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{{distinguish|Impresario}} |
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[[File:Map of Coahuila and Texas in 1833.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Texas in 1833 showing several of the land grants]] |
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An '''empresario''' {{IPA-es|em.pɾe.ˈsaɾ.jo|}} was a person who had been granted the right to settle on land in exchange for recruiting and taking responsibility for settling the eastern areas of [[Coahuila y Texas]] in the early nineteenth century. The word in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for [[entrepreneur]] is emprendedor (from ''empresa'', "company").<ref>Compare "[[impresario]]".</ref> |
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Since empresarios attracted immigrants mostly from the [[Southern United States]], they encouraged the spread of [[slavery in Texas|slavery]] into Texas. Although Mexico banned slavery in 1829, the settlers in Texas revolted in 1835 and continued to develop the economy, dominated by slavery, in the eastern part of the territory. |
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== Background == |
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[[File:Konen Colorado & Red River Land Co. c. 1835 UTA (map).jpg|thumb|Colorado & Red River Land Co. map of ''empresario'' grants, circa 1835]] |
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Baby shark! |
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In the late 18th century, Spain stopped allocating new lands in much of [[Spanish Texas]], stunting the growth of the province.<ref name=manchaca194>Manchaca (2001), p. 194.</ref> It changed this policy in 1820, and made it more flexible, allowing colonists of any religion to settle in Texas (formerly settlers were required to be Catholic, the established religion of the Spanish Empire).<ref name=vazques48>Vazquez (1997), p. 48.</ref> [[Moses Austin]], a British colonist, was the only man granted an ''empresarial'' contract in Texas under Spanish law. But Moses Austin died before he could begin his colony, and Mexico [[Mexican War of Independence|achieved its independence]] from Spain in September 1821. At this time, about 3500 colonists lived in Texas, mostly congregated at [[San Antonio]] and [[La Bahia]].<ref name=edmondson75>Edmondson (2000), p. 75.</ref> |
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The Mexican government continued the generous immigration policies in order to develop east Texas.<ref name=manchaca187>Manchaca (2001), p. 187.</ref> Even as the government debated a new colonization law, [[Stephen F. Austin]], son of Moses Austin, was given permission to take over his father's colonization contract. Steven F. Austin is probably the best known and most successful empresario in Texas. The first group of colonists, known as the [[Old Three Hundred]], arrived in 1822 and settled along the [[Brazos River]], ranging from the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to near present-day [[Dallas]].<ref name=manchaca198>Manchaca (2001), p. 198.</ref> |
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In 1823, Mexico’s authoritarian ruler Agustín de Iturbide enacted a colonization law authorizing the national government to enter into a contract granting land to an “empresario,” or promoter, who was required to recruit a minimum of two hundred families to settle the grant.<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Indigenous People’s History of the United States. |last=Dunbar-Ortiz |first=Roxanne |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8070-5783-4 |location=Boston |pages=123}}</ref> |
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Mexico approved immigration on a wider basis in 1824 with passage of the [[General Colonization Law]]. This law authorized all heads of household who were citizens of or immigrants to Mexico as eligible to claim land.<ref name="manchaca187" /> After the law passed, the state government of [[Coahuila y Tejas]] was inundated with requests by foreign speculators to establish colonies within the state.<ref name=vazquez53>Vazquez (1997), p. 53.</ref> There was no shortage of people willing to come to Texas. The United States was still struggling with the aftermath of the [[Panic of 1819]], and soaring land prices within the United States made the Mexican land policy seem very generous.<ref name="vazquez53"/> |
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Most successful empresarios recruited colonists primarily in the United States. Only two of the groups that attempted to recruit in Europe built lasting colonies, [[Refugio, Texas|Refugio]] and [[San Patricio, Texas|San Patricio]].<ref name=davis72>Davis (2002), p. 72.</ref><ref name=davis75>Davis (2002), p. 75.</ref> These colonies were successful in part because the empresarios spoke Spanish, were Catholic and generally familiar with Mexican ways, and allowed local Mexican families to join their colonies.<ref name=davis75/> |
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In 1829, Mexico abolished slavery, which affected the Anglo-American settlers’ quest for wealth in building colonizations worked by enslaved Africans. They lobbied the Mexican government for a reversal of the ban and gained only a one-year extension to settle their affairs and free their bonded workers - the government refused to legalize slavery. The settlers decided to secede from Mexico, initiating the famous and mythologized [[Battle of the Alamo]] in 1836.<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Indigenous People’s History of the United States. |last=Dunbar-Ortiz |first=Roxanne |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8070-5783-4 |location=Boston |pages=127}}</ref> |
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== Rules for settlers == |
