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== Grounding (earthing) culture ==
'''Historical physical training'''
{{See also| Bioelectricity| Electromagnetic radiation and health}}
{{Multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width = 300
{{Multiple image|perrow = 1|total_width = 200
| image1 = Boxer or Apollo front (cropped).jpg
| width1 =
| image1 = An ESD band with a crocodile clip and a sock.jpg
| image2 = Boxer or Apollo Side (cropped).jpg
| width1 =
| caption1 = An extendable ESD band in a sock is a cheap and effective grounding method
| width2 =
| image2 = A grounding (earthing) sheet sleeping bag.jpg
| footer = The well developed torso and large gluteal muscles of this boxer demonstrate a physique which was a standard result of historical physical training methods. [[British museum]], c.460
| width2 =
| caption2 = A zippable grounding (earthing) sheet laced with silver thread
}}
}}


Grounding, or earthing, are the names given to the cultural practice of people grounding themselves for health and spiritual reasons. People who ground themselves for health reasons, consider that due to modern electromagnetic transmissions and fields that they are exposed to unnaturally high levels of electromagnetic radiation which negatively interferes with their health. They consider that the body is a bioelectrical system (electricity is used in the [[nervous system]] and in [[cell (biology)|cell]] activity for example) and that increasing the presence of electromagnetic radiation within it can disrupt its natural bioelectrical balance, put stress on the immune system and lead to poor health. Some people are especially sensitive to electromagnetic radiation and suffer significant symptoms based upon exposure, such as depression, anxiety, and fatigue.<ref>{{cite web |last1=L. Pall |first1=Martin |title=Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891061815000599?via%3Dihub |website=Science Direct |accessdate=1 November 2020}}</ref> Some people have also found that being grounded helped to alleviate these symptoms, as well as other symptoms of poor health.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosch (ed.) |first1=Paul J. |title=Bioelectromagnetic and Subtle Energy Medicine |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-1-4822-3320-9 |pages=3-4, 431, 436, 439}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Latz |first1=Tracy |title=Testimony of a psychiatrist – Shifting Lives with Earthing – Grounding to the earth |url=https://www.earthing-vitality.org/testimony-of-a-psychiatrist-shifting-lives-with-earthing-grounding-to-the-earth/ |website=Earthing Vitality |accessdate=2 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stephen T. Sinatra, MD, FACC; James L. Oschman, PhD; Gaétan Chevalier, PhD; Drew Sinatra, ND, LAc |title=Electric Nutrition: The Surprising Health and Healing Benefits of Biological Grounding (Earthing) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320608127_Electric_Nutrition_The_Surprising_Health_and_Healing_Benefits_of_Biological_Grounding_Earthing |website=Research Gate |publisher=Alternative Therapies |accessdate=9 November 2020}}</ref> In order to negate the various electromagnetic transmissions and fields which proliferate in a standard residential premises, a person who grounds themselves for health reasons transfers the received dose to earth through a grounding device, which is designed so that they can incorporate it into their everyday life. For example, they may ground themselves whilst working on their laptop through a grounding mat which they rest their wrists on, or whilst asleep through a grounding sheet, or with an ESD strap etc. Some athletes, most notably on the Tour de France, have also found that recovery times improved when they grounded themsleves during sleep.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wells |first1=Katie |title=Earthing & Grounding: Legit or Hype? (How to & When Not To) |url=https://wellnessmama.com/5600/earthing-grounding/ |website=Wellness Mama |accessdate=2 November 2020}}</ref>
Physical training has been present in human societies throughout history. Usually it was performed for the purposes of preparing for physical competition or display, improving physical and mental health, and looking attractive.<ref>{{cite book |last1=William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. |title=Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance |date=2010 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Baltimore |isbn=9780781797818 |pages=xviii-xxvii |edition=7}}</ref> It took a variety of different forms but quick dynamic exercises were favoured over slow or more static ones. For example, running, jumping, wrestling, gymnastics and throwing heavy stones are mentioned frequently in historical sources and emphasised as being highly effective training methods. Notably, they are also forms of exercise which are readily achievable for most people to some extent or another.


