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Contrary to popular belief, North Dakota does not exist<ref>{{cite web |title=North Dakota does not exist |url=https://www.inklingsnews.com/opinions/2009/12/03/i-believe-north-dakota-does-not-exist/}}</ref>
{{About|the U.S. state of North Dakota}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{short description|State of the United States of America}}
{{US state
|Name = North Dakota
|Fullname = State of North Dakota
|Flag = Flag of North Dakota.svg
|Flaglink = [[Flag of North Dakota|Flag]]
|Seal = NorthDakota-StateSeal.svg
|Seallink = [[Great Seal of North Dakota|Seal]]
|Map = North Dakota in United States.svg
|Nickname = Peace Garden State,<br />Roughrider State, Flickertail State
|Motto = Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable
|StateAnthem = [[North Dakota Hymn]]
|Former = Dakota Territory
|Demonym = North Dakotan
|Capital = [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]]
|LargestCity = [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]]
|LargestMetro = [[Fargo–Moorhead|Fargo metropolitan area]]
|Official Language = English<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t54c02.pdf|title=North Dakota Century Code, CHAPTER 54–02–13|format=PDF|date=September 13, 2013|access-date=September 13, 2013}}</ref>
|Governor = [[Doug Burgum]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
|Lieutenant Governor = [[Brent Sanford]] (R)
|Legislature = [[North Dakota Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
|Upperhouse = [[North Dakota Senate|Senate]]
|Lowerhouse = [[North Dakota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|Senators = [[John Hoeven]] (R)<br />[[Kevin Cramer]] (R)
|Representative = [[Kelly Armstrong]] (R)
|PostalAbbreviation = ND
|TradAbbreviation = N.D., N.Dak., Nodak
|AreaRank = 19th
|TotalAreaUS = 70,762
|TotalArea = 183,843
|LandAreaUS = 69,708
|LandArea = 179,571
|WaterAreaUS = 1,726
|WaterArea = 4,435
|PCWater = 2.4
|PopRank = 47th
|2010Pop = 760,077 (2018 est.)<ref name=PopHousingEst>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates |date=June 22, 2017 |accessdate=June 22, 2017|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
|DensityRank = 47th
|2000DensityUS = 10.73
|2000Density = 4.13
|MedianHouseholdIncome = $57,415<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=December 9, 2016}}</ref>
|IncomeRank = 25th
|AdmittanceOrder = 39th or 40th
|AdmittanceDate = November 2, 1889
|TimeZone = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Central Standard Time|-6]]/[[Central Daylight Time|-5]]
|TZ1Where = most of state
|TimeZone2 = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Mountain Standard Time|-7]]/[[Mountain Daylight Time|-6]]
|TZ2Where = southwest
|Latitude = 45° 56′ N to [[49th parallel north|49° 00′ N]]
|Longitude = 96° 33′ W to 104° 03′ W
|LengthUS = 335
|Length = 539
|WidthUS = 211
|Width = 340
|HighestPoint = [[White Butte]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=October 15, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>
|HighestElevUS = 3,508
|HighestElev = 1069
|MeanElevUS = 1,900
|MeanElev = 580
|LowestPoint = [[Red River of the North]] at [[Manitoba]] border<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/>
|LowestElevUS = 751
|LowestElev = 229
|ISOCode = US-ND
|Website = www.nd.gov
|Footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox U.S. state symbols
|Name= North Dakota
|Flag = Flag of North Dakota.svg
|Seal = Seal of North Dakota.svg
|Mammal= [[Nokota horse]]
|Bird= [[Western meadowlark]]
|Fish= [[Northern pike]]
|Flower= [[Wild prairie rose]]
|Insect= [[Western honeybee]]
|Tree= [[American Elm]]
|Grass= [[Western wheatgrass]]
|Beverage= [[Milk]]
|Dance= [[Square dance]]
|Fossil= [[Petrified wood|Teredo petrified wood]]
|Other= [[Chokecherry]] (state fruit)
|Route Marker= ND-200 (2015).svg
|Quarter= 2006 ND Proof.png
|QuarterReleaseDate= 2006
}}
'''North Dakota''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|audio=en-us-North Dakota.ogg|-|_|d|ə|ˈ|k|oʊ|t|ə}}) is a U.S. state in the [[Midwestern United States|midwestern]] and [[Northern United States|northern]] regions of the [[United States]]. It is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|nineteenth largest in area]], the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|fourth smallest by population]], and the [[List of U.S. states by population density|fourth most sparsely populated]] of the [[List of U.S. states|50 states]]. North Dakota was admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, along with its neighboring state, [[South Dakota]]. Its capital is [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]], and its largest city is [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]].

In the 21st century, North Dakota's [[natural resource]]s have played a [[North Dakota oil boom|major role]] in its economic performance, particularly with the [[Extraction of petroleum|oil extraction]] from the [[Bakken formation]], which lies beneath the northwestern part of the state. Such development has led to population growth and reduced unemployment.<ref name="usatoday30.usatoday">{{cite news |first= Brian |last= Shactman |url = http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/story/2011-08-27/Unemployed-Go-to-North-Dakota/50136572/1 |title = Unemployed? Go to North Dakota |publisher =CNBC |date =August 28, 2011 |accessdate=February 7, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="businessinsider">{{cite web |first=Vincent |last=Fernando | first2=Betty |last2=Jin | url =http://www.businessinsider.com/ten-states-with-ridiculously-low-unemployment-rates-and-why-2010-8?op=1|title = 10 States With Ridiculously Low Unemployment – And Why | publisher =Business Insider |date = August 23, 2010 |accessdate=February 7, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="startribune">{{cite web |first=David |last= Shaffer |url =http://www.startribune.com/local/184433891.html?refer=y |title =N. Dakota population growth is tops in U.S |publisher =Star Tribune |date =December 22, 2012 |accessdate=February 7, 2013 }}</ref>

North Dakota contains the tallest human-made structure in the [[Western Hemisphere]], the [[KVLY-TV mast]].

==Geography==
[[File:National-atlas-north-dakota.PNG|upright=1.6|thumb|Map of North Dakota]]
{{Main|Geography of North Dakota}}
{{See also|List of North Dakota counties}}

North Dakota is a Midwestern state of the United States. It borders [[Canada]] and lies at the center of the [[North American continent]]. The geographic center of North America is near the town of [[Rugby, North Dakota|Rugby]]. [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]] is the capital of North Dakota, and [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]] is the largest city.

Soil is North Dakota's most precious resource. It is the base of the state's great agricultural wealth. But North Dakota also has enormous mineral resources. These mineral resources include billions of tons of lignite coal. In addition, North Dakota has large oil reserves. Petroleum was discovered in the state in 1951 and quickly became one of North Dakota's most valuable mineral resources. In the early 2000's, the emergence of hydraulic fracturing technologies enabled mining companies to extract huge amounts of oil from the Bakken shale rock formation in the western part of the state.

North Dakota's economy is based more heavily on farming than are the economies of most other states. Many North Dakota factories process farm products or manufacture farm equipment. Many of the state’s merchants also rely on agriculture.

Farms and ranches cover nearly all of North Dakota. They stretch from the flat Red River Valley in the east, across rolling plains, to the rugged Badlands in the west. The chief crop, wheat, is grown in nearly every county. North Dakota harvests more than 90 percent of the nation’s canola and flaxseed. It is also the country’s top producer of barley and sunflower seeds and a leader in the production of beans, honey, lentils, oats, peas, and sugar beets.

Few white settlers came to the North Dakota region before the 1870's because railroads had not yet entered the area. During the early 1870's, the Northern Pacific Railroad began to push across the Dakota Territory. Large-scale farming also began during the 1870's. Eastern corporations and some families established huge wheat farms covering large areas of land in the Red River Valley. The farms made such enormous profits they were called bonanza farms. White settlers, attracted by the success of the bonanza farms, flocked to North Dakota, rapidly increasing the territory's population. In 1870, North Dakota had 2,405 people. By 1890, the population had grown to 190,983.

North Dakota was named for the Sioux people who once lived in the territory. The Sioux called themselves Dakota or Lakota, meaning allies or friends. One of North Dakota's nicknames is the Peace Garden State. This nickname honors the [[International Peace Garden]], which lies on the state's border with Manitoba, Canada. North Dakota is also called the Flickertail State because of the many flickertail ground squirrels that live in the central part of the state.

North Dakota is in the U.S. region known as the [[Great Plains]]. The state shares the [[Red River of the North]] with [[Minnesota]] to the east. [[South Dakota]] is to the south, [[Montana]] is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Manitoba]] are to the north. North Dakota is near the middle of [[North America]] with a stone marker in [[Rugby, North Dakota]] marking the "Geographic Center of the North American Continent". With an area of {{convert|70762|sqmi|km2|0|sp=us}},<ref>
{{cite web| title = Facts and figures | publisher=infoplease.com | url = http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0860033.html | accessdate = June 22, 2006}}</ref> North Dakota is the 19th largest state.<ref>{{cite web| title = Land and Water Area of States, 2000| publisher=Information Please| year = 2006| url = http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html | accessdate = August 17, 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Western North Dakota.JPG|thumb|left|View of western North Dakota]]
[[File:MooseND.jpg|thumb|Moose in North Dakota]]
[[File:Thro canyon.jpg|thumb|[[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]], North Dakota]]

The western half of the state consists of the hilly [[Great Plains]] as well as the northern part of the [[Badlands]], which are to the west of the [[Missouri River]]. The state's high point, [[White Butte]] at {{convert|3506|ft|m|0|sp=us}}, and [[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]]<ref>{{cite web| title = Theodore Roosevelt National Park Virtual Tour| publisher = The Real North Dakota Project| year = 2007| url = http://www.realnd.com/badlandsindex.htm| accessdate = August 17, 2007| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070925025734/http://www.realnd.com/badlandsindex.htm| archivedate = September 25, 2007| df = mdy-all}}</ref> are in the Badlands. The region is abundant in [[fossil fuel]]s including [[natural gas]], [[petroleum|crude oil]] and [[lignite]] coal. The [[Missouri River]] forms [[Lake Sakakawea]], the third largest artificial lake in the United States, behind the [[Garrison Dam]].<ref>{{cite web| title = History of Lake Sakakawea State Park| publisher=North Dakota Parks & Recreation Department| year = 2003| url = http://www.ndparks.com/Parks/Sakakawea/history.htm | accessdate = August 17, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061913/http://www.ndparks.com/Parks/Sakakawea/history.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref>

The central region of the state is divided into the [[Drift Prairie]] and the [[Missouri Plateau]]. The eastern part of the state consists of the flat [[Red River Valley]], the bottom of glacial [[Lake Agassiz]]. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering [[Red River of the North|Red River]] flowing northward into [[Lake Winnipeg]], supports a large agriculture industry.<ref>{{cite web| title = A Glacier, A Lake, A Valley and Soil for the Future| publisher=University of Minnesota| year = 1979| url = http://mbbnet.umn.edu/hoff/hoff_agassiz.html | accessdate = August 17, 2007}}</ref> [[Devils Lake (North Dakota)|Devils Lake]], the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east.<ref name="50states">{{cite web| title = North Dakota Facts and Trivia| publisher=50States.com| year = 2007| url = http://www.50states.com/facts/ndakota.htm | accessdate = August 17, 2007}}</ref>

Eastern North Dakota is overall flat; however, there are significant hills and [[butte]]s in western North Dakota. Most of the state is covered in [[grassland]]; crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. Natural trees in North Dakota are found usually where there is good drainage, such as the ravines and valley near the Pembina Gorge and Killdeer Mountains, the Turtle Mountains, the hills around Devil's Lake, in the dunes area of McHenry County in central North Dakota, and along the Sheyenne Valley slopes and the Sheyenne delta. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/fnddb/index.htm|title=Flora of North Dakota: Checklist|website=ashipunov.info|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref>
{{clear}}
===Climate===
{{main|Climate of North Dakota}}
[[File:North Dakota Köppen.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Köppen climate types of North Dakota]]
North Dakota has a [[continental climate]] with hot summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are significant because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere, with roughly equal distances to the North Pole and the Equator. As such, summers are almost subtropical, but winters are cold enough to ensure plant hardiness is very low.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in North Dakota<ref name="North Dakota climate averages">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=ND&statename=North-Dakota-United-States-of-America|title=North Dakota climate averages|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=November 10, 2015}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°F)
!July (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
|-
|[[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]] || 82/59 || 28/15 || 18/0 || −7/−17
|-
|[[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]] || 84/57 || 29/14 || 23/2 || −5/−16
|-
|[[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks]] || 81/56 || 27/13 || 16/−3 || −8/−19
|-
|[[Minot, North Dakota|Minot]] || 81/58 || 27/14 || 21/3 || −6/−16
|-
|[[Williston, North Dakota|Williston]] || 84/56 || 29/13 || 22/0 || −5/−17
|-
|[[Dickinson, North Dakota|Dickinson]] || 83/55 || 28/12 || 26/6 || −3/−14
|-
|[[Mandan, North Dakota|Mandan]] || 84/57 || 29/14 || 20/−1 || −6/−18
|}

