Pomacanthidae

Marine angelfishes
File:Nur00502.jpg
French angelfish, Pomacanthus paru
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Pomacanthidae
Genera
Apolemichthys Centropyge Chaetodontoplus Genicanthus Holacanthus Pomacanthus Pygoplites See text for species.

Marine angelfishes are a type of perciform fish of the family Pomacanthidae. Found on shallow reefs in the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and mostly western Pacific Ocean, the family contains seven genera and approximately 86 species. They should not be confused with the freshwater angelfish, tropical cichlids of the Amazon River basin.

With their vibrant colours and deep, laterally compressed bodies, marine angelfishes are some of the more conspicuous residents of the reef. They most closely resemble the butterflyfishes, a related family of similarly showy reef fish. Marine angelfish are distinguished from butterflyfish by the presence of strong preopercle spines (part of the gill covers) in the former. This feature also explains the family name Pomacanthidae; from the Greek poma meaning "cover" and akantha meaning "thorn".

Many species of marine angelfishes have streamer-like extensions of the soft dorsal and anal fins. The fish have small mouths, relatively large pectoral fins and rounded to lunate tail fins. The largest species, the gray angelfish (Pomacanthus arcuatus) may reach a length of 60 centimetres; at the other extreme, members of the genus Centropyge do not exceed 15 centimetres. A length of 20-30 centimetres is average for the rest of the family. The smaller species are popular amongst aquarists, whereas the largest species are occasionally sought as a food fish; however, there have been reports of ciguatera poisoning as a result of eating marine angelfish.

The larger species are also quite bold and seemingly fearless; they are known to approach divers. While the majority adapt easily to captive life, some are specialist feeders which are difficult to maintain. Feeding habits can be strictly defined through genus, with Genicanthus species feeding on zooplankton and Centropyge preferring filamentous algae. Other species focus on sessile benthic invertebrates; sponges, tunicates, bryozoans, and hydroids are staples.

Most marine angelfishes restrict themselves to the shallows of the reef, seldom venturing deeper than 50 metres. The recently described Centropyge abei is known to inhabit depths of 150 meters. They are diurnal animals, hiding amongst the nooks and crevices of the reef by night. Some species are solitary in nature and form highly territorial mated pairs; others form harems with a single male dominant over several females. As juveniles, some species may eke out a living as cleaner fish. Common to many species is a dramatic shift in coloration associated with maturity. For example, young male ornate angelfish (Genicanthus bellus) have broad, black bands and are indistinguishable from females; as they mature, bright orange bands develop on the flanks and back.

Thought to correspond to social rank, these colour shifts are not necessarily confined to males; all marine angelfish species are known to be protogynous hermaphrodites. This means that if the dominant male of a harem is removed, a female will turn into a functional male.

As pelagic spawners, marine angelfishes release many tiny buoyant eggs into the water which then become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching, a high number falling victim to planktonic feeders.

Genera

There are 87 species in seven genera:

• Genus Apolemichthys
• Genus Centropyge
• Genus Chaetodontoplus
• Genus Genicanthus
• Genus Holacanthus
• Genus Pomacanthus
• Genus Pygoplites
  • Royal angelfish, Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert, 1772).

• 
  Twospined angelfish, Centropyge bispinosa
• 
  Flame angel, Centropyge loricula
• 
  Queen angelfish, Holacanthus ciliaris
• 
  Rock beauty, Holacanthus tricolor
• 
  Bluering angelfish, Pomacanthus annularis
• 
  Gray angelfish, Pomacanthus arcuatus
• 
  Emperor angelfish, Pomacanthus imperator
• 
  Yellowbar angelfish, Pomacanthus maculosus
• 
  Semicircle angelfish, Pomacanthus semicirculatus

References

• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Pomacanthidae" in FishBase. November 2005 version.
• Marine Angelfish Marine Angelfish in the context of the home aquarium.