People who are interested in grounding for spiritual reasons believe that through the process of grounding they form a more harmonious connection with the [[Earth]] and its respective energies. Grounding practices for spiritual reasons often include walking barefoot in countryside locations or touching the ground directly with the hand etc. In addition to allowing the channelling of excess electromagnetic radiation to earth, many people also believe that they receive positive energy from the earth when directly connected to it in this regard.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lockett |first1=Eleesha |title=Grounding: Exploring Earthing Science and the Benefits Behind It |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/grounding#the-science |website=healthline |accessdate=1 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaétan Chevalier, Stephen T. Sinatra, James L. Oschman, Karol Sokal, Pawel Sokal |title=Earthing: Health Implications of Reconnecting the Human Body to the Earth's Surface Electrons |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3265077/ |website=NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) |publisher=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |accessdate=9 November 2020}}</ref>
Physical training was widely practiced by the athletes of Ancient Greece. However, after the [[Ancient Olympic Games|original Olympic Games]] were banned by the Romans in 394, such culturally significant athletic competitions were not held again until the 19th Century. In 1896 the [[Olympic Games]] were reintroduced after a gap of some 1500 years. In the years in between, formalised systems of physical training had become more closely aligned with military training. Whilst there were differences in how the training manifested itself based upon what it was in preparation for there were also obvious similarities, and similar training methods and focuses can be seen to recur throughout European history.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zeigler |first1=Earle F. |title=Socio-cultural Foundations of Physical Education & Educational Sport |date=2003 |publisher=AAchen |location=Oxford |isbn=1841260932 |pages=55-60}}</ref>


=By era and region=


==Ancient Greece==


===Ballistic training===
[[File:Javelin throwers Ancient Greece.png|thumb|300px|A scene depicting javelin throwers, a discus thrower, and a long jumper. Originally found on a Panathenaic amphora from Ancient Greece, c. 525 B.C. British Museum.]]
{{Multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width = 300
| image1 = Long jump Ancient Greeece.jpg
| width1 =
| image2 = A competitor in the long jump, Black-figured Tyrrhenian amphora showing athletes and a combat scene, Greek, but made for the Etruscan market, 540 BC, found near Rome, Winning at the ancient Games, British Museum (7675649600).jpg
| width2 =
| footer = A long jump from standing. The weights would be swung up and down before taking off on an upswing.
}}
[[File:Unspunnen 1981 Com LC0751-017-003-001.jpg|thumb|150px|The throw of this 76kg stone represents the continuity of a ballistic training tradition which dates from Ancient Greece. [[Unspunnenfest]], 1981.]]
*Throwing a heavy stone (a stone put).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=26, 54}}</ref> Smaller stones were thrown one handed from the shoulder. The heaviest record of a stone throw from the period is Bybon’s stone which was found at [[Olympia]]. It is 316 ibs (143.5kg), has a handle, and an inscription which states it was thrown over the head one handed by [[Bybon]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Olympia Its History & Remains |date=1925 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=26, 54}}</ref> The technique for the throw would be similar to the 'bag over bar' modern [[strongman]] event. Military accounts detail heavy stones being thrown as a form of projectile weapon, with even gates being broken open in this manner. This suggests the stones were of significant weight and that warriors trained in this regard in order to be able to perform the feat successfully.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Homer |first1=translator: W. Munford |title=Homer's Iliad, volume 1. |date=1846 |publisher=Charles C. Little and James Brown |location=Boston |page=179}}</ref>
*Throwing a discus. Metal discuses weighed between 3-12 1/2 lbs, and stone discusses up to 15 lbs.
*Throwing a javelin<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page= 28}}</ref>
*Throwing a tree trunk<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=154}}</ref>