==History==
{{Main|History of North Dakota}}
[[File: Early Indian treaty territories, North Dakota. Map and overview.png|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Early Indian treaty territories in North Dakota]] map and overview]]
Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans. The known tribes included the [[Mandan people]] (from around the 11th century),<ref name="auto">Wood, W. Raymond and Thomas D. Thiessen: ''Early Fur Trade On The Northern Plains. Canadian Traders Among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738-1818.'' Norman and London, 1987, p. 5.</ref> while the first [[Hidatsa]] group arrived a few hundred years later.<ref>Ahler, Stanley A., T. D. Thiessen and M. K. Trimble: ''People of the Willows. The Prehistory and Early History of the Hidatsa Indians''. Grand Forks, 1991., p. 38.</ref> They both assembled in villages on tributaries to Missouri River in what would become the west-central North Dakota. [[Crow Nation|Crow Indians]] traveled the plains from the west to visit and trade with the related Hidatsas<ref name="auto"/> after the split between them - probably in the 17th century.<ref>Wood, W. Raymond: Notes on the Crow-Hidatsa Schism. ''Plains Anthropologist'', Vol. 22 (1977), pp. 83-100, p. 86.</ref> Later came divisions of the [[Dakota people]] - the [[Lakota people|Lakota]], the [[Dakota people|Santee]] and the [[Yanktonai]]. The [[Assiniboine]] and the [[Plains Cree]] undertook southward journeys to the village Indians, either for trade or for war.<ref name="auto"/><ref>Milloy, John S.: ''The Plains Cree. Trade, Diplomacy and War, 1790-1870''. Winnipeg, 1988, pp. 47-66.</ref> The [[Shoshone|Shoshone Indians]] in present-day Wyoming and Montana may have carried out attacks on Indian enemies as far east as the Missouri.<ref>Wood, W. Raymond: The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland: Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map. ''Plains Anthropologist''. Vol. 55, No. 216 (Nov. 2010), pp. 255-276, p. 266.</ref> A group of [[Cheyenne]]s lived in a village of earth lodges at the lower [[Sheyenne River]] ([[Biesterfeldt Site]]) for decades in the 18th century. Due to attacks by Crees, Assiniboines and [[Ojibwe|Chippewas]] armed with fire weapons, they left the area around 1780 and crossed Missouri some time after.<ref>Hyde, George E.: ''Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters''. Norman, 1987. pp. 9-15.</ref> A band of the few [[Cheyenne|Sotaio Indians]] lived east of Missouri River and met the uprooted Cheyennes before the end of the century. They soon followed the Cheyennes across Missouri and lived among them south of [[Cannonball River]].<ref>Wood, W. Raymond: The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland: Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map. ''Plains Anthropologist''. Vol. 55, No. 216 (Nov. 2010), pp. 255-276, p. 272.</ref> Eventually, the Cheyenne and the Sutaio became one tribe and turned into mounted buffalo hunters with ranges mainly outside North Dakota. Before the middle of the 19th century, the [[Arikara]] entered the future state from the south and joined the Mandan and Hidatsa.<ref>, Meyer, Roy W.: ''The Village Indians of Upper Missouri. The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras''. Lincoln and London, 1977, p. 90.</ref> With time, a number of Indians entered into treaties with the United States. Many of the treaties defined the territory of a specific tribe (see the map).

The first European to reach the area was the [[French-Canadian]] trader [[Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye|Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye]], who led an exploration and trading party to the [[Mandan]] villages in 1738. guided by Assiniboine Indians.<ref name="atlas of canada">{{cite web | title = Audio Transcript of Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye 1738 | publisher = The Atlas of Canada | year = 2003 | url = http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/exploration/1738_verendrye.mov/view | accessdate = August 19, 2007 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180956/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/exploration/1738_verendrye.mov/view | archivedate = October 13, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
From 1762 to 1802 the region formed part of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase|title= Louisiana Purchase - History, Facts, & Map|website= Britannica.com|accessdate= September 4, 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Fort Union Trading Post NHS.JPG|thumb|left|[[Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site]]]]
European Americans settled in Dakota Territory only sparsely until the late 19th century, when railroads opened up the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. Congress passed an omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, [[South Dakota]], [[Montana]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]], titled the [[Enabling Act of 1889]], on February 22, 1889 during the administration of President [[Grover Cleveland]]. His successor, [[Benjamin Harrison]], signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889.<ref name="washington">{{cite web | title = Enabling Act | publisher= Washington State Legislature | url = http://www.leg.wa.gov/History/State/enabling.htm | accessdate = August 19, 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070919230052/http://www.leg.wa.gov/History/State/enabling.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> | archivedate = September 19, 2007}}</ref>

The rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first. Harrison directed Secretary of State [[James G. Blaine]] to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first. The actual order went unrecorded, thus no one knows which of the Dakotas was admitted first.<ref name="using">{{cite web | title=H.I.P. Pocket Change™ Web Site - Coin of the Month | website=usmint.gov | date=September 2006 | url=http://www.usmint.gov:80/kids/coinNews/coinOfTheMonth/2006/09.cfm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013151848/http://www.usmint.gov:80/kids/coinNews/coinOfTheMonth/2006/09.cfm | archive-date=October 13, 2007 | dead-url=unfit | access-date=November 15, 2018}}</ref><ref name="nd boundaries">{{cite web | title = North Dakota's Boundaries | publisher= North Dakota Geological Survey | year = 2002 | url = https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs//ndnotes/Boundaries/Boundaries.asp | access-date = August 19, 2007}}</ref> However, since ''North Dakota'' alphabetically appears before ''South Dakota'', its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large.

Unrest among wheat farmers, especially among Norwegian [[immigrants]], led to a populist political movement centered in the [[Non Partisan League]] ("NPL") around the time of World War I. The NPL ran candidates on the Republican ticket (but merged into the [[North Dakota Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party|Democratic Party]] after World War II). It tried to insulate North Dakota from the power of out-of-state banks and corporations. In addition to founding the state-owned [[Bank of North Dakota]] and [[North Dakota Mill and Elevator]] (both still in existence), the NPL established a state-owned railroad line (later sold to the [[Soo Line Railroad]]). Anti-corporate laws virtually prohibited a corporation or bank from owning title to land zoned as farmland. These laws, still in force today, after having been upheld by state and federal courts, make it almost impossible to foreclose on farmland, as even after foreclosure, the property title cannot be held by a bank or mortgage company.<ref name="no corp">{{cite web |url= https://www.sayanythingblog.com/entry/why-not-just-end-north-dakotas-corporate-farming-law/ |title= Why Not Just End North Dakota's Corporate Farming Law? |publisher= SayAnythingBlog |last= Port |first= Rob |date= March 16, 2015 |accessdate= December 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name="state-law">{{cite web |url= http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t10c06-1.pdf |title= CHAPTER 10-06.1 Corporate or Limited Liability Company Farming |publisher= State of North Dakota |accessdate= December 29, 2016}}</ref> Furthermore, the Bank of North Dakota, having powers similar to a Federal Reserve branch bank, exercised its power to limit the issuance of subprime mortgages and their collateralization in the form of derivative instruments, and so prevented a collapse of housing prices within the state in the wake of 2008's financial crisis.<ref name="state bank">{{cite journal |url= https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2009/03/how-nation%E2%80%99s-only-state-owned-bank-became-envy-wall-street |title= How the Nation's Only State-Owned Bank Became the Envy of Wall Street |journal= [[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |last= Harkinson |first= Josh |date= March 27, 2009 |accessdate= December 29, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085936/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2009/03/how-nation%E2%80%99s-only-state-owned-bank-became-envy-wall-street |archive-date= December 30, 2016 |dead-url= yes |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

The original [[North Dakota State Capitol]] in Bismarck burned to the ground on December 28, 1930. It was replaced by a [[limestone]]-faced [[art-deco]] skyscraper that still stands today.<ref name="capitol">{{cite web | title = North Dakota State Capitol Building & Grounds Virtual Tour Map | publisher = The Real North Dakota Project | url = http://www.realnd.com/capitolmap.htm | accessdate = August 19, 2007 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070925025915/http://www.realnd.com/capitolmap.htm | archivedate = September 25, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> A round of federal investment and construction projects began in the 1950s, including the [[Garrison Dam]] and the [[Minot Air Force Base|Minot]] and [[Grand Forks Air Force Base|Grand Forks]] [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] bases.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web | title = North Dakota Timeline | publisher= WorldAtlas.com | url = http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/usstates/ndtimeln.htm | accessdate = August 19, 2007}}</ref>

Western North Dakota saw a boom in oil exploration in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as rising petroleum prices made development profitable.<ref name="nd history summary">{{cite web | title = North Dakota History: Overview and Summary | publisher= State Historical Society of North Dakota | year = 1999 | url = http://www.nd.gov/hist/ndhist.htm | accessdate = August 19, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070403060553/http://www.nd.gov/hist/ndhist.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = April 3, 2007}}</ref> This boom came to an end after petroleum prices declined.<ref name="nd history summary" />

In recent years, the state has had lower rates of unemployment than the national average, and increased job and population growth.<ref name="businessinsider" /><ref name="startribune" /> Much of the growth has been based on development of the [[Bakken formation|Bakken oil fields]] in the western part of the state.<ref name="usatoday30.usatoday" /> Estimates as to the remaining amount of oil vary, with some estimating over 100 years worth of oil remaining in the area.<ref>
{{cite web
|first= Mark |last= Perry
|url = http://www.aei-ideas.org/2013/01/bakken-oil-boom-in-north-dakota-might-last-for-100-years/
|title = Bakken oil boom in North Dakota might last for 100 years
|publisher = American Enterprise Institute
|date = January 31, 2013 |accessdate= February 7, 2013
}}
</ref>

For decades, North Dakota's annual murder rate and the violent crime rate was regularly the lowest in the United States. In recent years, however, while still below the national average, crime has risen sharply. In 2016, the violent crime rate was three times higher than in 2004 with the rise mostly occurring in the late 2000s, coinciding with the oil boom era. This happened at a time when the overall US violent crime rate declined slightly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/uscrime.htm|title=United States Crime Rates 1960 - 2016 | first=Christopher|last=Effgen|website=www.disastercenter.com}}</ref> Workers in the oil boom towns have been blamed for much of the increase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/crime-in-north-dakotas-oil-boom-towns-is-so-bad-that-the-fbi-is-stepping-in-76e3203eab24/|title=Crime In North Dakota's Oil Boom Towns Is So Bad That The FBI Is Stepping In|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/ndcrimn.htm|title=North Dakota Crime Rates 1960 - 2016|first=Christopher|last=Effgen|website=www.disastercenter.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
[[File:North Dakota population map.png|thumb|upright=1.6|North Dakota population density]]
The [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates North Dakota's population was 755,393 on July 1, 2017, a 12.3% increase since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name=PopHousingEst/> This makes North Dakota the U.S. state with the largest percentage in population growth since 2011. The fourth least-populous state in the country, only [[Alaska]], [[Vermont]], and [[Wyoming]] have fewer residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|title=American FactFinder - Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref>

From fewer than 2,000 people in 1870, North Dakota's population grew to near 680,000 by 1930. Growth then slowed, and the population has fluctuated slightly over the past seven decades, hitting a low of 617,761 in the 1970 census, with 642,200 in the 2000 census.<ref name="ndsupop">{{cite web| title = North Dakota Historical Population| publisher = North Dakota State University| url = http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/sainieid/north-dakota-historical-population.html| accessdate = August 19, 2007| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071113052533/http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/sainieid/north-dakota-historical-population.html| archivedate = November 13, 2007| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Except for [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], the North Dakota population has a lesser percentage of minorities than in the nation as a whole.<ref name="quickfacts">{{cite web | url= http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/38000.html | title= North Dakota QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau | accessdate= August 19, 2007 | deadurl= yes | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060615210657/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/38000.html | archivedate= June 15, 2006 | df= mdy-all }}</ref> As of 2011, 20.7% of North Dakota's population younger than age 1 were minorities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|last=Exner|first=Rich|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]}}</ref> The [[center of population]] of North Dakota is in [[Wells County, North Dakota|Wells County]], near [[Sykeston, North Dakota|Sykeston]].<ref>{{cite web |title=statecenters |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |year=2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |accessdate=November 21, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HZRQVgCU?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archivedate=June 22, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>




