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'''Heterobranchia''' (different-gilled snails) is a superorder of mollusks in the class of the [[ Gastropod|gastropods]].
'''Heterobranchia''' (different-gilled snails) is a superorder of mollusks in the class [[ Gastropod|gastropoda]].


The families included in this recently established superorder of mollusks (G. Haszprunar, 1985) have made a long evolutionary journey through the class of the [[ Gastropod|gastropods]]. Earlier authors (as [[John Edward Gray|J.E. Gray]], 1840) put the Heterobranchia as a borderline case between de Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata on the one hand, and the other gastropods on the other hand.
The families included in this recently established superorder of mollusks (G. Haszprunar, 1985) have made a long evolutionary journey through the class of the gastropods. Earlier authors (as [[John Edward Gray|J.E. Gray]], 1840) put the Heterobranchia as a borderline case between the [[Opisthobranchia]] and [[Pulmonata]] on the one hand, and the other gastropods on the other hand.


Only the similarity in the structure of the gills makes them eligible for membership, in spite of all differences.
Only the similarity in the structure of the gills makes them eligible for membership, in spite of all differences.
Line 24: Line 24:
The order [[Heterostropha]] is primarily characterized by a heterostrophic [[protoconch]] (apical whorls are coiled opposite to adult whorls).
The order [[Heterostropha]] is primarily characterized by a heterostrophic [[protoconch]] (apical whorls are coiled opposite to adult whorls).


The bodies of the [[Opisthobranchia]] have undergone detorsion (unwinding). They have essentially evolved back to the bilateral symmetry of their ancestors.
The bodies of the Opisthobranchia have undergone detorsion (unwinding). They have essentially evolved back to the bilateral symmetry of their ancestors.

⚫
The mantle cavity of the [[Pulmonata]] has modified into an air-breathing organ. They are also characterized by detorsion and a symmetrical concentrated nervous system. They usually lack an [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]] and are hermaphroditic. This order contains most land snails and slugs and many freshwater snails.


⚫
The mantle cavity of the Pulmonata has modified into an air-breathing organ. They are also characterized by detorsion and a symmetrical concentrated nervous system. They usually lack an [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]] and are [[hermaphroditic]]. This order contains most land snails and slugs and many freshwater snails.


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==


Superorder Heterobranchia [[John Edward Gray|J.E. Gray]], 1840
Superorder Heterobranchia <small>[[John Edward Gray|J.E. Gray]], 1840</small>
*Order Heterostropha P. Fischer, 1885 (sometimes Allogastropoda Haszprunar, 1985)
*Order [[Heterostropha]] <small>P. Fischer, 1885 (sometimes Allogastropoda Haszprunar, 1985)</small>
*Order [[Opisthobranchia]] [[Henri Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1848
*Order [[Opisthobranchia]] <small>[[Henri Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1848</small>
**Suborder Cephalaspidea P. Fischer, 1883 (headshield slugs)
**Suborder [[Cephalaspidea]] <small>P. Fischer, 1883</small> (headshield slugs)
**Suborder Sacoglossa Von Ihering, 1876 (sap-suckling slugs)
**Suborder [[Sacoglossa]] <small>Von Ihering, 1876</small> (sap-suckling slugs)
**Suborder [[Anaspidea]] P. Fischer, 1883 (sea hares)
**Suborder [[Anaspidea]] <small>P. Fischer, 1883</small> (sea hares)
**Suborder [[Notaspidea]] P. Fischer, 1883 (sidegill slugs)
**Suborder [[Notaspidea]] <small>P. Fischer, 1883</small> (sidegill slugs)
**Suborder [[Thecosomata]] [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]], 1824 (sea butterflies)
**Suborder [[Thecosomata]] <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]], 1824</small> (sea butterflies)
***Infraorder Euthecosomata
***Infraorder [[Euthecosomata]]
***Infraorder Pseudothecosomata
***Infraorder [[Pseudothecosomata]]
**Suborder [[Gymnosomata]] de Blainville, 1824 (sea angels)
**Suborder [[Gymnosomata]] <small>de Blainville, 1824</small> (sea angels)
**Suborder Nudibranchia de Blainville, 1814 (nudibranchs, true sea slugs))
**Suborder [[Nudibranchia]] <small>e Blainville, 1814</small> (nudibranchs, true sea slugs))
***Infraorder Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819
***Infraorder [[Anthobranchia]] <small>Férussac, 1819</small>
***Infraorder Cladobranchia Willan & Morton, 1984
***Infraorder [[Cladobranchia]] <small>Willan & Morton, 1984</small>
*Order Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 (pulmonates)
*Order [[Pulmonata]] <small>Cuvier in Blainville, 1814</small> (pulmonates)
**Suborder Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
**Suborder [[Systellommatophora]] <small>Pilsbry, 1948</small>
**Suborder Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 (freshwater pulmonates, pond snails)
**Suborder [[Basommatophora]] <small>Keferstein in Bronn, 1864</small> (freshwater pulmonates, pond snails)
**Suborder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
**Suborder [[Eupulmonata]] <small>Haszprunar & Huber, 1990</small>
***Infraorder Acteophila ([[W.H. Dall|Dall]], 1885 (formerly Archaeopulmonata)
***Infraorder [[Acteophila]] <small>([[W.H. Dall|Dall]], 1885</small> (formerly Archaeopulmonata)
***Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
***Infraorder [[Trimusculiformes]] <small>Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975</small>
***Infraorder Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 (land snails)
***Infraorder [[Stylommatophora]] <small>A. Schmidt, 1856</small> (land snails)
****Subinfraorder Orthurethra
****Subinfraorder [[Orthurethra]]
****Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
****Subinfraorder [[Sigmurethra]]


== Reference ==
== Reference ==
*{{cite journal | quotes=no | author = Haszprunar G. |title = The Heterobranchia ― a new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda|year = 1985| journal = Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung|volume = 23| issue = 1 | pages = 15-37}} ISSN 0044-3808
* {{cite journal | quotes=no | author = Haszprunar G. |title = The Heterobranchia ― a new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda|year = 1985| journal = Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung|volume = 23| issue = 1 | pages = 15-37}} ISSN 0044-3808




Revision as of 15:02, 28 December 2006

Heterobranchia
Clione limacina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Orthogastropoda
Superorder:
Heterobranchia
Orders

Heterostropha
Opisthobranchia
Pulmonata

Heterobranchia (different-gilled snails) is a superorder of mollusks in the class gastropoda.

The families included in this recently established superorder of mollusks (G. Haszprunar, 1985) have made a long evolutionary journey through the class of the gastropods. Earlier authors (as J.E. Gray, 1840) put the Heterobranchia as a borderline case between the Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata on the one hand, and the other gastropods on the other hand.

Only the similarity in the structure of the gills makes them eligible for membership, in spite of all differences.

The order Heterostropha is primarily characterized by a heterostrophic protoconch (apical whorls are coiled opposite to adult whorls).

The bodies of the Opisthobranchia have undergone detorsion (unwinding). They have essentially evolved back to the bilateral symmetry of their ancestors.

The mantle cavity of the Pulmonata has modified into an air-breathing organ. They are also characterized by detorsion and a symmetrical concentrated nervous system. They usually lack an operculum and are hermaphroditic. This order contains most land snails and slugs and many freshwater snails.

Taxonomy

Superorder Heterobranchia J.E. Gray, 1840

Reference

  • Haszprunar G. (1985). "The Heterobranchia ― a new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda". Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung. 23 (1): 15–37. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help) ISSN 0044-3808
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