===Plyometrics===
*Long jumps from standing with specially shaped jumping weights ([[halteres]]) held in the hands. For a jump from standing, one foot is positioned forward and one foot back. The weights are swung up and down until the jumper jumps in conjunction with an upswing. The long jump could also be performed without weights, and with a running start.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=144, 151}}</ref>
*Vertical jumps as high as possible. Some descriptions state the legs are kicked out behind during the jump. This may refer to the natural movement of the legs which occurs during a powerful upwards jump. Vases ([[amphorae]]) show a vertical jump with the jumpers looking sideways, which also precipitates a movement of the bent, lower legs in this direction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two-handled storage jar (pelike) depicting young athletes jumping |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/153847 |website=Museum of Fine Arts Boston |accessdate=13 November 2020}}</ref>
*Jumping up and down and alternately extending the legs forwards and backwards.
*Jumping (meant generally)<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=57}}</ref>
*Jumping whilst wearing armour.
*Vaulting onto horseback with a pole ([[pole vaulting]])<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=144}}</ref>

===Calisthenics===
*Drill type exercises such as may be found on a modern parade ground.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=97}}</ref>S
*Running. Different varieties of running were practiced such as running whilst carrying halteres, in armour,<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=35, 140}}</ref> in heavy sand, incorporating jumps along the way ([[hurdling]]), running whilst turning a large ring ([[hula hoop]]) along the ground by their side with a stick, and running whilst carrying a large metal tripod, running in a decreasing or increasing circle,<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=97}}</ref> whilst holding a torch<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=143}}</ref>
*Marching on the forefeet while swinging the arms<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=97}}</ref>
*Gymnastics including acrobatics, tumbling, and rhythmic dance.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=92}}</ref>
*Dancing. Various dances were performed, including the Pyrrhic dance was a war dance which imitated battlefield actions of attack and defence. It involved quick dynamic actions such as bending to one side, crouching down, leaping up etc.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=92}}</ref>
*Swimming and diving<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=54, 93}}</ref>
*Driving a chariot<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=93}}</ref>
*Rope climbing<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=93}}</ref>
*Empty handed dumbbell movements with the hands open or clenched.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=97}}</ref>

====Co-operative calisthenics====
*Holding the arms extended while another person tries to push them down.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=97}}</ref>

===Weight training===
*[[Stone lifting]]. A 480 kg stone found at Santorin is inscribed with the statement 'Eumastas, the son of Critobulus, lifted me from the ground.'<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=54}}</ref>
*Carrying a heavy weight<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=93}}</ref>
*[[Rowing]]<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=95}}</ref>
*[[Digging]]. This was for two reasons. Firstly, the sand in the gymnasium was dug over daily with a pick before being rolled flat again. Secondly, digging was performed as an exercise in its own right and was especially popular with boxers.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=84, 93}}</ref>
*Using halteres as dumbbells in a rapid fashion including in swinging motions. Halteres ranged from between 2 1/4 and 10 lbs. Movement ranges mentioned in connection with this exercise include bending and straightening the arms, sideways movements, lunging in the style of a boxer, and bending and straightening the trunk. Another exercise described by the physician Galen, consists of placing the halteres six feet apart and standing between them. The exerciser picks up the left haltere with his right hand, and then the right haltere with his left hand, replaces them, and continues to repeat the sequence.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=92, 97, 153}}</ref>
*The addition of weights or armour to calisthenic exercises.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=97}}</ref>

===Games and sports played for fitness===
*[[Wrestling]] was considered fundamentally important to contemporary fitness regimes.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=53}}</ref>
*[[Boxing]]. Boxing exercises included hitting a punch bag and practicing punching actions whilst holding dumbbells.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=53, 84, 122, fig.78}}</ref>
*[[Pankration]], (similar to modern [[MMA]])<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=70, 84}}</ref>
*[[Hockey]], the rules are unclear but it involved similar shaped clubs, ball, and bent over playing postures as the modern game.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=fig.213}}</ref>
*Platanistas, a game popular in Sparta. Two teams enter an island over opposite bridges. The island is surrounded by water filled ditches and each team attempts to drive their opponents into the water using a variety of striking and wrestling techniques.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=231}}</ref>
*[[Ball games]]. Striking a ball against the ground or wall and hitting it again when it rebounded. Similar to the game of '[[fives]]' in this respect.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=84, 230}}</ref> Amphorae show some ball games were played in a piggy-back style where one person was carried on the back of the other.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=231}}</ref> Exercising with a small ball at any pace and using any desired rules and techniques, solitarily or with others.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=232}}</ref>

''Sky ball'', a player throws a ball into the air, and he and other players try to catch it.