{{US Census population
|1870= 2405
|1880= 36909
|1890= 190983
|1900= 319146
|1910= 577056
|1920= 646872
|1930= 680845
|1940= 641935
|1950= 619636
|1960= 632446
|1970= 617761
|1980= 652717
|1990= 638800
|2000= 642200
|2010= 672591
|estimate= 760077
|estyear= 2018
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2010<ref>{{cite web|author=Resident Population Data |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=Resident Population Data – 2010 Census |publisher=2010.census.gov |date= |accessdate=December 14, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archivedate=October 19, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />2018 Estimate<ref name=PopHousingEst/>
}}

===Birth data===
''Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|format=PDF|title=Births: Final Data for 2013|website=Cdc.gov|accessdate=4 September 2017}}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf|format=PDF|title=Births: Final Data for 2014|website=Cdc.gov|accessdate=4 September 2017}}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|format=PDF|title=Births: Final Data for 2015|website=Cdc.gov|accessdate=4 September 2017}}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf|title=data |website=www.cdc.gov|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| [[White Americans|White]]:
| 8,940 (84.3%)
| 9,509 (83.7%)
| 9,354 (82.7%)
| ...
|-
| > [[Non-Hispanic Whites|Non-Hispanic White]]
| 8,531 (80.5%)
| 9,036 (79.5%)
| 8,796 (77.7%)
| 8,486 (74.5%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]
| 1,021 (9.6%)
| 1,032 (9.1%)
| 985 (8.7%)
| 875 (7.7%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 375 (3.5%)
| 504 (4.4%)
| 640 (5.6%)
| 612 (5.4%)
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 263 (2.5%)
| 314 (2.8%)
| 344 (3.0%)
| 303 (2.7%)
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race)
| ''436 (4.1%)''
| ''480 (4.2%)''
| ''580 (5.1%)''
| ''584 (5.1%)''
|-
| '''Total North Dakota'''
| '''10,599''' (100%)
| '''11,359''' (100%)
| '''11,314''' (100%)
| '''11,383''' (100%)
|}

*Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

===Migration===
Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, North Dakota, along with most of the midwest, experienced a mass influx of newcomers from both the eastern United States and immigrants from Europe. North Dakota was a known popular destination for immigrant farmers and general laborers and their families, mostly from [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Germany]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. Much of this settlement gravitated throughout the western side of the [[Red River Valley]], as was similarly seen in South Dakota and in a parallel manner in Minnesota. This area is well known for its fertile lands. By the outbreak of the First World War, this was among North America's richest farming regions. But a period of higher rainfall ended, and many migrants weren't successful in the arid conditions. Many family plots were too small to farm successfully.

From the 1930s until the end of the 20th century, North Dakota's population gradually declined, interrupted by a couple of brief increases. Young adults with university degrees were particularly likely to leave the state.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} With the advancing process of mechanization of agricultural practices, and environmental conditions requiring larger landholdings for successful agriculture, subsistence farming proved to be too risky for families. Many people moved to urban areas for jobs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leading Population Trends in North Dakota |publisher=North Dakota State University |year=2007 |url=http://www.ndsu.edu/sdc/data/populationtrends.htm |accessdate=August 19, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818144416/http://www.ndsu.edu/sdc/data/populationtrends.htm |archivedate=August 18, 2007 }}</ref>

Since the late 20th century, one of the major causes of migration from North Dakota is the lack of skilled jobs for college graduates. Expansion of economic development programs has been urged to create skilled and high-tech jobs, but the effectiveness of such programs has been open to debate.<ref>{{cite web | title = Agenda 2003 – Saving North Dakota | publisher = The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead | year = 2002 | url = http://www.in-forum.com/specials/savingnd/index2.cfm?page=articles_inside&id=27390 | access-date = August 19, 2007 | dead-url = yes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204321/http://www.in-forum.com/specials/savingnd/index2.cfm?page=articles_inside&id=27390 | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> During the first decade of the 21st century, the population increased in large part because of jobs in the oil industry related to development of [[tight oil]] (shale oil) fields.<ref>[http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_22258851/oil-boom-turbocharges-north-dakota-population-growth "Oil boom turbocharges North Dakota population growth"], ''The Denver Post'', Retrieved on July 12, 2013.</ref>

Elsewhere, the Native American population has increased as some reservations have attracted people back from urban areas.

'''Immigration'''

North Dakota is one of the top resettlement locations for refugees proportionally. According to the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement, in 2013–2014 "more than 68 refugees" per 100,000 North Dakotans were settled in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/09/11/where-refugees-go-in-america/|title=Where refugees go in America|website=Washington Post|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> In fiscal year 2014, 582 refugees settled in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/resource/fiscal-year-2014-refugee-arrivals|title=Fiscal Year 2014 Refugee Arrivals - Office of Refugee Resettlement - Administration for Children and Families|website=Acf.hhs.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> Fargo Mayor Mahoney said North Dakota accepting the most refugees per capita should be celebrated given the benefits they bring to the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inforum.com/news/3853303-north-dakota-leads-nation-refugee-resettlement-capita|title=North Dakota leads nation in refugee resettlement per capita|website=Inforum.com|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> In 2015, Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota, the state's only resettlement agency, was "awarded $458,090 in federal funding to improve refugee services."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inforum.com/news/3846661-federal-funding-issued-refugee-resettlement|title=Federal funding issued for refugee resettlement|website=Inforum.com|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref>

[[Immigration to the United States|Immigration]] from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 3,323 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 21,110 people.<ref name="census_cum">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-04.csv |title=Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States, Regions and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2015 (NST-EST2008-04) |date=December 15, 2015 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |format=CSV |accessdate=January 16, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205023552/http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-04.csv |archivedate=February 5, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Of the residents of North Dakota, 69.8% were born in North Dakota, 27.2% were born in a different state, 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 2.4% were born in another country.<ref>Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). [http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk "American FactFinder – Results"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815134909/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |date=August 15, 2014 }}.</ref> The age and gender distributions approximate the national average.

===Ancestry===
According to the [[2010 United States Census|2010 Census]], the racial and ethnic composition of North Dakota was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|author=2010 Census Data |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |title=2010 Census Data – 2010 Census |publisher=2010.census.gov |date= |accessdate=December 14, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324073045/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |archivedate=March 24, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

* [[White American]]: 90.0% (88.7% [[non-Hispanic white]])
* [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]: 5.4%
* [[African American|Black or African American]]: 1.2%
* [[Asian American|Asian]]: 1.0%
* [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]]: 0.1%
* Some other race: 0.5%
* [[Multiracial American]]: 0.2%

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ '''North Dakota Racial Breakdown of Population'''
|-
! Racial composition !! 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=Census.gov |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archivedate=December 24, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/ND|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140108192440/http://censusviewer.com/city/ND|deadurl=yes|title=Census Viewer|date=January 8, 2014|archivedate=January 8, 2014|website=Censusviewer.com|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|author=2010 Census Data |url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/data/ |title=2010 Census Data |publisher=Census.gov |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 94.6% || 92.4% || 90.0%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] || 4.1% || 4.9% || 5.4%
|-
| [[African American|Black]] || 0.6% || 0.6% || 1.2%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.5% || 0.6% || 1.0%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiian]] and<br />[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || 0.1%
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.3% || 0.4% || 0.5%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 1.2% || 1.8%
|}

Throughout the mid-19th century, Dakota Territory was still dominated by Native Americans. Warfare and disease reduced their population at the same time Europeans and Americans were settling in the state.

In the 21st century, most North Dakotans are of Northern European descent. As of 2009, the seven largest European ancestry groups in North Dakota are:

* [[German American|German]]: 47.2% (305,322)
* [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]]: 30.8% (199,154)
* [[Irish American|Irish]]: 7.7% (49,892)
* [[Swedish American|Swedish]]: 4.7% (30,194)
* [[Russian American|Russian]]: 4.1% (26,642)
* [[French American|French]]: 4.1% (26,320)
* [[English American|English]]: 3.9% (25,331)
* [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any racial groups): 2.0%

===Religion===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in North Dakota (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/north-dakota/|title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics - Pew Research Center|publisher=}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|Protestant|purple|51}}
{{Bar percent|Catholic|Dodgerblue|26}}
{{Bar percent|Muslim|green|1}}
{{Bar percent|Other faiths|red|2}}
{{Bar percent|No religion|black|20}}
}}

[[File:Vang Evangelical Lutheran Church.jpg|thumb|[[Vang Evangelical Lutheran Church]] in [[Manfred, North Dakota|Manfred]]]]
North Dakota has the most churches per capita of any state.<ref name = "religious survey"/> Additionally, North Dakota has the highest percentage of church-going population of any state.<ref name="religious survey">{{cite web|url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |title=American Religious Identification Survey |website=Exhibit 15 |publisher=The Graduate Center, City University of New York |accessdate=November 24, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913102359/http://www.gc.cuny.edu//faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |archivedate=September 13, 2006 }}</ref>

A 2001 survey indicated 35% of North Dakota's population was [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]], and 30% was [[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Catholic]]. Other religious groups represented were [[Methodists]]&nbsp;(7%), [[Baptists]]&nbsp;(6%), the [[Assemblies of God]]&nbsp;(3%), [[Presbyterian]]s (1.27%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northernplainspresbytery.com/about/History.html|title=Presbytery of the Northern Plains|website=Presbytery of the Northern Plains|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]&nbsp;(1%). Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations, including other [[Mainline Protestant|Protestants]] and [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church), totaled 3%, bringing the total Christian population to 86%. There were an estimated 920&nbsp;Muslims and 730&nbsp;Jews in the state in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/states/North-Dakota-Religions.html |title=North Dakota – Religions |publisher=City-data.com |date= |accessdate=September 13, 2013}}</ref> Three percent of respondents answered "no religion" on the survey, and 6% declined to answer.<ref name = "religious survey"/>

The largest church bodies by number of adherents in 2010 were the [[Roman Catholic Church]] with 167,349; the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] with 163,209; and the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] with 22,003.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/38/rcms2010_38_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |website=Thearda.com |accessdate=November 27, 2013}}</ref>

===Languages===
In 2010, 94.86% (584,496) of North Dakotans over 5 years old spoke [[English language|English]] as their [[primary language]]. 5.14% (31,684) of North Dakotans spoke a language other than English. 1.39% (8,593) spoke [[German language|German]], 1.37% (8,432) spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and 0.30% (1,847) spoke [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]. Other languages spoken included [[Serbo-Croatian]] (0.19%), [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (both 0.15%), and [[Native American languages]] and [[French language|French]] (both 0.13%).<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Spoken Language in North Dakota in 2010 |url=http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |accessdate=December 15, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619224705/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |archivedate=June 19, 2006 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

In 2000, 2.5% of the population spoke German in addition to English, reflecting early 20th century immigration.<ref name = "US Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t20/tab05.pdf |title=US Census 2000 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=September 13, 2013}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{refimprove section|date=October 2017}}<!--first 3 subsections have no citations-->

===American Indian Nations===
[[File:Kane Métis Buffalo Hunt.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Paul Kane]] witnessed and participated in the annual [[bison hunting|bison hunt]] of the [[Métis people (United States)|Métis]] in June 1846 on the prairies in Dakota.]]
<!-- Needs expansion -->
In the 21st century, North Dakota has an increasing population of Native Americans, who in 2010 made up 5.44% of the population. By the early 19th century the territory was dominated by Siouan-speaking peoples, whose territory stretched west from the Great Lakes area. The word "Dakota" is a Sioux (Lakota/Dakota) word meaning "allies" or "friends".

The primary historic tribal nations in or around North Dakota, are the Lakota and the Dakota ("[[The Great Sioux Nation]]" or "Oceti Sakowin," meaning the seven council fires), the [[Blackfoot]], the [[Cheyenne]], the [[Chippewa]] (known as [[Ojibwe]] in Canada), and the [[Mandan]]. The federally recognized tribes have [[Indian reservations]] in the state.

