Automatic scorer: Difference between revisions
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An '''automatic scorer''' is the computerized scoring system to keep track of [[Ten-pin_bowling#Traditional_scoring|scoring in ten-bowling]]. It was introduced into [[bowling alley]]s in the 1970s and combined with mechanical [[pinsetter]]s for detecting the pins bowled down. Automatic scorers took away the task of having to keep score manually by hand by using a specialized computer designed for the task of automatically keeping the tally. |
An '''automatic scorer''' is the computerized scoring system to keep track of [[Ten-pin_bowling#Traditional_scoring|scoring in ten-bowling]]. It was introduced into [[bowling alley]]s in the 1970s and combined with mechanical [[pinsetter]]s for detecting the pins bowled down. Automatic scorers took away the task of having to keep score manually by hand by using a specialized computer designed for the task of automatically keeping the tally. |
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This also introduced new bowlers to the game that otherwise would not participate because of having to keep score themselves, as most |
This also introduced new bowlers to the game that otherwise would not participate because of having to keep score themselves, as most do not understand the mathematical formula involved in bowler scoring. At first people were skeptical if a computer could keep accurate score. By the twenty-first century it is used in most bowling centers worldwide. The three manufactures of these specialized computers are [[Brunswick Bowling & Billiards|Brunswick Bowling]], [[AMF Bowling]] and [[RCA]]. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[File:Scorer computer 1972.jpg|thumb|upright 1.105|Inside 1970s computer console apparatus]] |
[[File:Scorer computer 1972.jpg|thumb|upright 1.105|Inside 1970s computer console apparatus]] |
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Automatic equipment is considered a cornerstone of the modern bowling center. The traditional bowling center of the early 20th century was advanced in automation when the [[pinsetter]] person ("pin boy"), who set back up by hand the bowled down pins, was replaced by a machine that automatically replaced the pins in their proper play positions. |
Automatic equipment is considered a cornerstone of the modern bowling center. The traditional bowling center of the early 20th century was advanced in automation when the [[pinsetter]] person ("pin boy"), who set back up by hand the bowled down pins, was replaced by a machine that automatically replaced the pins in their proper play positions. This machine came out in the 1950s.<ref name=Pinsetter>{{cite news |author= |title= Bowling scoring Now Automatic |url= |work= Herald and Review |page= 31 |location= Decatur, Illinois|date=November 9, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> A detection system was developed from the pinsetter mechanism in the 1960s that could tell which pins had been knocked down, and that information could be transferred to a digital computer.<ref name=PinsetterDetection>{{cite news |author= |title= Electronic Scorer Ready |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55273335/ |work= The San Francisco Examiner |page= 31 |location= San Francisco, California|date=November 11, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref><ref name=DownTheAlley>{{cite news |author= Gil Craker |title= Opinion Divided on Automatic Scorer|url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55273814/ |work= Herald and Review |page= 19 |location= Decatur, Illinois|date=November 16, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> |
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Automatic electronic scoring was first conceived by Robert Reynolds, an electronic calculator expert.<ref name=RobertReynolds>{{cite news |author= |title= Brunswick Markets Automatic Scorer |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55210290/ |work= Democrat and Chronicle|page= 42 |location= Rochester, New York|date=November 9, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> He worked with [[Brunswick Bowling & Billiards|Brunswick Bowling]] technicians to develop it. It was realized in the late 1960s when a specialized computer was designed for the purpose of automatic scorekeeping for bowling.<ref name=FWST11_9_1967>{{cite news |author= |title= Company Notes |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59167755/ |work= Fort Worth Star-Telegram|page= 27 |location= Fort Worth, Texas|date=November 9, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> This increased the popularity of the sport.<ref name=TT6_18_1977>{{cite news |author= |title= New Scoring Machines right up their alley |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60383347/ |work= The Times|page= 13 |location= San Mateo, California|date=June 18, 1977 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> The automatic scorer was first field tested at Village Lanes bowling center, Chicago in 1967.<ref name=ScoringMachine>{{cite news |author=Chuck Pezzano |title= Scoring Machine Wins Approval of Reporter |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55746317/ |work= The Record |page= 56 |location= Hackensack, New Jersey|date=November 10, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref><ref name=VillageLanes>{{cite news |author=Gil Craker |title= Unit Now Being Field Tested |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55203954/ |work= Herald and Review|page= 19 |location= Decatur, Illinois|date=November 16, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> The scoring machine received approval for official use by the [[American Bowling Congress]] in August of that year.