''Epikoinos'', a game involving two teams of equal numbers and a ball which was roughly the size of a large apple. The two teams line up in a staggered formation either side of a centre line i.e. player 1 is closest to the line, player 2 midway and player 3 furthest, and the same for the opposite team. The centre line was marked out of gypsum or stone, and called skyros or latype. There was a goal line some distance behind each team. At the set up of the game the ball is placed on the centre line. When the game begins, each team races to secure the ball. Whoever secures the ball then attempts to throw it over and beyond their opponents who attempt to catch it and return it in a similar manner. By following this process, the aim of the game is to force the opposing team back over their goal line.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=235, fig.212}}</ref>

==Rome==
[[File:Roman sarcophagus with battle scene (cropped).jpg|thumb|400px|This battle scene found on a [[Roman sarcophagus]] demonstrates the excellent physical conditioning of both Roman soldiers and [[Celts|Celtic]] warriors. [[Dallas Museum of Art]], c. 190 A.D.<ref>{{cite web |title=Battle sarcophagus |url=https://collections.dma.org/artwork/5320527 |website=DMA (Dallas Museum of Art) |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>]]
[[File:Ancient roman relief af an legionnaire at the Antikensammlung Berlin.jpg|thumb|Ancient Roman relief showing a [[legionary]]. [[Antikensammlung]], 2nd Century A.D.]]
===Ballistic training===
*Throwing the javelin<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

===Plyometrics===
*Jumping<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Vaulting<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>

===Calisthenics===
*Marching 25K miles in 5 hours<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Marching 12K with 20kg of weight<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Running<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Horse riding including the specific practicing of mounting and dismounting techniques.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=117}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>
*Hunting<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=117}}</ref>
*Swimming<ref><ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=117}}</ref>

===Weight training===
*Training with weapons which were double the weight of ordinary weapons so when ordinary weapons were used in battle they would feel lighter and easier to control. This may also be considered as a form of contrast loading.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>
*Military training exercises performed in armour<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=117}}</ref>
*Swimming<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=117}}</ref>
*Chopping wood<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

===Games and sports played for fitness===
*Wrestling<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=117}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>
*Boxing<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=47}}</ref>
*Fencing<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>
*Archery
*[[Sling (weapon)|Slinging]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>
*Dart throwing<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=117}}</ref>
*Ball games.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=230}}</ref>

[[Trigon]], (trans. Triangle) involved players being positioned at the three points of a triangle and throwing or hitting the ball to eachother.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=231}}</ref>

[[Harpastum]], the gameplay is not fully clear but involves players passing to eachother in a bid to avoid an opposing player who is attempting to intercept the ball. It also involves feinting to fool the opposition and dodging out of the way. Non-active players would wait to join in the game, perhaps standing around in a circle to demark the playing area. A waiting player could be allowed into the game by an active player.<ref>{{cite book |title=ibid |page=233-234}}</ref>

==Medieval Europe==
[[File:Schilling mercenaries.jpg|thumb|250px|Schilling ([[Swiss people|Swiss)]] mercenaries training, including stone putting, wrestling, skipping, and jumping or diving. [[Lucerne Chronicle]], 1513.]]
===Ballistic training===
*Throwing the stone. A one-handed throw of a stone from the shoulder is among the more common exercises displayed in medieval artwork. The thrower holds the stone above their shoulder and turns their body sideways on to the desired direction of travel. They shift their bodyweight so it is predominantly over the foot which is the same side as the stone. They then throw the stone as hard as they can which involves a shift of the bodyweight to the other foot. Throwing heavy stones is also an exercise, a knightly pursuit, recommended by the fencing master Hans Talhoffer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

===Plyometrics===
*Jumping
*Skipping along (without a rope)