===Pow wows===
Social gatherings are known as "[[powwows]]" (or wacipis in Lakota/Dakota) continue to be an important part of Native American culture and are held regularly throughout the state. Throughout Native American history, powwows were held, usually in the spring, to rejoice at the beginning of new life and the end of the winter cold. These events brought Native American tribes together for singing and dancing and allowed them to meet with old friends and acquaintances, as well as to make new ones. Many powwows also held religious significance for some tribes. Today, powwows are still a part of the Native American culture and are attended by Natives and non-Natives alike. In North Dakota, the United Tribes International Powwow held each September in the capital of [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]], is one of the largest powwows in the United States.

A [[pow wow]] is an occasion for parades and Native American dancers in regalia, with many dancing styles presented. It is traditional for male dancers to wear regalia decorated with beads, quills, and eagle feathers; male [[grass dance]]rs wear colorful fringe regalia, and male [[fancy dance]]rs wear brightly colored feathers. Female dancers dance much more subtly than the male dancers. Fancy female dancers wear cloth, beaded moccasins, and jewelry, while the [[jingle dress]] dancer wears a dress made of metal cones. Inter-tribal dances during the powwow, allow everyone (even spectators) can take part in the dancing.

===Norwegian and Icelandic influences===
[[File:Hultstrand61.jpg|thumb|Norwegian settlers in front of their sod house in North Dakota in 1898]]
Around 1870 many European immigrants from Norway settled in North Dakota's northeastern corner, especially near the Red River. [[Icelandic American|Icelanders]] also arrived from Canada.<ref>William Charles Sherman, Playford V. Thorson, Warren A. Henke, ''Plains Folk: North Dakota's Ethnic History'' (North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies, 1986) pp 189, 242, 256</ref> [[Pembina, North Dakota|Pembina]] was a town of many [[Norwegian American|Norwegians]] when it was founded; they worked on family farms. They started Lutheran churches and schools, greatly outnumbering other denominations in the area. This group has unique foods such as ''[[lefse]]'' and ''[[lutefisk]].'' The continent's largest Scandinavian event, ''[[Norsk Høstfest]]'', is celebrated each September in [[Minot, North Dakota|Minot's]] [[North Dakota State Fair Center]], a local attraction featuring art, architecture, and cultural artifacts from all five Scandinavian countries. The Icelandic State Park in [[Pembina County, North Dakota|Pembina County]] and an annual Icelandic festival reflect immigrants from that country, who are also descended from Scandinavians.

Old World folk customs have persisted for decades in North Dakota, with the revival of techniques in weaving, silver crafting, and wood carving. Traditional turf-roof houses are displayed in parks; this style originated in Iceland. A [[stave church]] is a landmark in Minot. Ethnic Norwegians constitute nearly one-third or 32.3% of Minot's total population and 30.8% of North Dakota's total population.

===Germans from Russia===
{{See also|Germans from Russia}}
Ethnic Germans who had settled in Russia for several generations grew dissatisfied in the nineteenth century because of economic problems and because of the revocation of religious freedoms for [[Mennonite]]s and [[Hutterite]]s. By 1900, about 100,000 immigrated to the U.S., settling primarily in North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, and Nebraska. The south-central part of North Dakota became known as "the German-Russian triangle". By 1910, about 60,000 ethnic Germans from Russia lived in Central North Dakota. They were Lutherans and Roman Catholics who had kept many German customs of the time when their ancestors immigrated to Russia. They were committed to agriculture. Traditional iron cemetery grave markers are a famous art form practiced by ethnic Germans.<ref>, Elwyn B. Robinson, ''History of North Dakota'' (1966) pp. 285–87, 557</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/articles/newspapers/news/gilmour3.html |title=Germans from Russia Heritage Collection |publisher=Library.ndsu.edu |date=September 1, 2002 |accessdate=September 13, 2013}}</ref>

===Fine and performing arts===
North Dakota's major [[fine art]] museums and venues include the [[Chester Fritz Auditorium]], [[Empire Arts Center]], the [[Fargo Theatre]], [[North Dakota Museum of Art]], and the [[Plains Art Museum]]. The [[Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra]], [[Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra]], [[Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra]], [[Minot Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Great Plains Harmony Chorus]] are full-time professional and semi-professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the community.

===Entertainment===
{{See also|Music of North Dakota}}
North Dakotan musicians of many genres include [[blues]] guitarist [[Jonny Lang]], [[country music]] singer [[Lynn Anderson]], [[jazz]] and [[traditional pop]] singer and songwriter [[Peggy Lee]], [[big band]] leader [[Lawrence Welk]], and pop singer [[Bobby Vee]]. The state is also home to [[Indie rock]] [[June Panic]] (of Fargo, signed to [[Secretly Canadian]]).

[[Ed Schultz]] was known around the country until his death in July 2018 as the host [[progressive talk radio]] show, ''[[The Ed Schultz Show]]'', and ''[[The Ed Show]]'' on [[MSNBC]]. [[Shadoe Stevens]] hosted ''[[American Top 40]]'' from 1988 to 1995. [[Josh Duhamel]] is an [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]]-winning actor known for his roles in ''[[All My Children]]'' and ''[[Las Vegas (TV series)|Las Vegas]]''.<ref name="imdb">{{cite web| title = Josh Duhamel| publisher=IMDb| year = 2007| url = https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0241049/ | accessdate = August 19, 2007}}</ref> [[Nicole Linkletter]] and [[CariDee English]] were winning contestants of [[America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5|Cycles 5]] and [[America's Next Top Model, Cycle 7|7]], respectively, of ''[[America's Next Top Model]]''. [[Kellan Lutz]] has appeared in movies such as ''[[Stick It]]'', ''[[Accepted]]'', ''[[Prom Night (2008 film)|Prom Night]]'', and ''[[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]''.

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cuisine of North Dakota}}

===Sports===

Bismarck was home of the [[Dakota Wizards]] of the [[NBA Development League]], and currently hosts the [[Bismarck Bucks]] of the [[Champions Indoor Football]].

NCAA has two NCAA Division I teams, the [[North Dakota Fighting Hawks]] and [[North Dakota State Bison]], and two Division II teams, the [[Mary Marauders]] and [[Minot State Beavers]].

The [[North Dakota High School Activities Association]] features over 25,000 participants.

Outdoor activities such as hunting and fishing are hobbies for many North Dakotans. [[Ice fishing]], [[skiing]], and [[snowmobiling]] are also popular during the winter months. Residents of North Dakota may own or visit a cabin along a lake. Popular sport fish include [[walleye]], [[perch]], and [[northern pike]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://gf.nd.gov/fishing/species.html | title = Fish Species | year = 2007 | publisher = North Dakota Game and Fish Department | accessdate = August 19, 2007 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013152229/http://gf.nd.gov/fishing/species.html | archivedate = October 13, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The western terminus of the [[North Country National Scenic Trail]] is on [[Lake Sakakawea]], where it abuts the [[Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail|Lewis and Clark Trail.]]

==Economy==
{{See also|List of North Dakota companies|North Dakota locations by per capita income}}
[[File:TraillCountyND.jpeg|thumb|[[Sunflower]]s in [[Traill County, North Dakota]]]]
Agriculture is North Dakota's largest industry, although petroleum, [[food processing]], and technology are also major industries.<ref>{{cite web| title = Economy of North Dakota | url =http://www.netstate.com/economy/nd_economy.htm | publisher=NetState | date = June 4, 2007 | accessdate = October 4, 2007 }}</ref> Its growth rate is about 4.1%.<ref>{{cite web| title = Gross Domestic Product by State, 2nd quarter 2018 | url =https://www.bea.gov/news/2018/gross-domestic-product-state-2nd-quarter-2018 | publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis| date = January 19, 2019 | accessdate = February 9, 2019 }}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] the economy of North Dakota had a gross domestic product of $55.180&nbsp;billion in the second quarter of 2018.<ref>{{cite web | title = Current-Dollar Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State and Region, 2017:Q1-2018:Q2 | publisher = U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis | date = January 19, 2019 | url = https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2018-11/qgdpstate1118.pdf | accessdate = February 9, 2019 }}</ref> The per capita income was $34,256,when measured from 2013-2017 by the United States Department of Commerce.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2017 dollars), 2013-2017 | publisher=United States Department of Commerce
| url = https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/nd/INC910217#INC910217
| accessdate = February 9, 2019 }}</ref> The three-year [[median household income]] from 2013–2017 was $61,285.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2017 dollars), 2013-2017 | publisher=United States Department of Commerce
| url = https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/nd/INC910217#INC910217
| accessdate = February 9, 2019 }}</ref>

According to [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] data, North Dakota led the U.S. in job creation in 2013 and has done so since 2009. The state has a [[Job Creation Index]] score of 40, nearly 10 points ahead of its nearest competitors.<ref name="O'Neal- Job creation">{{cite news|last=O'Neal|first=Adam|title=N. Dakota Again Tops Job-Creation List, D.C. Second|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/02/12/north_dakota_again_tops_job-creation_list_121555.html|accessdate=February 12, 2014|newspaper=Real Clear Politics|date=February 12, 2014}}</ref> North Dakota has added 56,600 private-sector jobs since 2011, creating an annual growth rate of 7.32 percent.<ref name="Thomas- job creation">{{cite news|last=Thomas|first=G. Scott|title=Governors and jobs: How governors rank for job creation in their states|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2013/06/north-dakota-governor-wins-top-honors.html?page=all|accessdate=February 12, 2014|newspaper=The Business Journals|date=June 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Saad-Job Creation">{{cite news|last=Saad|first=Lydia|title=North Dakota Leads in Job Creation for Fifth Straight Year|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/167126/north-dakota-leads-job-creation-fifth-straight-year.aspx|accessdate=February 12, 2014|newspaper=Gallup|date=February 12, 2014}}</ref> According to statistics released on March 25, 2014 by the [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]], North Dakota's personal income grew 7.6 percent in 2013 to $41.3 billion.<ref name="Nowatzki-personal income growth">{{cite news|last=Nowatzki|first=Mike|title=N.D. leads nation in personal income growth again|url=http://www.prairiebizmag.com/event/article/id/18355/group/Energy%20and%20Mining/|accessdate=March 26, 2014|newspaper=Prairie Business|date=March 25, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020315/http://www.prairiebizmag.com/event/article/id/18355/group/Energy%20and%20Mining/|archivedate=April 19, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The state has recorded the highest personal income growth among all states for the sixth time since 2007. North Dakota's personal income growth is tied to various private business sectors such as agriculture, energy development, and construction.<ref name="Yahoo news-personal income growth">{{cite news|title=ND records nation's highest personal income growth|url=https://news.yahoo.com/nd-records-nations-highest-personal-184135151.html;_ylt=AwrBJR92zjFTdTIAAGHQtDMD|accessdate=March 26, 2014|newspaper=Yahoo News|date=March 25, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Graeber-personal income growth">{{cite news|last=Graeber|first=Daniel|title=Economy in oil-rich North Dakota booming|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2014/03/26/Economy-in-oil-rich-North-Dakota-booming/4591395839430/|accessdate=March 26, 2014|newspaper=UPI|date=March 26, 2014}}</ref>

"Just over 21% of North Dakota's total 2013 gross domestic product (GDP) of $49.77 billion comes from natural resources and mining."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://247wallst.com/energy-economy/2014/12/03/will-60-oil-ruin-north-dakotas-economy/#ixzz3LKHKJwbd|title=Will $60 Oil Ruin North Dakota's Economy?|website=247wallst.com|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref>

North Dakota is the only state with a [[public ownership|state-owned]] bank, the [[Bank of North Dakota]] in [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]], and a state-owned [[flour mill]], the [[North Dakota Mill and Elevator]] in [[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks]]. These were established by the NPL before World War II.