<ref name=ABC_approved>{{cite news |author= Thomas Rogers |title= Bowling eyes big $ score |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55211166/ |work= The Morning News |page= 43 |location= Wilmington, Delaware|date=November 9, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> In November Brunswick announced that they were accepting orders for the new digital computer, which cost around $3,000 per bowling lane.<ref name=Cost$3000Lane>{{cite news |author= |title= Automatic scorer comes for bowlers / At almost $3,000 per lane |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55212314/ |work= Southern Illinoisan|page= 10 |location= Carbondale, Illinois|date=November 13, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> Bowling centers that installed these new automatic scoring devices in the 1970s charged a dime extra per line of scoring for the convenience.<ref name=CostDime>{{cite news |author= |title= Bowling gets Auto-Scorer |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55213545/ |work= Wisconsin State Journal |page= 29 |location= Madison, Wisconsin|date=November 9, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> California was considered the best prospect for making the first sales since it was the only state where bowlers paid an individual for league scorekeeping.<ref name=ScorekeeperPerson>{{cite news |author= Chuck Pezzano|title= Our Chuck Pezzano Converted |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55273065/ |work= The Morning Call|page=22|location= Paterson, New Jersey|date=November 10, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> |
Automatic electronic scoring was first conceived by Robert Reynolds, an electronic calculator expert.<ref name=RobertReynolds>{{cite news |author= |title= Brunswick Markets Automatic Scorer |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55210290/ |work= Democrat and Chronicle|page= 42 |location= Rochester, New York|date=November 9, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> He worked with [[Brunswick Bowling & Billiards|Brunswick Bowling]] technicians to develop it. It was realized in the late 1960s when a specialized computer was designed for the purpose of automatic scorekeeping for bowling.<ref name=FWST11_9_1967>{{cite news |author= |title= Company Notes |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59167755/ |work= Fort Worth Star-Telegram|page= 27 |location= Fort Worth, Texas|date=November 9, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> This increased the popularity of the sport.<ref name=TT6_18_1977>{{cite news |author= |title= New Scoring Machines right up their alley |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60383347/ |work= The Times|page= 13 |location= San Mateo, California|date=June 18, 1977 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> The automatic scorer was first field tested at Village Lanes bowling center, Chicago in 1967.<ref name=ScoringMachine>{{cite news |author=Chuck Pezzano |title= Scoring Machine Wins Approval of Reporter |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55746317/ |work= The Record |page= 56 |location= Hackensack, New Jersey|date=November 10, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref><ref name=VillageLanes>{{cite news |author=Gil Craker |title= Unit Now Being Field Tested |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55203954/ |work= Herald and Review|page= 19 |location= Decatur, Illinois|date=November 16, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> The scoring machine received approval for official use by the [[American Bowling Congress]] in August of that year.<ref name=ABC_approved>{{cite news |author= Thomas Rogers |title= Bowling eyes big $ score |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55211166/ |work= The Morning News |page= 43 |location= Wilmington, Delaware|date=November 9, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> In November Brunswick announced that they were accepting orders for the new digital computer, which cost around $3,000 per bowling lane.<ref name=Cost$3000Lane>{{cite news |author= |title= Automatic scorer comes for bowlers / At almost $3,000 per lane |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55212314/ |work= Southern Illinoisan|page= 10 |location= Carbondale, Illinois|date=November 13, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> Bowling centers that installed these new automatic scoring devices in the 1970s charged a dime extra per line of scoring for the convenience.<ref name=CostDime>{{cite news |author= |title= Bowling gets Auto-Scorer |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55213545/ |work= Wisconsin State Journal |page= 29 |location= Madison, Wisconsin|date=November 9, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> California was considered the best prospect for making the first sales since it was the only state where bowlers paid an individual for league scorekeeping.<ref name=ScorekeeperPerson>{{cite news |author= Chuck Pezzano|title= Our Chuck Pezzano Converted |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55273065/ |work= The Morning Call|page=22|location= Paterson, New Jersey|date=November 10, 1967 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> |
