudio. Tonetto, Paola. Bertino, Enrico. , . Sgattoni, Claudia. Magi, Letizia. Tarantino, Marzia. Bruseghin, Maria. Buda, Antonella. Conte, Mariangela. Galasso, Maria Pia. Bisceglia, Massimo. Belli, Fina. Minell, Giovanna. Novelli, Sandra. Merusi, Ilaria. Tognetti, Simona. Mordini, Bruno. Soriani, Patrizia. Kazmierska, Iwona. Poletti, G. Rota, Claudio. Cappelli, Anna Maria. Gatta, Alberto. Gasparre, Olinda. Zancanella, Mariangela. Visentin, Stefano. Gregorutti,|oclc=1052083223}}</ref> Mothers' Milk Bank (MMB) says, this service provides mothers with an alternative to [[infant formula]] and allows the mother to give their newborn the nutrition it needs for healthy growth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mothersmilkbank.com.au/about-mmb|title=Mothers Milk Bank Charity {{!}} Australia {{!}} Breast Milk|website=Mothers Milk Bank Charity {{!}} Australia {{!}} Breast Milk|language=en|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> The International Milk Banking Initiative (IMBI), was founded at the International HMBANA Congress in 2005. It lists 33 countries with milk bank programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.internationalmilkbanking.org/|title=IMBI|last=LLC|first=Jibboom,|website=www.internationalmilkbanking.org|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> The World Health Organisation (WHO) states that the first alternative to a biological mother not being able to breastfeed is the use of human milk from other sources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amazingbreastmilk.nhs.uk/support/milk-banks/|title=Milk Banks {{!}} Amazing Breast Milk|last=Carr|first=Tim|website=www.amazingbreastmilk.nhs.uk|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> |
|||
== Donor Requirements == |
|||
A donor must: |
|||
* Be healthy |
|||
* Be in the process of lactation |
|||
* Undertake a chest x-ray or Tyne test |
|||
* Have a negative VDRL |
|||
* Have no evidence of hepatitis |
|||
* Be HIV negative |
|||
More requirements may apply. For example, the requirements in Australia can be found at: <nowiki>http://jhl.sagepub.com/content/2/1/20.full.pdf</nowiki> |
|||
== Concerns == |
|||
Some concerns that surround human milk bank include: |
|||
==== Cost ==== |
|||
The cost of pasteurized human milk varies from $3 to $5 per ounces depending on the organization or company processing the milk, but the cost is still very high relative to baby formulas or other substitutes. High cost of human milk is generated from costly procedures of collecting, screening, processing, and shipping not the donor milk itself. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lactationmatters.org/2013/11/08/why-is-donor-milk-so-expensive/|title=Why is Donor Milk So Expensive?|date=2013-11-08|work=Lactation Matters|access-date=2018-11-05|language=en-US}}</ref> |
|||
An average baby, over the first year of their life, consume an average of 25 ounces of milk per day which amounts to 9,125 ounces of milk/formula during their first year of life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://kellymom.com/pregnancy/bf-prep/bfcostbenefits/#formulacosts|title=Financial costs of not breastfeeding • KellyMom.com|date=2011-10-30|work=KellyMom.com|access-date=2018-11-05|language=en-US}}</ref> The cost of baby formula in January 2016 varied from a low of $0.08/ounce to a high of $0.31/ounce which sums up to $816.48 to $3163.86 in a year depending the brand of baby formula.<ref name=":0" /> If the baby was to consume human milk purchased from the human milk bank($3-$5 per ounces) over the first year of their life, the cost will be approximately $27,375 which is excessively high. |
|||
Donor milk is rarely covered by insurance. According to Sakamoto, lactation specialist at Mother’s milk bank, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), passed in 2010, has a mandate for breastfeeding support, including breast pumps and lactation consultants and other services but the law is vague on exactly what is covered.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/4/28/8504443/mothers-buying-breast-milk-online-donors-risks|title=Mothers are buying breast milk online —because they don't have better options|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> Consumers and Cost |
|||
The primary and by far the largest group of consumers of human breast milk are premature babies. Infants with gastrointestinal disorders or metabolic disorders may also consume this form of milk as well. Human breast milk acts as a substitute, instead of formula, when a mother cannot provide her own milk. [[Human milk bank#cite%20note-9|<u>[9]</u>]] Human breast milk can also be fed to toddlers and children with medical conditions that include but are not limited to chemotherapy for cancer and growth failure while on formula<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haiden|first=Nadja|last2=Ziegler|first2=Ekhard E.|date=2016|title=Human Milk Banking|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/452821|journal=Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism|language=english|volume=69|issue=2|pages=8–15|doi=10.1159/000452821|issn=0250-6807}}</ref>. |
|||
Revision as of 01:44, 5 November 2018