Fargo is home to the second-largest campus of [[Microsoft]] with 1,700 employees, and [[Amazon.com]] employs several hundred in Grand Forks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon to Expand Customer Service Center in Grand Forks, ND|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&tkr=AMZN:US&sid=a5xu7BFKcxB4|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|accessdate=December 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gunderson|first=Dan|title=With Microsoft, Hitachi to open software business in Fargo|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/12/05/with-microsoft-hitachi-to-open-software-business-in-fargo/|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio|accessdate=December 21, 2012}}</ref>

{{As of|2014|5|df=US}}, the state's [[Unemployment in the United States|unemployment]] rate is the lowest in the nation at 2.6%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/lau/|title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics Home Page|website=Bls.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> It has not reached 5 percent since 1987. At end of 2010, the state per capita income was ranked 17th in the nation, the biggest increase of any state in a decade from rank 38th.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-03-16-north-dakota-census_N.htm?csp=34news | work=USA Today | first=Dennis | last=Cauchon | title=North Dakota economy booms, population soars | date=March 17, 2011}}</ref> The reduction in the unemployment rate and growth in per capita income is attributable to the [[North Dakota oil boom|oil boom]] in the state. Due to a combination of oil-related development and investing in technology and service industries, North Dakota has had a budget surplus every year since the 2008 market crash.<ref>{{cite web|last=Canova|first=Timothy|title=The Public Option: The Case for Parallel Public Banking Institutions|url=http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Canova%20Public%20Option%201%20July.pdf|accessdate=January 31, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310051645/http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Canova%20Public%20Option%201%20July.pdf|archivedate=March 10, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

North Dakota highest unemployment rate since the late 20th century was 6.8%, recorded in 1983. That is below the current unemployment rate of the majority of states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/web/laus/lauhsthl.htm |title=Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs/Lows |publisher=Bls.gov |date=August 19, 2013 |accessdate=September 13, 2013}}</ref>

===Agriculture===

North Dakota's earliest industries were [[fur trading]] and agriculture. Although less than 10% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector,<ref>{{cite web| url =http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US38&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-redoLog=false | title=North Dakota&nbsp;— DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics:&nbsp;&nbsp;2000 | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | access-date = August 30, 2007}}</ref> it remains a major part of the state's economy. With industrial-scale farming, it ranks 9th in the nation in the value of crops and 18th in total value of agricultural products sold. Large farms generate the most crops. The share of people in the state employed in agriculture is comparatively high: {{as of|2008|lc=y}}, only approximately 2–3 percent of the population of the United States is directly employed in agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/extension.html |title=Extension |publisher=Csrees.usda.gov |date=April 19, 2011 |accessdate=October 23, 2012}}</ref> North Dakota has about 90% of its land area in farms with {{convert|27500000|acre|km2}} of cropland, the third-largest amount in the nation. Between 2002 and 2007, total cropland increased by about one million acres (4,000&nbsp; km<sup>2</sup>); North Dakota was the only state showing an increase. Over the same period, {{convert|1800000|acre|km2}} were shifted into soybean and corn monoculture production, the largest such shift in the United States.<ref name="usda facts">United States Department of Agriculture (December 2009). [http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_2_US_State_Level/usv1.pdf ''2007 Census of Agriculture'']. '''1'''. Part 51. pp. 276–293, pp. 345–355, p. 434, pp. 474–489.</ref> Agriculturalists are concerned about too much monoculture, as it makes the economy at risk from insect or crop diseases affecting a major crop. In addition, this development has adversely affected habitats of wildlife and birds, and the balance of the ecosystem.

[[File: State Mill, Grand Forks, ND 1915.JPG|thumb|North Dakota Mill and Elevator postcard, ca. 1922]]
The state is the largest producer in the U.S. of many cereal grains, including [[barley]] (36% of U.S. crop), [[durum|durum wheat]] (58%), hard red spring wheat (48%), [[oat]]s (17%), and combined wheat of all types (15%). It is the second leading producer of [[buckwheat]] (20%). {{As of|2007}}, corn became the state's largest crop produced, although it is only 2% of total U.S. production.<ref name="usda facts"/> The [[Corn Belt]] extends to North Dakota, but is more on the edge of the region instead of in its center. Corn yields are high in the southeast part of the state and smaller in other parts of the state. Most of the cereal grains are grown for livestock [[Fodder|feed]].
The state is the leading producer of many oilseeds, including 92% of the U.S. [[canola]] crop, 94% of [[flax]] seed, 53% of [[sunflower seed]]s, 18% of [[safflower]] seeds, and 62% of [[mustard seed]]. Canola is suited to the cold winters and it matures fast. Processing of canola for oil production produces canola meal as a by-product. The by-product is a high-protein animal feed.

[[Soybeans]] are also an increasingly important crop, with {{convert|400000|acre|km2}} additional planted between 2002 and 2007.<ref name="usda facts"/> Soybeans are a major crop in the eastern part of the state, and cultivation is common in the southeast part of the state. Soybeans were not grown at all in North Dakota in the 1940s, but the crop has become especially common since 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Trends_in_U.S._Agriculture/Oats_and_Soybeans/index.asp |title=NASS – Publications – Trends in U.S. Agriculture |publisher=Nass.usda.gov |date=December 5, 2005 |accessdate=October 23, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815052049/http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Trends_in_U.S._Agriculture/Oats_and_Soybeans/index.asp |archivedate=August 15, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In North Dakota soybeans have to mature fast, because of the comparatively short [[growing season]]. Soybeans are grown for livestock feed.

North Dakota is the second leading producer of [[sugarbeet]]s, which are grown mostly in the [[Red River Valley]]. The state is also the largest producer of honey, dry edible peas and beans, [[lentil]]s, and the third-largest producer of potatoes.<ref name="usda facts" />

'''North Dakota's Top Agricultural Commodities''' (according to the USDA {{as of|2011|lc=y}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Top_Commodities/pub/rank12.pdf |title=North Dakota’s Top Agricultural Commodities|accessdate=2013-09-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214041324/http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Top_Commodities/pub/rank12.pdf |archivedate=December 14, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! 2011 rank in the U.S !! Commodity !! Percent of Nation's production
|-
| 1 || Beans, dry edible, all || 25%
|-
| 1 || Beans, navy || 35%
|-
| 1 || Beans, pinto || 46%
|-
| 1 || Canola || 83%
|-
| 1 || Flaxseed || 87%
|-
| 1 || Honey || 22%
|-
| 1 || Sunflower, oil || 40%
|-
| 1 || Wheat, durum || 36%
|-
| 1 || Wheat, spring || 37%
|-
| 2 || Sunflower, all || 38%
|-
| 2 || Sunflower, non-oil || 24%
|-
| 2 || Wheat, all || 10%
|-
| 3 || Barley || 11%
|-
| 3 || Lentils || 17%
|-
| 3 || Oats || 8%
|-
| 3 || Peas, dry edible || 21%
|-
| 3 || Sugarbeets || 16%
|-
| 4 || Safflower || 1%
|-
| 6 || Hay, alfalfa || 6%
|-
| 6 || Potatoes || 4%
|-
| 8 || Hay, all || 4%
|-
| 10 || Soybeans || 4%
|-
| 12 || Corn for grain || 2%
|-
| 17 || Hay, other || 2%
|-
| 26 || Wheat, winter || 1%
|-
| 21 || Sheep and lambs || 1%
|-
| 17 || Cattle and calves || 2%
|-
| 15 || Wool production || 2%
|}

===Energy===
[[File:Oil Pump North Dakota.jpg|thumb|[[Oil well]] in western North Dakota]]

The energy industry is a major contributor to the economy. North Dakota has both coal and oil reserves. [[Shale gas]] is also produced. [[Lignite coal]] reserves in Western North Dakota are used to generate about 90% of the electricity consumed, and electricity is also exported to nearby states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/state_profiles/north_dakota.html|title=EIA Renewable Energy-North Dakota Renewable Profile|date=May 27, 2008|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527040437/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/state_profiles/north_dakota.html|archivedate=May 27, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> North Dakota has the second largest lignite coal production in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web | website=National Mining Association | title=Coal Statistics | date=2011-05-15 | url=http://www.nma.org/statistics/coal.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515065127/http://www.nma.org/statistics/coal.asp | archive-date=2011-05-15 | dead-url=yes | access-date=2018-11-15|df=mdy-all}}</ref> However, lignite coal is the lowest grade coal. There are larger and higher grade coal reserves ([[anthracite]], [[bituminous coal]] and [[subbituminous coal]]) in other U.S. states.

Oil was discovered near [[Tioga, North Dakota|Tioga]] in 1951, generating {{convert|53|Moilbbl|m3}} of oil a year by 1984.<ref>{{cite web| title = Things To Do In North Dakota | url = http://www.thingstodo.com/states/ND/history.htm | publisher=ThingsToDo.com | accessdate = October 4, 2007 }}</ref> Recoverable oil reserves have jumped dramatically recently. The oil reserves of the [[Bakken Formation]] may hold up to {{convert|400|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil, 25&nbsp;times larger than the reserves in the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]].<ref>{{Cite news|first= Dan |last= Gunderson |title= North Dakota oil patch is booming |url= http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2006/08/18/ndoil/ |publisher=Minnesota Public Radio |date= August 28, 2006 |accessdate=October 4, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first= Lauren |last= Donovan |title= North Dakota may be bigger oil player than Alaska |url= |publisher=Bismarck Tribune |date= June 20, 2006 }}</ref> A report issued in April 2008 by the U.S. Geological Survey estimates the oil recoverable by current technology in the Bakken formation is two orders of magnitude less, in the range of {{convert|3|Goilbbl}} to {{convert|4.3|Goilbbl}}, with a mean of {{convert|3.65|Goilbbl}}.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=1911 | title= 3 to 4.3&nbsp;Billion Barrels of Technically Recoverable Oil Assessed in North Dakota and Montana's Bakken Formation—25 Times More Than 1995 Estimate |date= April 10, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey | accessdate= April 11, 2008 }}</ref>

North-Western North Dakota is the center of an oil boom: the [[Williston, North Dakota|Williston]], [[Tioga, North Dakota|Tioga]], [[Stanley, North Dakota|Stanley]] and [[Minot]]-[[Burlington, North Dakota|Burlington]] communities are having rapid growth that strains housing and local services. {{As of|2012}}, the state is the 2nd-largest oil producer in the U.S., with an average of 575,490 barrels per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dmr.nd.gov/oilgas/stats/statisticsvw.asp|title=North Dakota Drilling and Production Statistics|website=Dmr.nd.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_crpdn_adc_mbbl_m.htm|title=Crude Oil Production|website=Eia.doe.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-16/news/31726887_1_oil-production-alaska-oil-oil-patch |archiveurl= https://archive.is/20120710001013/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-16/news/31726887_1_oil-production-alaska-oil-oil-patch |deadurl=yes |title= North Dakota becomes US's 2nd-leading oil producer - Economic Times |date= July 10, 2012 |archivedate= July 10, 2012 |via= Archive.is |accessdate= September 4, 2017}}</ref>

The Great Plains region, which includes the state of North Dakota, has been referred to as "the Saudi Arabia of wind energy."<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Epr/Epr1_ss16.htm | title= Earth Policy Reader | accessdate= February 25, 2009 | deadurl= yes | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090604155350/http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Epr/Epr1_ss16.htm | archivedate= June 4, 2009 | df= mdy-all }}</ref> Development of wind energy in North Dakota has been cost effective because the state has large rural expanses and wind speeds seldom go below 10&nbsp;mph.

===Tourism===
North Dakota is considered the least visited state, owing, in part, to its not having a major tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lukas |first=Paul|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/moneymag_archive/1999/11/01/268029/index.htm |title=State Secret North Dakota, our least visited state, is also among the most underappreciated |work=CNNMoney.com |date=November 1, 1999 |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref>
Nonetheless, tourism is North Dakota's third largest industry, contributing more than $3 billion into the state's economy annually. Outdoor attractions like the 144-mile Maah Daah Hey Trail and activities like fishing and hunting attract visitors. The state is known for the Lewis & Clark Trail and being the winter camp of the Corps of Discovery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/travel/nation/12-least-visited-states-in-america-connecticut-rhode-island-and-north-dakota|title=The Least-Visited States in America, and Why You Should Go to Each|first=Matt|last=Meltzer|date=September 20, 2015|website=Thrillist.com|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> Areas popular with visitors include [[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]] in the western part of the state. The park often exceeds 475,000 visitors each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/thro/parkmgmt/upload/THRO-Centennial-Strategy.pdf |title=First Annual Centennial Strategy for Theodore Roosevelt National Park|format=PDF |date = August 2007|accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref>

Regular events in the state that attract tourists include ''[[Norsk Høstfest]]'' in [[Minot, North Dakota|Minot]], billed as North America's largest [[Scandinavia]]n festival;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kxnet.com/hostfest |title=Norsk Høstfest |date=October 7, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325102152/http://www.kxnet.com/hostfest |archivedate=March 25, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> the [[Medora Musical]]; and the [[North Dakota State Fair]]. The state also receives a significant number of visitors from the neighboring Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, particularly when the exchange rate is favorable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elvins|first=Sarah|date=September 2, 2015|title='A river of money flowing south': cross-border shopping in North Dakota and the insatiable Canadian desire for American goods, 1900–2001|journal=History of Retailing and Consumption|volume=1|issue=3|pages=230–245|doi=10.1080/2373518X.2015.1134256|issn=2373-518X}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

===Health care===
{{see also|List of hospitals in North Dakota}}
North Dakota has six level-II [[trauma center]]s, 44 [[hospital]]s, 52 rural health [[clinic]]s, and 80 [[nursing home]]s.<ref>[http://www.facs.org/trauma/verified.html Verified Trauma Centers]. American College of Surgeons. Retrieved April 10, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.ndhealth.gov/hf/North_Dakota_Hospitals_Critical_access.htm Health Resources]. Ndhealth.gov. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.ndhealth.gov/HF/North_Dakota_Rural_Health_Clinics.htm Health Resources]. Ndhealth.gov. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.ndhealth.gov/HF/North_Dakota_Skilled_Nursing_Homes.htm Health Resources]. Ndhealth.gov. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.</ref> Major provider networks include [[Sanford Health|Sanford]], [[St. Alexius Medical Center|PrimeCare]], [[Trinity Health (Minot, North Dakota)|Trinity]], and [[Altru Health System|Altru]].