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Automatic scorers are considered the normal part of modern bowling centers worldwide.<ref name=Tripadvisor_Bowling>{{cite web |url= https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g659579-d2057204-r100783204-Midtown_Bowling_Lanes-Iligan_Lanao_del_Norte_Province_Mindanao.html|author=BobnewyourkUSA |title=Experience the dys before the Automatics |accessdate=October 11, 2020|publisher=TripAdvisor|date=2020 }}</ref> The managers of bowling centers say that bowlers expect these scoring system computers in 21st century bowling establishments. Many centers state that business has increased since their introduction.<ref name=HighTech_Bowling>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/21/nyregion/some-alleys-can-now-do-everything-but-bowl.html|author=Sharon L. Bass |title=Some Alleys can now do Everything but Bowl|accessdate=October 11, 2020|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=2020 }}</ref> They were first used in [[United States Bowling Congress|national official league gaming]] on October 10, 1967.<ref name=Anzovin>{{cite book|ref=harv|last2= Anzovin |first2= Steven |first1=Joseph Nathan |last1=Kane |first3=Janet |last3=Podell |edition=5th, revised |title=Famous First Facts |series=Famous First Facts |isbn=0824209303 |id=ISBN 9780824209308 | url= https://archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts00kane_0 |url-access=registration|date=1997|page=546|location=New York|publisher=The [[H. W. Wilson Company]] |quote= }} </ref> |
Automatic scorers are considered the normal part of modern bowling centers worldwide.<ref name=Tripadvisor_Bowling>{{cite web |url= https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g659579-d2057204-r100783204-Midtown_Bowling_Lanes-Iligan_Lanao_del_Norte_Province_Mindanao.html|author=BobnewyourkUSA |title=Experience the dys before the Automatics |accessdate=October 11, 2020|publisher=TripAdvisor|date=2020 }}</ref> The managers of bowling centers say that bowlers expect these scoring system computers in 21st century bowling establishments. Many centers state that business has increased since their introduction.<ref name=HighTech_Bowling>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/21/nyregion/some-alleys-can-now-do-everything-but-bowl.html|author=Sharon L. Bass |title=Some Alleys can now do Everything but Bowl|accessdate=October 11, 2020|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=2020 }}</ref> They were first used in [[United States Bowling Congress|national official league gaming]] on October 10, 1967.<ref name=Anzovin>{{cite book|ref=harv|last2= Anzovin |first2= Steven |first1=Joseph Nathan |last1=Kane |first3=Janet |last3=Podell |edition=5th, revised |title=Famous First Facts |series=Famous First Facts |isbn=0824209303 |id=ISBN 9780824209308 | url= https://archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts00kane_0 |url-access=registration|date=1997|page=546|location=New York|publisher=The [[H. W. Wilson Company]] |quote= }} </ref> |
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The bowling computers of the 21st century detect electronically with fluorescent coatings on the outer surface of a [[bowling pin]] if it has been knocked down.<ref name=Justia_PinStyle>{{cite web |url= https://patents.justia.com/search?q=bowling+pin+ |title=Fluorescent bowling pins |accessdate=October 11, 2020|publisher=Justia|date=2020|quote= A bowling pin for use with an automatic scorer includes a wood core and an ionomer cladding having an outer surface which surrounds the standing portion of the pin. }}</ref> The common all wooden pin is being replaced with a nylon-injected pin that increases pin action and durability.<ref name=TG7_10_1988> {{cite news |author= |title= Brunswick seeks new image of bowling centers, not 'alleys'|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60897332/ |work= The Gazette |page=70 |location=Cedar Rapids, Iowa|date=July 10, 1988 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} |quote= }} </ref> The traditional 'bowling alleys' have become known as 'bowling centers' since the introduction of the color television style automatic scorer in 1983.<ref name=TRIA7_9_1988> {{cite news |author= |title= Please |
The bowling computers of the 21st century detect electronically with fluorescent coatings on the outer surface of a [[bowling pin]] if it has been knocked down.<ref name=Justia_PinStyle>{{cite web |url= https://patents.justia.com/search?q=bowling+pin+ |title=Fluorescent bowling pins |accessdate=October 11, 2020|publisher=Justia|date=2020|quote= A bowling pin for use with an automatic scorer includes a wood core and an ionomer cladding having an outer surface which surrounds the standing portion of the pin. }}</ref> The common all wooden pin is being replaced with a nylon-injected pin that increases pin action and durability.<ref name=TG7_10_1988> {{cite news |author= |title= Brunswick seeks new image of bowling centers, not 'alleys'|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60897332/ |work= The Gazette |page=70 |location=Cedar Rapids, Iowa|date=July 10, 1988 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} |quote= }} </ref> The traditional 'bowling alleys' have become known as 'bowling centers' since the introduction of the color television style automatic scorer in 1983.<ref name=TRIA7_9_1988> {{cite news |author= |title= Please do not mention 'alleys' at Brunswick |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60897202/ |work= The Rock Island Argus |page=25 |location=Rock Island, Illinois|date=July 9, 1988 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} |quote= }} </ref> These type of [[electronic visual display]]s show [[Avatar (computing)|bowler avatars]] and social media connections.<ref name=Pulsating>{{cite web |url=http://www.therepublic.com/2018/07/21/pulsating__bowling_center_installs_new_scoring_system/ |title=Pulsating / Bowling center installs new scoring system |accessdate=October 11, 2020|publisher=The Republic newspaper|date=2020 }}</ref> |
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==Footnotes== |
==Footnotes== |
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Revision as of 08:37, 14 October 2020
An automatic scorer is the computerized scoring system to keep track of scoring in ten-bowling. It was introduced into bowling alleys in the 1970s and combined with mechanical pinsetters for detecting the pins bowled down. Automatic scorers took away the task of having to keep score manually by hand by using a specialized computer designed for the task of automatically keeping the tally.
