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By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Buell|first=Samuel|date=1991-01-01|title=Criminal Abortion Revisited|url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2174|journal=New York University Law Review|volume=66|pages=1774–1831}}</ref> In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens.<ref name=":0" />
By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Buell|first=Samuel|date=1991-01-01|title=Criminal Abortion Revisited|url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2174|journal=New York University Law Review|volume=66|pages=1774–1831}}</ref> In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens.<ref name=":0" />


<br />As of May 2019, there was no law that clearly addressed abortion in the state's law, with abortion rights not clearly defined.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wellandgood.com/good-advice/abortion-law-by-state/|title=Are there *any* states working to protect abortion rights?|date=2019-05-17|website=Well+Good|language=en|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref>
<br />

In early 2019, an amendment was passed called Proposal 5.  The amendment to the state constitution would  “ensure that every Vermonter is afforded personal reproductive liberty.”   Before the amendment becomes law, it needs to pass the state legislature a second time and then be voted on in a ballot box measure during a 2022 special election.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2020/Docs/BILLS/PR0005/PR0005%20As%20passed%20by%20the%20Senate%20Official.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/09/us/vermont-reproductive-liberty-constitution-amendment-trnd/index.html|title=Vermont lawmakers are trying to pass a constitutional amendment to protect the right to an abortion|last=Lou|first=Michelle|website=CNN|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref>


=== Judicial history ===
=== Judicial history ===

Revision as of 19:05, 25 May 2019

Abortion in Vermont is legal.


Terminology

Main article: Abortion

The abortion debate most commonly relates to the "induced abortion" of an embryo or fetus at some point in a pregnancy, which is also how the term is used in a legal sense.[note 1] Some also use the term "elective abortion", which is used in relation to a claim to an unrestricted right of a woman to an abortion, whether or not she chooses to have one. The term elective abortion or voluntary abortion describes the interruption of pregnancy before viability at the request of the woman, but not for medical reasons.[1]

Anti-abortion advocates tend to use terms such as "unborn baby", "unborn child", or "pre-born child",[2][3] and see the medical terms "embryo", "zygote", and "fetus" as dehumanizing.[4][5] Both "pro-choice" and "pro-life" are examples of terms labeled as political framing: they are terms which purposely try to define their philosophies in the best possible light, while by definition attempting to describe their opposition in the worst possible light. "Pro-choice" implies that the alternative viewpoint is "anti-choice", while "pro-life" implies the alternative viewpoint is "pro-death" or "anti-life".[6] Some right-to-lifers use the term "pro-abort" to refer to pro-choice organizations and individuals.[7] The Associated Press encourages journalists to use the terms "abortion rights" and "anti-abortion".[8]


History

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there was only 0 recorded illegal abortion death in the state.[9]

In 2014, 70% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[10]

Legislative history

By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions.[11] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens.[11]


As of May 2019, there was no law that clearly addressed abortion in the state's law, with abortion rights not clearly defined.[12]

In early 2019, an amendment was passed called Proposal 5.  The amendment to the state constitution would  “ensure that every Vermonter is afforded personal reproductive liberty.”   Before the amendment becomes law, it needs to pass the state legislature a second time and then be voted on in a ballot box measure during a 2022 special election.[12][13][14]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[15]


Clinic history

In 2014, there were 6 abortion clinics in the state.[16] In 2014, 64% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 38% of women in the state aged 15 - 44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[17]

In March 2016, there were 12 Planned Parenthood clinics in the state.[18]

In 2017, there were 12 Planned Parenthood clinics in a state with a population of 136,459 women aged 15 - 49 of which 6 offered abortion services.[19]

As of 2017, California, Oregon, Montana, Vermont, and New Hampshire allow qualified non-physician health professionals, such as physicians' assistants, nurse practitioners, and certified nurse midwives, to do first-trimester aspiration abortions and to prescribe drugs for medical abortions.[20]

Statistics

In 2013, among white women aged 15-19, there were  abortions 190, 0 abortions for black women aged 15-19, 10 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15-19, and 10 abortions for women of all other races.[21]

Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents
Location Residence Occurrence % obtained by out-of-state residents Year Ref
No. Rate Ratio No. Rate Ratio
Vermont 1,161 10.0 189 1,235 10.6 201 6.8 2014 [22]
Vermont 1,121 9.7 190 1,265 10.9 214 12.4 2015 [23]

Abortion financing

State Medicaid coverage of medically necessary abortion services.Navy blue: Medicaid covers medically necessary abortion for low-income women through legislationRoyal blue: Medicaid covers medically necessary abortions for low-income women under court order Gray: Medicaid denies abortion coverage for low-income women except for cases of rape, incest, or life endangerment.

17 states including this one use their own funds to cover all or most "medically necessary" abortions sought by low-income women under Medicaid, 13 of which are required by State court orders to do so.[24]

In 2010, the state had 699 publicly funded abortions, of which were 0 federally funded and 699 were state funded.[25]


Maternal and infant health

In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 4.8 deaths per 1,000 live births.[26]

According to Megan Donovan, a senior policy manager at the Guttmacher Institute, states have legislation seeking to protect a woman's right to access abortion services have the lowest rates of infant mortality in the United States.[26]

Anti-abortion views and activities

Violence

In 1977, there were four arson attacks on abortion clinics in the United States.  These took place in Minnesota, Vermont, Nebraska and Ohio.  Combined, they caused over US$1.1 million in damage.[27]

Footnotes

  1. ^ According to the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade:

    (a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgement of the pregnant woman's attending physician. (b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. (c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgement, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother.

    Likewise, Black's Law Dictionary defines abortion as "knowing destruction" or "intentional expulsion or removal".


References

  1. ^ Watson, Katie (20 Dec 2019). "JD". AMA Journal of Ethics. doi:10.1001/amajethics.2018.1175. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  2. ^ Chamberlain, Pam; Hardisty, Jean (2007). "The Importance of the Political 'Framing' of Abortion". The Public Eye Magazine. 14 (1).
  3. ^ "The Roberts Court Takes on Abortion". New York Times. November 5, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
  4. ^ Brennan 'Dehumanizing the vulnerable' 2000
  5. ^ Getek, Kathryn; Cunningham, Mark (February 1996). "A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing – Language and the Abortion Debate". Princeton Progressive Review.
  6. ^ "Example of "anti-life" terminology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-11-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Horror: Violent mob of topless pro-abort feminists attacks praying men defending cathedral (VIDEO)". LifeSiteNews. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  8. ^ Goldstein, Norm, ed. The Associated Press Stylebook. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2007.
  9. ^ Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972-1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86. doi:10.2307/2133995.
  10. ^ NW, 1615 L. St; Washington, Suite 800; Inquiries, DC 20036 USA202-419-4300 | Main202-419-4349 | Fax202-419-4372 | Media. "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics | Pew Research Center". Retrieved 2019-05-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66: 1774–1831.
  12. ^ a b "Are there *any* states working to protect abortion rights?". Well+Good. 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  13. ^ https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2020/Docs/BILLS/PR0005/PR0005%20As%20passed%20by%20the%20Senate%20Official.pdf
  14. ^ Lou, Michelle. "Vermont lawmakers are trying to pass a constitutional amendment to protect the right to an abortion". CNN. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  15. ^ Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66: 1774–1831.
  16. ^ Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-05-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ businessinsider (2018-08-04). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-24. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  18. ^ Bohatch, Emily. "27 states with the most Planned Parenthood clinics". thestate. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  19. ^ "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  20. ^ "Study: Abortions Are Safe When Performed By Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants, Certified Nurse Midwives". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  21. ^ "No. of abortions among women aged 15-19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved 2019-05-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  22. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738.
  23. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738.
  24. ^ Francis Roberta W. "Frequently Asked Questions". Equal Rights Amendment. Alice Paul Institute. Archived from the original on 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2009-09-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  26. ^ a b "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  27. ^ Jacobson, Mireille; Royer, Heather (December 2010). "Aftershocks: The Impact of Clinic Violence on Abortion Services". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 3: 189–223.

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