[[Noridian Mutual Insurance Company|Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Dakota]] is the largest medical insurer in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcbsnd.com/about/company/affiliates |title=Licensed and Non-Licensed Affiliates |publisher=BCBSND |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}</ref> North Dakota expanded [[Medicaid]] in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.gov/dhs/medicaidexpansion/index.html |title=North Dakota Department of Human Services |publisher=Nd.gov |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}</ref> and its [[health insurance exchange]] is the federal site, [[HealthCare.gov]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.healthcare.gov/marketplace/individual/#state=north-dakota |title=Health Insurance Marketplace for Individuals |publisher=HealthCare.gov |date=March 31, 2014 |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}</ref>

North Dakota law requires pharmacies, other than hospital dispensaries and pre-existing stores, to be majority-owned by pharmacists. Voters rejected a proposal to change the law in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last=Blair |first=Whitney |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2010/12/06/131848012/why-the-walgreens-in-fargo-n-d-can-t-fill-your-prescriptions |title=Why Walgreens In Fargo, N.D., Can't Fill Your Prescriptions|publisher=Npr.org |date=December 6, 2010 |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.sos.nd.gov/resultsSW.aspx?text=BQ&type=SW&map=CTY|title=Secretary of State - Election Night Results - November 8th, 2016|website=results.sos.nd.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref>

==Emergency services==
The North Dakota Department of Emergency Services<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.gov/des|title=ND Department of Emergency Services : Welcome|website=Nd.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> provides 24/7 communication and coordination for more than 50 agencies. In addition, "it administers federal disaster recovery programs and the Homeland Security Grant Program".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.gov/des/about|title=ND Department of Emergency Services : About NDDES|website=Nd.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> In 2011, the Department selected Geo-Comm, Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo-comm.com|title=Home - GeoComm|website=GeoComm|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> "for the Statewide Seamless Base Map Project," which will facilitate "identifying locations 9–1–1 callers" and route emergency calls based on locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo-comm.com/gis/map-data-development-services|title=Map Data Development Services - |website=Geo-comm.com|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> In 1993 the state adopted the [[Burkle addressing system]] numbering rural roads and buildings to aid in the delivery of emergency services.<ref name="century-code">{{cite web| title=Emergency Services Communications Systems | type=North Dakota Century Code | number=57-40.6–10 part d. | url=http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t57c40-6.pdf | accessdate=June 7, 2017}}</ref>

==Transportation==
{{See also|List of North Dakota numbered highways|List of North Dakota railroads|Aviation in North Dakota}}
[[File:NDI94.jpg|thumb|right|Interstate 94 in North Dakota, near Gladstone.]]
Transportation in North Dakota is overseen by the [[North Dakota Department of Transportation]]. The major [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]] are [[Interstate 29]] and [[Interstate 94]], with I-29 and I-94 meeting at [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]], with I-29 oriented north to south along the eastern edge of the state, and I-94 bisecting the state from east to west between Minnesota and Montana. A unique feature of the North Dakota Interstate Highway system is virtually all of it is paved in concrete, rather than blacktop, because of the extreme weather conditions it must endure. [[BNSF]] and the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] operate the state's largest rail systems. Many branch lines formerly used by BNSF and Canadian Pacific Railway are now operated by the [[Dakota, Missouri Valley, and Western Railroad]] and the [[Red River Valley and Western Railroad]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dmvwrr.com/ |title=Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad |publisher=Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad | access-date = October 5, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rrvw.net/about/about.htm |title= About Us |publisher= Red River Valley and Western Railroad |accessdate= October 5, 2007 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013151429/http://rrvw.net/about/about.htm |archivedate= October 13, 2007 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

North Dakota's principal airports are the [[Hector International Airport]] (FAR) in Fargo, [[Grand Forks International Airport]] (GFK), [[Bismarck Municipal Airport]] (BIS), [[Minot International Airport]] (MOT) and [[Sloulin Field International Airport]] (ISN) in Williston.

[[Amtrak|Amtrak's]] [[Empire Builder]] runs through North Dakota, making stops at [[Fargo (Amtrak station)|Fargo]] (2:13&nbsp;am westbound, 3:35&nbsp;am eastbound), [[Grand Forks (Amtrak station)|Grand Forks]] (4:52&nbsp;am westbound, 12:57&nbsp;am eastbound), [[Minot (Amtrak station)|Minot]] (around 9&nbsp;am westbound and around 9:30&nbsp;pm eastbound), and four other stations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Route/Horizontal_Route_Page&c=am2Route&cid=1081256321887&ssid=135 |title=Amtrak&nbsp;— Routes&nbsp;— Northwest |publisher=Amtrak |accessdate=October 5, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011023640/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2Fam2Route%2FHorizontal_Route_Page&c=am2Route&cid=1081256321887&ssid=135 |archivedate=October 11, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]], which was built by the tycoon [[James J. Hill]] and ran from [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] to [[Seattle]].

Intercity bus service is provided by [[Greyhound Bus Lines|Greyhound]] and [[Jefferson Lines]]. [[Public transit]] in North Dakota includes daily [[Public transport bus service|fixed-route bus]] systems in Fargo, Bismarck-Mandan, Grand Forks, and Minot, [[paratransit]] service in 57 communities, along with multi-county rural transit systems.<ref>[http://www.surtc.org/resources/maps/ Transit / Data Maps] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212160522/http://www.surtc.org/resources/maps/ |date=December 12, 2013 }}. NDSU SURTC. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.</ref>

==Governance==
As with the federal government of the United States, political power in North Dakota state government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.<ref>{{cite web| title = State Government | url = http://www.nd.gov/category.htm?id=82 | publisher=State of North Dakota | access-date = October 6, 2007 }}</ref>

The [[Constitution of North Dakota]] and the [[North Dakota Century Code]] form the formal law of the state; the ''North Dakota Administrative Code'' incorporates additional rules and policies of state agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.nd.gov/agency-rules/north-dakota-administrative-code |title=North Dakota Administrative Code &#124; North Dakota Legislative Branch |publisher=Legis.nd.gov |date=July 1, 1978 |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}</ref>

===Executive===
{{See also|List of Governors of North Dakota|List of Lieutenant Governors of North Dakota|List of Secretaries of State of North Dakota|List of Attorneys General of North Dakota}}
[[File: John burke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Burke (politician)|John Burke]], 10th [[Governor of North Dakota]]]]
The executive branch is headed by the elected [[Governor of North Dakota|governor]]. The current governor is [[Doug Burgum]], a [[North Dakota Republican Party|Republican]] who took office December 15, 2016, after his predecessor, [[Jack Dalrymple]] did not seek reelection. The current [[Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota]] is [[Brent Sanford]], who is also the [[President of the Senate]]. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four-year terms, which are next up for election in 2020. The governor has a cabinet consisting of appointed leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are [[North Dakota Secretary of State|secretary of state]], [[North Dakota Attorney General|attorney general]], [[North Dakota State Auditor|state auditor]], and [[North Dakota State Treasurer|state treasurer]].

===Legislative===
The [[North Dakota Legislative Assembly]] is a [[bicameral]] body consisting of the [[North Dakota Senate|Senate]] and the [[North Dakota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The state has 47&nbsp;districts, each with one senator and two representatives. Both senators and representatives are elected to four-year terms. The state's legal code is named the [[North Dakota Century Code]].

===Judicial===

North Dakota's court system has four levels. Municipal courts serve the cities, and most cases start in the [[Courts of North Dakota|district courts]], which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 42 district court judges in seven judicial districts.<ref>{{cite web| title = District Courts | publisher=North Dakota Supreme Court| url = http://www.ndcourts.com/court/districts/districts.htm | access-date = October 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = All District Judges | publisher=North Dakota Supreme Court| url = http://www.ndcourts.com/court/districts/judges.htm | access-date = October 6, 2007}}</ref> Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the [[North Dakota Court of Appeals]], consisting of three-judge panels. The five-justice [[North Dakota Supreme Court]] hears all appeals from the district courts and the Court of Appeals.<ref>{{cite web| title = North Dakota Judicial System | publisher=North Dakota Supreme Court | url = http://www.ndcourts.com/court/brochure.htm | access-date = October 6, 2007}}</ref>

===Indian tribes and reservations===
Historically, North Dakota was populated by the [[Mandan]], [[Hidatsa people|Hidatsa]], [[Lakota people|Lakota]], and [[Ojibwe]], and later by the [[Arikara people|Sanish]] and [[Métis people (United States)|Métis]]. Today, five federally recognized tribes within the boundaries of North Dakota have independent, sovereign relationships with the federal government and territorial reservations:

* [[Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation]], [[Fort Berthold Reservation]];
* [[Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate]], [[Lake Traverse Indian Reservation]];
* [[Standing Rock Sioux]], [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation]];
* [[Spirit Lake Tribe]], [[Spirit Lake Tribe|Spirit Lake Reservation]]; and
* [[Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians]], [[Turtle Mountain Reservation]].

===Federal===
{{See also|List of United States Senators from North Dakota|List of Presidential visits to North Dakota}}
North Dakota's [[United States Senators]] are [[John Hoeven]] ([[North Dakota Republican Party|R]]) and [[Kevin Cramer]] ([[R]]). The state has one [[at-large]] [[North Dakota's At-large congressional district|congressional district]] represented by [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Kelly Armstrong]] ([[North Dakota Republican Party|R]]).

Federal court cases are heard in the [[United States District Court for the District of North Dakota]], which holds court in [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]], [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]], [[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks]], and [[Minot, North Dakota|Minot]]. Appeals are heard by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals]] based in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].

===Politics===
{{Main|Politics of North Dakota}}
[[File:United States presidential election in North Dakota, 2016.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|[[Treemap]] of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election.]]
{{See also|Political party strength in North Dakota|List of political parties in North Dakota}}

[[File:Kevin_Cramer,_official_portrait,_116th_congress.jpg|thumb|upright|North Dakota [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[Kevin Cramer]] (R)]]
[[File:Hoeven_Official_Portrait_2014.JPG|thumb|upright|North Dakota [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[John Hoeven]] (R)]]
The major political parties in North Dakota are the [[North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party|Democratic-NPL]] and the [[North Dakota Republican Party|Republican Party]]. {{As of|2007}}, the [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]] and the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] are also organized parties in the state.

At the state level, the [[Governor of North Dakota|governorship]] has been held by the Republican Party since 1992, along with a majority of the state legislature and statewide officers. Dem-NPL showings were strong in the 2000 governor's race, and in the 2006 legislative elections, but the League has not had a major breakthrough since the administration of former state governor [[George Sinner]].

The Republican Party presidential candidate usually carries the state; in 2004, [[George W. Bush]] won with 62.9% of the vote. Of all the Democratic presidential candidates since 1892, only [[Grover Cleveland]] (1892, one of three votes), [[Woodrow Wilson]] (1912 and 1916), [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1932 and 1936), and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (1964) received [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] votes from North Dakota.

On the other hand, Dem-NPL candidates for North Dakota's federal Senate and House seats won every election between 1982 and 2008, and the state's federal delegation was entirely Democratic from 1987 to 2011.