A human milk bank or breast milk bank is a service which collects, screens, processes, and dispenses by prescription human milk donated by nursing mothers who are not biologically related to the recipient infant. The optimum nutrition for newborn infants is breastfeeding, if possible, for the first year.[1] Human milk banks offer a solution to the mothers that cannot supply their own breast milk to their child, for reasons such as a baby being at risk of getting diseases and infections from a mother with certain diseases,[2] or when a child is hospitalized at birth due to very low birth weight (and thus at risk for conditions such as necrotizing enterocolitis), and the mother cannot provide her own milk during the extended stay for reasons such as living far from the hospital.[3]
Human milk banks had an increase in the amount of milk collected in 2012 compared to 2007, in addition the amount of milk donated by each donor had also increased.[4] Mothers' Milk Bank (MMB) says, this service provides mothers with an alternative to infant formula and allows the mother to give their newborn the nutrition it needs for healthy growth.[5] The International Milk Banking Initiative (IMBI), was founded at the International HMBANA Congress in 2005. It lists 33 countries with milk bank programs.[6] The World Health Organisation (WHO) states that the first alternative to a biological mother not being able to breastfeed is the use of human milk from other sources.[7]
Donor Requirements
A donor must:
- Be healthy
- Be in the process of lactation
- Undertake a chest x-ray or Tyne test
- Have a negative VDRL
- Have no evidence of hepatitis
- Be HIV negative
More requirements may apply. For example, the requirements in Australia can be found at: http://jhl.sagepub.com/content/2/1/20.full.pdf
Concerns
Some concerns that surround human milk bank include:
Cost
The cost of pasteurized human milk varies from $3 to $5 per ounces depending on the organization or company processing the milk, but the cost is still very high relative to baby formulas or other substitutes. High cost of human milk is generated from costly procedures of collecting, screening, processing, and shipping not the donor milk itself. [8]
An average baby, over the first year of their life, consume an average of 25 ounces of milk per day which amounts to 9,125 ounces of milk/formula during their first year of life.[9] The cost of baby formula in January 2016 varied from a low of $0.08/ounce to a high of $0.31/ounce which sums up to $816.48 to $3163.86 in a year depending the brand of baby formula.[9] If the baby was to consume human milk purchased from the human milk bank($3-$5 per ounces) over the first year of their life, the cost will be approximately $27,375 which is excessively high.
Donor milk is rarely covered by insurance. According to Sakamoto, lactation specialist at Mother’s milk bank, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), passed in 2010, has a mandate for breastfeeding support, including breast pumps and lactation consultants and other services but the law is vague on exactly what is covered.[10] Consumers and Cost
The primary and by far the largest group of consumers of human breast milk are premature babies. Infants with gastrointestinal disorders or metabolic disorders may also consume this form of milk as well. Human breast milk acts as a substitute, instead of formula, when a mother cannot provide her own milk. [9] Human breast milk can also be fed to toddlers and children with medical conditions that include but are not limited to chemotherapy for cancer and growth failure while on formula[11].
- ^ Bertino, Enrico; Giuliani, Francesca; Occhi, Luciana; Coscia, Alessandra; Tonetto, Paola; Marchino, Federica; Fabris, Claudio (2009-10). "Benefits of donor human milk for preterm infants: Current evidence". Early Human Development. 85 (10): S9–S10. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.010. ISSN 0378-3782.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "How to Tell When Nursing Isn't the Healthiest Choice". Verywell Family. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ "Feeding of low-birth-weight infants in low- and middle-income countries". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ Viviana., De Nisi, Giuseppe. Moro, Guido E. Arslanoglu, Sertac. Ambruzzi, Amalia M. Biasini, Augusto. Profeti, Claudio. Tonetto, Paola. Bertino, Enrico. , . Sgattoni, Claudia. Magi, Letizia. Tarantino, Marzia. Bruseghin, Maria. Buda, Antonella. Conte, Mariangela. Galasso, Maria Pia. Bisceglia, Massimo. Belli, Fina. Minell, Giovanna. Novelli, Sandra. Merusi, Ilaria. Tognetti, Simona. Mordini, Bruno. Soriani, Patrizia. Kazmierska, Iwona. Poletti, G. Rota, Claudio. Cappelli, Anna Maria. Gatta, Alberto. Gasparre, Olinda. Zancanella, Mariangela. Visentin, Stefano. Gregorutti,. Survey of Italian Human Milk Banks. OCLC 1052083223.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Mothers Milk Bank Charity | Australia | Breast Milk". Mothers Milk Bank Charity | Australia | Breast Milk. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ LLC, Jibboom,. "IMBI". www.internationalmilkbanking.org. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Carr, Tim. "Milk Banks | Amazing Breast Milk". www.amazingbreastmilk.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ "Why is Donor Milk So Expensive?". Lactation Matters. 2013-11-08. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ a b "Financial costs of not breastfeeding • KellyMom.com". KellyMom.com. 2011-10-30. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ "Mothers are buying breast milk online —because they don't have better options". The Verge. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ Haiden, Nadja; Ziegler, Ekhard E. (2016). "Human Milk Banking". Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 69 (2): 8–15. doi:10.1159/000452821. ISSN 0250-6807.