===Calisthenics===
*Climbing. Climbing up the inside of a narrow tower, or between two walls, using pressure from the hands and feet, or other parts of their body. Climbing up the corner of two perpendicular walls using pressure from the arms and legs.<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Climbing up the underside of a ladder.
*Dancing vigorously, including in armour.
*Marching carrying weight, including uphill.
*Gymnastics including acrobatics and tumbling. Knights would perform somersaults in full plate armour but without the helmet.
*Vaulting, especially onto or over a horse or wooden horse.
*Long marches carrying weight uphill.<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Horse riding including practicing turning on horseback<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Wall running i.e. running up a wall and grabbing the top edge. Similar to what is practiced in modern [[parkour]].
*Running and jumping.<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Gymnastics including bridges and handstands.<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Hunting
{{Multiple image|perrow = 4|total_width = 500
| image1 = Schilling (Swiss) mercenary throwing the stone.jpg|
| width1 =
| image2 = Stone throw 1 of 3.png|
| width2 =
| image3 = Stone throw 2 of 3.png|
| width3 =
| image4 = Stone throw 3 of 3.png|
| width4 =
| footer = A one handed throw of a moderately heavy stone from the shoulder (a stone put).
}}
===Weight training===
*Training with double weighted weapons, and larger weapons such as great swords.<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Pushing heavy stones and moving other large and heavy objects.<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Lifting heavy stones over the head with two hands.

===Games and sports played for fitness===
*Wrestling
*Fencing. Sword fighting using heavy weapons, heavy armour and heavy shields.<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Staff fighting
*Jousting and competing in tournaments which involved various forms of armed combat.
*[[Tug-o-war]]
*[[Mob football]], including the Irish [[Caid (sport)|Caid]], the Welsh Cnapon, and the French [[La soule]]. Such games could involve running, jumping, wrestling, and climbing depending on the playing surface.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Fitness |url=https://healthahoy.com/explore-history/history-of-general-fitness/ |website=healthahoy |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

==Renaissance==
[[File:Beham-Hans-Sebald-Sonne-03-1530-1540-DETAIL-1141x640.jpg|thumb|400px|A training scene showing various exercises such as wrestling, fencing, and throwing a stone (stone putting). By [[Sebald Beham]] (1500-1550)]]

===Ballistic training===
*Stone putting. One handed from the shoulder. Throwing heavy stones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Clements |first1=John |title=Using the "F" Word – The Role of Fitness in Historical Fencing |url=http://www.thearma.org/essays/fit/RennFit.htm#.X6MsyxanyM- |website=ARMA (The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts) |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>
*Stangeschieben, was the holding of a tapered stick by the narrow end over the shoulder, and throwing it so that it landed thick end first.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clements |first1=John |title=Using the "F" Word – The Role of Fitness in Historical Fencing |url=http://www.thearma.org/essays/fit/RennFit.htm#.X6MsyxanyM- |website=ARMA (The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts) |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>
*Javelin throw<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

===Plyometrics===
*Jumping, including jumping onto a horse or onto a table.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clements |first1=John |title=Using the "F" Word – The Role of Fitness in Historical Fencing |url=http://www.thearma.org/essays/fit/RennFit.htm#.X6MsyxanyM- |website=ARMA (The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts) |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

===Calisthenics===
*Climbing,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clements |first1=John |title=Using the "F" Word – The Role of Fitness in Historical Fencing |url=http://www.thearma.org/essays/fit/RennFit.htm#.X6MsyxanyM- |website=ARMA (The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts) |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref> including scaling forts, and climbing up ropes using varying numbers of ropes and different climbing styles.
*Running, including running and jumping<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>
*Gymnastics including bridging, handstands, and acrobatics.<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Vaulting<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Swimming<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Horse riding including for long distances<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>