===State taxes===
North Dakota has a slightly [[progressive tax|progressive income tax]] structure; the five brackets of state [[income tax]] rates are 1.1%, 2.04%, 2.27%, 2.64%, and 2.90% as of 2017.<ref>{{cite web| title = 2017 Tax Tables for Form ND-1 | publisher=Office of State Tax Commissioner, North Dakota | url = https://www.nd.gov/tax/data/upfiles/media/form-nd-1-tax-tables-and-tax-rate-schedules.pdf | accessdate = July 26, 2018}}</ref> In 2005 North Dakota ranked 22nd highest by per capita state taxes.<ref>{{cite web | title = States Ranked by Total State Taxes and Per Capita Amount: 2005 | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = October 4, 2007 | url = https://www.census.gov/govs/statetax/05staxrank.html | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070409064417/http://www.census.gov/govs/statetax/05staxrank.html | archivedate = April 9, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> The [[sales tax]] in North Dakota is 5% for most items.<ref name="sales tax">{{cite web| title = Sales and Use | publisher=Office of State Tax Commissioner, Tax Department, North Dakota | url = http://www.nd.gov/tax/salesanduse/ | accessdate = October 4, 2007 }}</ref> The state allows municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 1.75% supplemental sales tax in Grand Forks.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-Midwest/Grand-Forks-Economy.html |publisher=City-Data.com | title= Grand Forks: Economy&nbsp;— Major Industries and Commercial Activity |accessdate=October 4, 2007}}</ref> [[Excise|Excise taxes]] are levied on the purchase price or market value of aircraft registered in North Dakota. The state imposes a [[use tax]] on items purchased elsewhere but used within North Dakota. Owners of [[real property]] in North Dakota pay [[property tax]] to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.<ref>{{cite web| title = Property | publisher=Office of State Tax Commissioner, Tax Department, North Dakota | url = http://www.nd.gov/tax/property/ | accessdate = October 4, 2007}}</ref>

The [[Tax Foundation]] ranks North Dakota as the state with the 20th most "business friendly" tax climate in the nation.<ref name="taxfound">{{cite web|url=http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/topic/48.html |title=Tax Research Areas > North Dakota |publisher=The Tax Foundation |date= |accessdate=December 14, 2011}}</ref> [[Tax Freedom Day]] arrives on April 1, 10&nbsp;days earlier than the national Tax Freedom Day.<ref name="taxfound"/> In 2006, North Dakota was the state with the lowest number of returns filed by taxpayers with an [[Adjusted Gross Income]] of over $1M – only&nbsp;333.<ref>[https://www.irs.gov/taxstats/article/0,,id=102886,00.html IRS – Tax Stats at a Glance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809061702/https://www.irs.gov/taxstats/article/0%2C%2Cid%3D102886%2C00.html |date=August 9, 2012 }}</ref>

===Awards and recognition===
* In 2014, North Dakota was named the "best-run state in the country" according to 24/7 Wall Street, a financial news organization. "The group notes North Dakota's 2.9 percent unemployment rate in 2013 as well as the highest rise in gross domestic product at 9.7 percent."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bismarcktribune.com/news/north-dakota-named-best-run-state-for-third-year/article_ceeb9e70-7bf7-11e4-a216-a717203dc960.html|title=North Dakota named best-run state for third year|first=Nick|last=Smith|website=Bismarcktribune.com|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref>

==Major cities==
{{See also|List of cities in North Dakota}}
[[File:Fargo North Dakota.jpg|thumb|Downtown [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]] in 2007]]
[[File:2009-0521-ND-StateCapitol.jpg|thumb|[[North Dakota State Capitol]] in [[Bismarck, North Dakota]]]]
56.54% of North Dakota's 757,952 people live in one the top ten most populated cities.
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ 10 largest cities in North Dakota
|-
! City !! Population !! County !! {{nowrap|Land area}} {{nowrap|(sq. mi.)}} !! Year established !! Map
|-
|[[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]]||120,762||[[Cass County, North Dakota|Cass]]||48.82||1871||
[[File:ND Cass County Fargo.svg|50px|frameless]]
|-
| [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]] ||72,417||[[Burleigh County, North Dakota|Burleigh]]||31.23||1872||
[[File:ND Burleigh County Bismarck.svg|50px|frameless]]
|-
| [[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks]] ||57,339 || [[Grand Forks County, North Dakota|Grand Forks]] || 20.09 || 1881||
[[File:ND Grand Forks County Grand Forks.svg|50px|frameless]]
|-
| [[Minot, North Dakota|Minot]] || 48,743 || [[Ward County, North Dakota|Ward]] || 17.45 || 1887 ||
[[File:ND Ward County Minot.svg|50px|frameless]]
|-
| [[West Fargo, North Dakota|West Fargo]] || 34,858 || [[Cass County, North Dakota|Cass]] || 14.72 || 1926 || [[File:ND Cass County West Fargo.svg|50px|frameless]]
|-
| [[Williston, North Dakota|Williston]]
|| 26,426 || [[Williams County, North Dakota|Willams]] || 7.56 || 1887||[[File:ND Williams County Williston.svg|50px|frameless]]
|-
| [[Dickinson, North Dakota|Dickinson]] ||22,993 || [[Stark County, North Dakota|Stark]]|| 10.03 || 1881 || [[File:ND Stark County Dickinson.svg|50px|frameless]]
|-
| [[Mandan, North Dakota|Mandan]] || 21,769 || [[Morton County, North Dakota|Morton]] || 11.13 ||1881 ||[[File:ND Morton County Mandan.svg|50px|frameless]]
|-
| [[Jamestown, North Dakota|Jamestown]]
||15,440|| [[Stutsman County, North Dakota|Stutsman]] || 12.87 || 1872||[[File:ND Stutsman County Jamestown.svg|50px|frameless]]
|-
| [[Wahpeton, North Dakota|Wahpeton]] ||7,830 || [[Richland County, North Dakota|Richland]] || 5.29 || 1869 ||[[File:ND Richland County Wahpeton.svg|50px|frameless]]
|}

[[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]] is the largest city in North Dakota and is the economic hub for the region. [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]], in south-central North Dakota along the banks of the [[Missouri River]], has been North Dakota's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital city]] since 1883, first as capital of the [[Dakota Territory]], and then as state capital since 1889. [[Minot, North Dakota|Minot]] is a city in northern North Dakota and is home of the [[North Dakota State Fair]] and Norsk Høstfest. A few miles west of Bismarck on the west side of the Missouri River, the city of [[Mandan, North Dakota|Mandan]] was named for the [[Mandan Indians]] who inhabited the area at the time of the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]. [[New Salem, North Dakota|New Salem]] is the site of the world's largest statue of a [[holstein cow]]; the world's largest statue of a [[American bison|bison]] is in [[Jamestown, North Dakota|Jamestown]].

[[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks]] and [[Devils Lake, North Dakota|Devils Lake]] are in scenic areas of North Dakota. [[West Fargo]], the fifth largest city in North Dakota,<ref name="2010 Census (City)">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |website=American FactFinder |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=May 2, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034521/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |archivedate=July 21, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> is one of the fastest growing cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westfargond.gov/|title=City of West Fargo Official Website|website=Westfargond.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> and was recognized as a Playful City USA by [[KaBOOM! (non-profit organization)|KaBOOM!]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secure.forumcomm.com/?publisher_ID=1&article_id=399027|title=INFORUM - Fargo, ND|date=April 13, 2014|publisher=|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413151031/https://secure.forumcomm.com/?publisher_ID=1&article_id=399027|archivedate=April 13, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Williston, North Dakota|Williston]] is near the [[confluence]] of the Missouri River and the [[Yellowstone River]] near [[Montana]]. [[Medora, North Dakota|Medora]] in the North Dakota [[Badlands]] hosts the [[Medora Musical]] every summer and is the gateway to [[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]]. [[Fort Yates, North Dakota|Fort Yates]], along the Missouri River on the [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation]], claims to host the final resting place of [[Hunkpapa]] [[Lakota people|Lakota]] leader [[Sitting Bull]] ([[Mobridge, South Dakota]] also claims his gravesite).

==Education==
===Higher education===
{{Main|List of colleges and universities in North Dakota}}
The state has 11 public colleges and universities, five [[Tribal colleges and universities|tribal community colleges]], and four private schools. The largest institutions are [[North Dakota State University]] and the [[University of North Dakota]].

The higher education system consists of the following institutions:

'''[[North Dakota University System]] (public institutions):'''
:* [[Bismarck State College]] in [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]]
:* [[Dickinson State University]] in [[Dickinson, North Dakota|Dickinson]]
:* [[Lake Region State College]] in [[Devils Lake, North Dakota|Devils Lake]]
:* [[Mayville State University]] in [[Mayville, North Dakota|Mayville]]
:* [[Minot State University]] in [[Minot, North Dakota|Minot]]
:* [[Dakota College at Bottineau]] in [[Bottineau, North Dakota|Bottineau]]
:* [[North Dakota State University]] in [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]]
:* [[North Dakota State College of Science]] in [[Wahpeton, North Dakota|Wahpeton]] & [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]]
:* [[University of North Dakota]] in [[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks]]
:* [[Valley City State University]] in [[Valley City, North Dakota|Valley City]]
:* [[Williston State College]] in [[Williston, North Dakota|Williston]]

'''Tribal institutions:'''
:* [[Cankdeska Cikana Community College]] in [[Fort Totten, North Dakota|Fort Totten]]
:* [[Fort Berthold Community College]] in [[New Town, North Dakota|New Town]]
:* [[Sitting Bull College]] in [[Fort Yates, North Dakota|Fort Yates]]
:* [[Turtle Mountain Community College]] in [[Belcourt, North Dakota|Belcourt]]
:* [[United Tribes Technical College]] in [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]]

'''Private institutions:'''
:* [[University of Jamestown]] in [[Jamestown, North Dakota|Jamestown]]
:* [[Rasmussen College]] in [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]] and [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]]
:* [[Trinity Bible College]] in [[Ellendale, North Dakota|Ellendale]]
:* [[University of Mary]] in [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]]

==State symbols==
{{main|List of North Dakota state symbols}}
[[File:Rosa arkansana.jpg|thumb|right|The [[wild prairie rose]]]]
:[[List of U.S. state birds|State bird]]: [[western meadowlark]], ''Sturnella neglecta''
:[[State fish]]: [[northern pike]], ''Esox lucius''
:[[State horse]]: [[Nokota horse]]
:[[List of U.S. state flowers|State flower]]: [[wild prairie rose]], ''Rosa arkansana''
:[[List of U.S. state trees|State tree]]: [[American elm]], ''Ulmus americana''
:[[State fossil]]: [[Teredo wood|teredo]] [[petrified wood]]
:[[State grass]]: [[Pascopyrum|western wheatgrass]], ''Pascopyrum smithii''
:[[State nickname]]s: Roughrider State, Flickertail State, Peace Garden State, Sioux state.
:[[State motto]]s:
::(''[[Great Seal of North Dakota]]'') Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable
::(''[[Coat of arms of North Dakota]]'') Strength from the Soil
::(''Latin Motto of North Dakota, effective August 1, 2011'') ''Serit ut alteri saeclo prosit'' (One sows for the benefit of another age.)
:[[State slogan]]: Legendary
:[[State song]]: "[[North Dakota Hymn]]"
:[[State dance]]: [[square dance]]
:State fruit: [[chokecherry]]
:State march: "Flickertail March"
:State beverage: milk<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.gov/category.htm?id=75 |title=Official Portal for North Dakota State Government |publisher=nd.gov |date=June 16, 1957 |accessdate=December 14, 2011}}</ref>
:State art museum: [[North Dakota Museum of Art]]

"The Flickertail State" is one of North Dakota's nicknames and is derived from [[Richardson's ground squirrel]] (''Spermophilus richardson ii''), a very common animal in the region. The ground squirrel constantly flicks its tail in a distinctive manner. In 1953, legislation to make the ground squirrel the state emblem was voted down in the state legislature.<ref>S. D. Senate Bill No. 134.</ref>

==Media==
{{see also|List of newspapers in North Dakota|List of radio stations in North Dakota|List of television stations in North Dakota}}
The state has 10 daily newspapers, the largest being ''[[The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead]]''. Other weekly and monthly publications (most of which are fully supported by advertising) are also available. The most prominent of these is the [[alternative weekly]] ''[[High Plains Reader]]''.