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Unlike its predecessor, the Mexican law required immigrants to practice Catholicism and stressed that foreigners needed to learn Spanish.<ref name=vazquez50>Vazquez (1997), p. 50.</ref> Settlers were supposed to own property or have a craft or useful profession, and all people wishing to live in Texas were expected to report to the nearest Mexican authority for permission to settle. The rules were widely disregarded and many families became squatters.<ref name=delateja88>de la Teja (1997), p. 88.</ref> |
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Under the new laws, people who did not already possess property in Texas could claim 4438 acres of irrigable land, with an additional 4438 available to those who owned cattle. Empresarios and individuals with large families were exempt from the limit.<ref name=manchaca196>Manchaca (2001), p. 196.</ref> |
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== Notable empresarios == |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center" |
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!Empresario!!Colony location!!Capital!!Notes |
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[[empresario|Empresido of Mexico]] in [[New Madrid, Missouri|New Madrid]], [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana Territory]], |
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|- |
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|[[Philip Alston (counterfeiter)]] |
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|[[New Madrid, Missouri|New Madrid]], [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana Territory]] |
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|[[New Orleans]] |
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|sold land grants |
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|- |
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|[[Stephen F. Austin]] |
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| [[Austin's Colony]] between Brazos and Colorado rivers |
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|San Felipe De Austin |
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|took over his father [[Moses Austin]]'s empresario contract |
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|- |
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|[[David G. Burnet]] |
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| East Texas, northwest of Nacogdoches |
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| sold his land grant to the Galveston Bay and Texas Land Company |
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|- |
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|[[Martín De León]] |
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| [[De León's Colony (Texas)|De León's Colony]] |
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| [[Victoria, Texas|Victoria]] |
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| The only colony that was primarily Mexican and not Anglo-American<ref>Henderson, p.5</ref> |
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|- |
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|[[Green DeWitt]] |
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|[[DeWitt Colony]] |
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|[[Gonzales, TX|Gonzales]] |
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|[[Haden Edwards|Haden Harrison Edwards]] |
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| [[East Texas]] – from the [[Navasota River]] to 20 [[League (unit)|leagues]] west of the Sabine River, and from 20 leagues north of the Gulf of Mexico to 15 leagues north of the town of Nacogdoches.<ref name=ericson37>Ericson (2000), p. 37.</ref> |
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| [[Nacogdoches]] |
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|Expelled from Texas after launching the [[Republic of Fredonia|Fredonia Rebellion]] in 1827 |
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|- |
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|Benjamin Drake Lovell and John Purnell |
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|Attempted to establish a [[socialism|socialist colony]]; Purnell died and Lovell abandoned the colony in 1826; land was later given to McMullen and McGloin.<ref name=davis76>Davis (2002), p. 76.</ref> |
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|- |
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|John McMullen and James McGloin |
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|[[San Patricio, TX]] |
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|of Irish descent, these men recruited primarily European settlers<ref name=davis75/><ref name=davis73>Davis (2002), p. 73.</ref> |
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|- |
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|[[James Power (empresario)|James Power]] and [[James Hewetson]] |
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|Land between Guadalupe and Lavaca rivers.<ref name=davis78>Davis (2002), p. 78.</ref> |
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|[[San Patricio, TX|San Patricio]] and [[Refugio, Texas|Refugio]] |
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|Half of settlers were to come from Ireland, the other half from Mexico.<ref name=davis79>Davis (2002), p. 79.</ref> |
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|- |
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|[[Sterling C. Robertson]] |
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|An area along the [[Brazos River]] about 100 miles wide and 200 miles long, centered on Waco, comprising all or some of thirty present-day counties in Central Texas.<ref name="tshaonline.org">[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/uer01 Texas State Historical Association]</ref> |
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|Sarahville |
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|At various times also called [[Robertson's Colony]], the Texas Association, Leftwich's Grant, the Nashville colony, or the upper colony.<ref name="tshaonline.org"/> |
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|- |
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|[[Lorenzo de Zavala]] |
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|southeastern Texas in the [[Galveston Bay Area]] |