This also introduced new bowlers to the game that otherwise would not participate because of having to keep score themselves, as most do not understand the mathematical formula involved in bowler scoring. At first people were skeptical if a computer could keep accurate score. By the twenty-first century it is used in most bowling centers worldwide. The three manufactures of these specialized computers are Brunswick Bowling, AMF Bowling and RCA.
History
Automatic equipment is considered a cornerstone of the modern bowling center. The traditional bowling center of the early 20th century was advanced in automation when the pinsetter person ("pin boy"), who set back up by hand the bowled down pins, was replaced by a machine that automatically replaced the pins in their proper play positions. This machine came out in the 1950s.[1] A detection system was developed from the pinsetter mechanism in the 1960s that could tell which pins had been knocked down, and that information could be transferred to a digital computer.[2][3]
Automatic electronic scoring was first conceived by Robert Reynolds, an electronic calculator expert.[4] He worked with Brunswick Bowling technicians to develop it. It was realized in the late 1960s when a specialized computer was designed for the purpose of automatic scorekeeping for bowling.[5] This increased the popularity of the sport.[6] The automatic scorer was first field tested at Village Lanes bowling center, Chicago in 1967.[7][8] The scoring machine received approval for official use by the American Bowling Congress in August of that year.[9] In November Brunswick announced that they were accepting orders for the new digital computer, which cost around $3,000 per bowling lane.[10] Bowling centers that installed these new automatic scoring devices in the 1970s charged a dime extra per line of scoring for the convenience.[11] California was considered the best prospect for making the first sales since it was the only state where bowlers paid an individual for league scorekeeping.[12]
Description
Each Automatic Scorer computer unit kept score for four lanes. It had two bowler identification panels serving two lanes each.[1] The bowler pushed it into his named position when his turn came up so the computer knew who was bowling and score accordingly. After the bowler rolled the bowling ball down the lane and knocked down pins, the pinsetter detected which pins were down and relayed this information back to the computer for scoring. It was then printed on a scoresheet and projected overhead onto a large screen for all to see.[13]
The Automatic Scorer digital computer was mathematically accurate, however the detection system at the pinsetter mechanism sometimes reported the wrong number of pins knocked down. The computer could be corrected manually for this as well as handicap figures added and late arriving bowlers tallied. The automatic scoring is directly connected to the foul detection unit so that foul line violations are automatically scored.[3]
Brunswick put in ten years of research and developed a computer that kept the score of bowling and labeled it the Automatic Scorer. By 1972 there were over 500 of these computers installed in bowling centers worldwide.[14] AMF Bowling, competitor to Brunswick, entered into the automatic scorer computer field in 1973 and their systems were installed into their brand of bowling centers.[15][16] AMF and Brunswick each had their set of Customer Service Engineers in a territorial area that repaired the computers.[17][18] By 1974 RCA was also making these computers for automatic scoring.[19][20][21]
Reception
The purposes of the computerized scoring were to avoid errors by human scorers and to prevent cheating.[15] It had the side benefit of speeding up the progress of the game and introducing new bowlers to the game. Score-keeping for bowling is based on a formula that many new to bowling were not familiar with and thought difficult to learn.[22] These casual bowlers unfamiliar with the formula thought the scores given by the computers were confusing.[23][24] Some bowlers didn't trust automatic scorers when they were introduced in the 1970s, so kept score using the traditional method on paper score sheets to verify the accuracy of the reporting.[25]
Automatic scorers are considered the normal part of modern bowling centers worldwide.[26] The managers of bowling centers say that bowlers expect these scoring system computers in 21st century bowling establishments. Many centers state that business has increased since their introduction.[27] They were first used in national official league gaming on October 10, 1967.[28]
The bowling computers of the 21st century detect electronically with fluorescent coatings on the outer surface of a bowling pin if it has been knocked down.[29] The common all wooden pin is being replaced with a nylon-injected pin that increases pin action and durability.[30] The traditional 'bowling alleys' have become known as 'bowling centers' since the introduction of the color television style automatic scorer in 1983.[31] These type of electronic visual displays show bowler avatars and social media connections.[32]
Footnotes
- ^ a b "Bowling scoring Now Automatic". Herald and Review. Decatur, Illinois. November 9, 1967. p. 31 – via Newspapers.com
.