The state's oldest radio station, [[WDAY (AM)|WDAY-AM]], was launched on May 23, 1922.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nrcdxas.org/articles/1-states.txt | title=First Stations in Each State | publisher=National Radio Club | accessdate=October 6, 2007 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013005920/http://www.nrcdxas.org/articles/1-states.txt | archivedate=October 13, 2007 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> North Dakota's three major [[media market|radio markets]] center around [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]], [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]], and [[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks]], though stations broadcast in every region of the state. Several new stations were built in [[Williston, North Dakota|Williston]] in the early 2010s. North Dakota has 34 AM and 88 FM radio stations.<ref>[http://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?state=ND&call=&arn=&city=&freq=530&fre2=1700&type=2&facid=&class=&list=1&dist=&dlat2=&mlat2=&slat2=&NS=N&dlon2=&mlon2=&slon2=&EW=W&size=9 AM Query Results – Audio Division (FCC) USA]. Transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?state=ND&call=&city=&arn=&serv=FM&vac=&freq=0.0&fre2=107.9&facid=&class=&dkt=&list=1&dist=&dlat2=&mlat2=&slat2=&NS=N&dlon2=&mlon2=&slon2=&EW=W&size=9 FM Query Results – Audio Division (FCC) USA]. Transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?state=ND&call=&city=&arn=&serv=FL&vac=3&freq=0.0&fre2=107.9&facid=&class=&dkt=&list=1&dist=&dlat2=&mlat2=&slat2=&NS=N&dlon2=&mlon2=&slon2=&EW=W&size=9 FM Query Results – Audio Division (FCC) USA]. Transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.</ref> [[KFGO]] in Fargo has the largest audience.<ref>[http://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb187 Radio Online ®]. Ratings.radio-online.com (June 8, 2013). Retrieved on July 12, 2013.</ref>

[[Terrestrial television|Broadcast television]] in North Dakota started on April 3, 1953, when KCJB-TV (now [[KXMC-TV]]) in Minot started operations.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.prairiepublic.org/programs/datebook/bydate/06/0406/040306.jsp |title= North Dakota's First Television Station | publisher=Prairie Public | accessdate=October 6, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071023065044/http://www.prairiepublic.org/programs/datebook/bydate/06/0406/040306.jsp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = October 23, 2007}}</ref> North Dakota's television [[media market]]s are [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]]-[[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks]], (117th&nbsp;largest nationally), including the eastern half of the state, and [[Minot, North Dakota|Minot]]-[[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]] (152nd), making up the western half of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvjobs.com/cgi-bin/markets/market2.cgi|title=Nielsen Media 2011–2012 Local Market Estimates| publisher=TVJobs.com | accessdate=January 9, 2013 }}</ref> There are currently [[List of television stations in North Dakota|31 full-power]] television stations, arranged into 10 networks, with 17 [[digital subchannels]].

[[Public broadcasting]] in North Dakota is provided by Prairie Public, with statewide [[Prairie Public Television|television]] and [[Prairie Public Radio|radio]] networks affiliated with [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] and [[National Public Radio|NPR]]. [[Public access television]] stations open to community programming are offered on cable systems in [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]], [[Dickinson, North Dakota|Dickinson]], [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]], and [[Jamestown, North Dakota|Jamestown]].

==Notable people==
<!--Please reserve this list for people who lived in the state for a major portion of their famous years. Other, less notable North Dakotans should be placed in relevant city articles and in the longer, more comprehensive list.-->
{{mainlist|List of people from North Dakota}}
* [[Lynn Anderson]], country music singer.
* [[Sam Anderson]], actor.
* [[Brian Bohrer]], minister and author.
* [[James F. Buchli]], former [[NASA]] [[astronaut]].
* [[Quentin N. Burdick]], former [[U.S. Senator]], third longest-serving Senator among current members of this body.
* [[Warren Christopher]], former [[U.S. Secretary of State]], diplomat and lawyer.
* [[Shannon Curfman]], American blues-rock guitarist and singer.
* [[Angie Dickinson]], [[Golden Globe]]-winning television and film actress.
* [[Josh Duhamel]], [[Emmy Award]]-winning actor and former male fashion model.
* [[Carl Ben Eielson]], [[aviator]], [[bush pilot]] and [[explorer]].
* [[CariDee English]], winner of Cycle 7 on ''[[America's Next Top Model]]''. Host of ''[[Pretty Wicked]]''.
* [[Louise Erdrich]], Native American author of novels, poetry, and [[children's books]].
* [[Darin Erstad]], MLB all-star and World Series Champion.
* [[Travis Hafner]], MLB [[Designated Hitter]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]].
* [[Richard Hieb]], former [[NASA]] [[astronaut]].
* [[Clint Hill (Secret Service)|Clint Hill]], [[United States Secret Service]] agent who was in the presidential motorcade during the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].
* [[Virgil Hill]], former WBA World Cruiserweight champion and Olympic boxer.
* [[David C. Jones]], 9th chairman of the U.S. [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]].
* [[Gordon Kahl]], tax protestor best known for the Medina shootout in 1983.
* [[Chuck Klosterman]], writer, journalist, critic, humorist, and essayist whose work often focuses on [[popular culture|pop culture]].
* [[Louis L'Amour]], author of primarily [[Western fiction]].
* [[Jonny Lang]], [[Grammy Award|Grammy-winning]] [[blues]] guitarist and singer.
* [[Peggy Lee]], [[jazz]] and [[traditional pop]] singer and songwriter.
* [[Nicole Linkletter]], winner of Cycle 5 on "[[America's Next Top Model]]".
* [[Kellan Lutz]], actor who portrays Emmett Cullen in ''[[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]'' and ''[[New Moon (2009 film)|New Moon]]''. Former male fashion model.
* [[Roger Maris]], [[right fielder]] in [[Major League Baseball]] and former single season home run record holder.
* [[Cara Mund]], [[Miss America 2018]].
* [[Phil Jackson]], former [[basketball]] coach who won 11 [[NBA]] championships in his coaching career.
* [[Thomas McGrath (poet)|Thomas McGrath]], poet and political activist.
* [[Michael H. Miller]], 61st Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy
* [[Mancur Olson]], economist.
* [[Alan Ritchson]], participant in 3rd season of ''[[American Idol]]'', singer, model and actor.
* [[Sacagawea|Sakakawea]], who joined [[Lewis and Clark]] on their expedition.
* [[Ed Schultz]], host of ''[[The Ed Schultz Show]]''.
* [[Eric Sevareid]], [[CBS]] news journalist.
* [[Ann Sothern]], [[Academy Awards|Oscar nominated]] film and television actress.
* [[Richard St. Clair]], Harvard-educated composer of modern classical music.
* [[Shadoe Stevens]], host of ''[[American Top 40]]''.
* [[Bobby Vee]], pop music singer.
* [[Lawrence Welk]], musician, [[accordion]] player, [[bandleader]], and television [[impresario]].
* [[Wiz Khalifa]], hip hop artist.
* [[Carson Wentz]], professional football player for the [[Philadelphia Eagles]].

==See also==
{{portal|North Dakota|United States}}
* [[Index of North Dakota-related articles]]
* [[Outline of North Dakota]] – organized list of topics about North Dakota

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{see also|Bibliography of North Dakota history}}
* Arends, Shirley Fischer. ''The Central Dakota Germans: Their History, Language, and Culture.'' (1989). 289 pp.
* Berg, Francie M., ed. ''Ethnic Heritage in North Dakota.'' (1983). 174 pp.
* Blackorby, Edward C. ''Prairie Rebel: The Public Life of William Lemke'' (1963), a radical leader in 1930s [https://www.questia.com/read/11908002?title=Prairie%20Rebel%3a%20The%20Public%20Life%20of%20William%20Lemke online edition]
* Collins, Michael L. ''That Damned Cowboy: Theodore Roosevelt and the American West, 1883–1898'' (1989).
* Cooper, Jerry and Smith, Glen. ''Citizens as Soldiers: A History of the North Dakota National Guard.'' (1986). 447 pp.
* Crawford, Lewis F. ''History of North Dakota'' (3 vol 1931), excellent history in vol 1; biographies in vol. 2–3
* Danbom, David B. ''"Our Purpose Is to Serve": The First Century of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.'' (1990). 237 pp.
* Eisenberg, C. G. ''History of the First Dakota-District of the Evangelical-Lutheran Synod of Iowa and the Other States.'' (1982). 268 pp.
* Ginsburg, Faye D. ''Contested Lives: The Abortion Debate in an American Community.'' (1989). 315 pp. the issue in Fargo
* Hargreaves, Mary W. M. ''Dry Farming in the Northern Great Plains: Years of Readjustment, 1920–1990.'' (1993). 386 pp.
* Howard, Thomas W., ed. ''The North Dakota Political Tradition.'' (1981). 220 pp.
* Hudson, John C. ''Plains Country Towns.'' (1985). 189 pp. geographer studies small towns
* Junker, Rozanne Enerson. ''The Bank of North Dakota: An Experiment in State Ownership.'' (1989). 185 pp.
* Lamar, Howard R. ''Dakota Territory, 1861–1889: A Study of Frontier Politics'' (1956).
* Lounsberry, Clement A. ''Early history of North Dakota'' (1919) excellent history by an editor of ''Bismarck Tribune''; 645pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=BHQUAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor:Clement+inauthor:Lounsberry&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_navlinks_s online edition]
* Lysengen, Janet Daley and Rathke, Ann M., eds. ''The Centennial Anthology of "North Dakota History: Journal of the Northern Plains."'' (1996). 526 pp. articles from state history journal covering all major topics in the state's history
* Morlan, Robert L. ''Political Prairie Fire: The Nonpartisan League, 1915–1922.'' (1955). 414 pp. NPL comes to power briefly
* Peirce, Neal R. ''The Great Plains States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Nine Great Plains States'' (1973) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393053490 excerpt and text ssearch], chapter on North Dakota
* Robinson, Elwyn B., D. Jerome Tweton, and David B. Danbom. ''History of North Dakota'' (2nd ed. 1995) standard history, by leading scholars; extensive bibliography
** Robinson, Elwyn B. ''History of North Dakota'' (1966) [https://www.questia.com/read/89553282?title=History%20of%20North%20Dakota First edition online]
* Schneider, Mary Jane. ''North Dakota Indians: An Introduction.'' (1986). 276 pp.
* Sherman, William C. and Thorson, Playford V., eds. ''Plains Folk: North Dakota's Ethnic History.'' (1988). 419 pp.
* Sherman, William C. ''Prairie Mosaic: An Ethnic Atlas of Rural North Dakota.'' (1983). 152 pp.
* Smith, Glen H. ''Langer of North Dakota: A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959.'' (1979). 238 pp. biography of influential conservative Senator
* Snortland, J. Signe, ed. ''A Traveler's Companion to North Dakota State Historic Sites.'' (1996). 155 pp.
* Stock, Catherine McNicol. ''Main Street in Crisis: The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains.'' (1992). 305pp. [https://www.questia.com/read/15562850?title=Main%20Street%20in%20Crisis%3a%20The%20Great%20Depression%20and%20the%20Old%20Middle%20Class%20on%20the%20Northern%20Plains online edition]
* Tauxe, Caroline S. ''Farms, Mines and Main Streets: Uneven Development in a Dakota County.'' (1993). 276 pp. coal and grain in Mercer County
* Tweton, D. Jerome and Jelliff, Theodore B. ''North Dakota: The Heritage of a People.'' (1976). 242 pp. textbook history
* Wilkins, Robert P. and Wilkins, Wynona Hachette. ''North Dakota: A Bicentennial History.'' (1977) 218 pp. popular history
* Wishart, David J. ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Great Plains'', University of Nebraska Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-8032-4787-7}}. [http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/ complete text online]; 900 pages of scholarly articles
* Young, Carrie. ''Prairie Cooks: Glorified Rice, Three-Day Buns, and Other Reminiscences.'' (1993). 136 pp.

===Primary sources===
* Benson, Bjorn; Hampsten, Elizabeth; and Sweney, Kathryn, eds. ''Day In, Day Out: Women's Lives in North Dakota.'' (1988). 326 pp.
* Maximilian, Prince of Wied. ''Travels in the Interior of North America in the rears 1832 to 1834'' (Vols. XXII-XXIV of "Early Western Travels, 1748–1846," ed. by Reuben Gold Thwaites; 1905–1906). Maximilian spent the winter of 1833–1834 at Fort Clark.
* the University of North Dakota, Bureau of Governmental Affairs, ed., ''A Compilation of North Dakota Political Party Platforms, 1884–1978.'' (1979). 388 pp.
* WPA. ''North Dakota: A Guide to the Northern Prairie State'' (2nd ed. 1950), the classic guide [https://www.questia.com/read/16322595?title=North%20Dakota%3a%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Northern%20Prairie%20State online edition]

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=North Dakota}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nd.gov}}
* [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=ND USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of North Dakota]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615210657/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/38000.html U.S. Census Bureau facts of North Dakota]
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=38&StateName=North%20Dakota#.U8LU9PldUeo North Dakota State Facts] – [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/North_Dakota}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|161653}}

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Revision as of 19:52, 11 February 2019

Contrary to popular belief, North Dakota does not exist[1]

  1. ^ "North Dakota does not exist".
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