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|transferred ownership to the Galveston Bay and Texas Land Company |
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|- |
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|[[Henri Castro]] |
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|southwestern Texas on the [[Medina River]] |
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|[[Castroville, Texas|Castroville]] |
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|} |
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After the [[Republic of Texas]] won its [[Battle of San Jacinto|independence from Mexico]], the young nation continued its own version of the empresario program, offering grants to French diplomat [[Henri Castro]] and abolitionist [[Charles Fenton Mercer]], among others. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Patroon]] (a similar system in New Netherland) |
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== References == |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==Sources== |
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*{{citation|last=Davis|first=Graham|title=Land!: Irish Pioneers in Mexican and Revolutionary Texas|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, TX|year=2002|series=Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students, Texas A&M University; No. 92|isbn=978-1-58544-189-1}} |
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*{{citation|title=Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations|editor-last=Rodriguez O.|editor-first=Jaime E.|editor2-last=Vincent|editor2-first=Kathryn|location=[[Wilmington, DE]]|year=1997|publisher=Scholarly Resources Inc.|isbn=0-8420-2662-2|contribution=The Colonization and Independence of Texas: A Tejano Perspective|last=de la Teja|first=Jesus F.}} |
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*{{citation|last=Edmondson|first=J.R.|title=The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts|publisher=Republic of Texas Press|place=[[Plano, TX]]|isbn=1-55622-678-0|year=2000}} |
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*{{Citation|last=Ericson|first=Joe E.|title=The Nacogdoches story: an informal history|publisher=Heritage Books|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7884-1657-6}} |
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*{{citation|last=Manchaca|first=Martha|title=Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans|series=The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=[[Austin, TX]]|year=2001|isbn=0-292-75253-9}} |
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*{{citation|title=Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations|editor-last=Rodriguez O.|editor-first=Jaime E.|editor2-last=Vincent|editor2-first=Kathryn|location=[[Wilmington, DE]]|year=1997|publisher=Scholarly Resources Inc.|isbn=0-8420-2662-2|contribution=The Colonization and Loss of Texas: A Mexican Perspective|last=Vazquez|first=Josefina Zoraida|authorlink=Josefina Zoraida Vázquez}} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Mary Virginia |date=July 1928 |title=Minor Empresario Contracts for the Colonization of Texas, 1825-1834, II |jstor=30235006 |journal=[[The Southwestern Historical Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |doi= }} |
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== External links == |
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'''Maps:''' |
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*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_texas/texas_land_grants.jpg Texas Land Grants and Political Divisions, 1821–1836, from the ''Atlas of Texas'', 1976] |
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*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/bradford-texas-1835-01.jpg T. G. Bradford's Map of Texas, 1835] |
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{{Mexican Texas}} |
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[[Category:History of Mexico]] |
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[[Category:Mexican Texas]] |
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[[Category:Spanish Texas]] |
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[[Category:Irish-American history and culture in Texas]] |
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Revision as of 21:03, 6 November 2020
Pinkfong! Go, go, go, go Go, go, go, go Go, go, go, go Go! Baby shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Baby shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Baby shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Baby shark! Mommy shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Mommy shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Mommy shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Mommy shark! Daddy shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Daddy shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Daddy shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Daddy shark! Grandma shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Grandma shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Grandma shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Grandma shark! Grandpa shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Grandpa shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Grandpa shark, doo doo doo doo doo doo Grandpa shark! Let's go hunt, doo doo doo doo doo doo Let's go hunt, doo doo doo doo doo doo Let's go hunt, doo doo doo doo doo doo Let's go hunt! Run away, doo doo doo doo doo doo Run away, doo doo doo doo doo doo Run away, doo doo doo doo doo doo Run away, doo doo doo doo doo doo Run away, doo doo doo doo doo doo Run away, doo doo doo doo doo doo Run away! Safe at last, doo doo doo doo doo doo Safe at last, doo doo doo doo doo doo Safe at last, doo doo doo doo doo doo Safe at last! It's the end, doo doo doo doo doo doo It's the end, doo doo doo doo doo doo It's the end, doo doo doo doo doo doo One more time! Yeah! It's the end, doo doo doo doo doo doo It's the end, doo doo doo doo doo doo It's the end, doo doo doo doo doo doo It's the end! I love you bruvv