- ^ "Electronic Scorer Ready". The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. November 11, 1967. p. 31 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ a b Gil Craker (November 16, 1967). "Opinion Divided on Automatic Scorer". Herald and Review. Decatur, Illinois. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "Brunswick Markets Automatic Scorer". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. November 9, 1967. p. 42 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "Company Notes". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Fort Worth, Texas. November 9, 1967. p. 27 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "New Scoring Machines right up their alley". The Times. San Mateo, California. June 18, 1977. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ Chuck Pezzano (November 10, 1967). "Scoring Machine Wins Approval of Reporter". The Record. Hackensack, New Jersey. p. 56 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ Gil Craker (November 16, 1967). "Unit Now Being Field Tested". Herald and Review. Decatur, Illinois. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ Thomas Rogers (November 9, 1967). "Bowling eyes big $ score". The Morning News. Wilmington, Delaware. p. 43 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "Automatic scorer comes for bowlers / At almost $3,000 per lane". Southern Illinoisan. Carbondale, Illinois. November 13, 1967. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "Bowling gets Auto-Scorer". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. November 9, 1967. p. 29 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ Chuck Pezzano (November 10, 1967). "Our Chuck Pezzano Converted". The Morning Call. Paterson, New Jersey. p. 22 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ Dave Harfst (November 9, 1967). "New Bowling Service: Computerized Scoring". Lansing State Journal. Lansing, Michigan. p. 53 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "Bowling enters the electronic age". Independent Press Telegram. Long Beach, California. February 27, 1972. p. 125 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ a b "No more pencils for keeping score, computer does it". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. December 12, 1982. p. 103 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "AMF computer systems technician". News-Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. April 16, 1978. p. 69 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "Service Engineer". Arizona Republic. Phoenix, Arizona. May 26, 1968. p. 101 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "AMF computer systems technician". News-Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. April 14, 1978. p. 32 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "City and area bowlers start rolling this week". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. September 1, 1974. p. 26 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "Super bowling in New York". Daily News. New York, New York. November 2, 1975. p. 381, 388 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "M-66 Bowl". Battle Creek Enquirer. Battle Creek, Michigan. April 5, 1974. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ Don Schilling (August 7, 1977). "Bowling". The Leaf-Chronicle. Clarksville, Tennessee. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ Jef Goodger (2020). "Bowling Scoring". LiveAbout. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Dustin (2020). "How to Score Bowling". The Bowling Universe. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Sid Boardman (March 7, 1970). "Scoring has Automatic Twist". The Kansas City Star. Kansas City, Missouri. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com .
Scoring sounds simple to those that know how.
- ^ BobnewyourkUSA (2020). "Experience the dys before the Automatics". TripAdvisor. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
- ^ Sharon L. Bass (2020). "Some Alleys can now do Everything but Bowl". The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
- ^ Kane, Joseph Nathan; Anzovin, Steven; Podell, Janet (1997). Famous First Facts. Famous First Facts (5th, revised ed.). New York: The H. W. Wilson Company. p. 546. ISBN 0824209303. ISBN 9780824209308.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ "Fluorescent bowling pins". Justia. 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
A bowling pin for use with an automatic scorer includes a wood core and an ionomer cladding having an outer surface which surrounds the standing portion of the pin.
- ^ "Brunswick seeks new image of bowling centers, not 'alleys'". The Gazette. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. July 10, 1988. p. 70 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "Please do not mention 'alleys' at Brunswick". The Rock Island Argus. Rock Island, Illinois. July 9, 1988. p. 25 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "Pulsating / Bowling center installs new scoring system". The Republic newspaper. 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