====Co-operative calisthenics====
*A person stands on a sturdy plate, which is then lifted up by other people.
*A person sits in a chair which is connected to a pulley system. The person is then hoisted upwards by other people who are pulling downwards on the pulleys.
{{Multiple image|perrow = 4|total_width = 400
| image1 = De arte gymnastica libri sex. Wellcome L0069899 (cropped).jpg|
| width1 =
| image2 = Mercurialis, De arte gymnastica libri sex... Wellcome L0026822.jpg|
| width2 =
| image3 = Hieronymi Mercvrialis De arte gymnastica libri sex - in quibus exercitationum omnium vetustarum genera, loca, modi, facultates, and quidquid deniq. ad corporis humani exercitationes pertinet, (14593450098).jpg|
| width3 =
| image4 = Hieronymi Mercvrialis De arte gymnastica libri sex - in quibus exercitationum omnium vetustarum genera, loca, modi, facultates, and quidquid deniq. ad corporis humani exercitationes pertinet, (14777751874).jpg|
| width4 =
| footer = Pages from the De Arte Gymnastica (Venice, 1569) by [[Girolamo Mercuriale]], demonstrate variations of climbing and weight training exercises.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mercuriale |first1=Girolamo |title=De Arte Gymnastica Libri Sex |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=T7HHtqmXMGcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |website=GoogleBooks |accessdate=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ford |first1=Edward |title=The 'De Arte Gymnastica of Mercuriale' (review) |url=http://history.physio/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Mercurialis.pdf |website=history.physio |accessdate=13 November 2020}}</ref>
}}
===Weight training===
*Practicing with heavy weapons<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Holding and moving dumbells around the body with a stepping action and twist of the torso. A similar routine is depicted whilst the exerciser holds a large square plate.
*Hanging weights over the shoulders.
*Lifting heavy stones including one handed lifts over the head.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clements |first1=John |title=Using the "F" Word – The Role of Fitness in Historical Fencing |url=http://www.thearma.org/essays/fit/RennFit.htm#.X6MsyxanyM- |website=ARMA (The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts) |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>
*Weight lifting, including moving large and heavy objects<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

===Games and sports played for fitness===
*Wrestling<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*Fencing, including fighting with great swords, and sword and shield<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>
*[[Pike (weapon)|Pike]] training<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid|url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR}}</ref>

==1750-1950==
[[File:Gymnasium-wood-engraving-Young-Mens-Christian-Association-June-16-1888.jpg|thumb|400px|This engraving on wood shows gymnastics, monkey bars, and synchronised Indian club swinging being practiced in a large gym run by the [[YMCA]]. London, c. 1888]]
[[File:Roper's gymnasium, Philadelphia, circa 1831.jpg|thumb|400px|Gymnastics, climbing, fencing, and boxing in a commerical gym environment. Roper's gymnasium, Philadelphia, c. 1831.]]

===Ballistic training===
*Throwing the javelin<ref>{{cite web |last1=E.G. Ravenstein |first1=J. Hulley |title=The Gymnasium and its Fittings |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false |website=GoogleBooks |publisher=N. Trubner & Co. (London, 1867) |accessdate=13 November 2020}}</ref>

===Plyometrics===
*Hurdling<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*Vaulting<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>

===Calisthenics===
*Climbing. Rope climbing using different rope patterns and climbing styles. Climbing up a sheer vertical post. Climbing up the underside of a ladder using the hands only. Climbing a ladder with legs as bent as possible.
*Monkey bars<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*Chin ups
*Spinning around horizontal bars with bent arms
*Walking and balancing along narrow beams.<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*Gymnastics<ref>{{cite web |last1=Becic |first1=Samir |title=Fitness Throughout the History of Time |url=https://www.healthfitnessrevolution.com/fitness-throughout-the-history-of-time/ |website=Heatlh Fitness Revolution |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>, including parallel bars, the gymnastic horse, and olympic rings.<ref>{{cite web |last1=E.G. Ravenstein |first1=J. Hulley |title=The Gymnasium and its Fittings |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false |website=GoogleBooks |publisher=N. Trubner & Co. (London, 1867) |accessdate=13 November 2020}}</ref>
*Seesaw ladder. Like a normal seesaw but instead of a cross beam that is sat on, it has a ladder crossbeam which each person reaches up to hold onto. They are thereby lifted up from the ground whilst holding onto the underside of the ladder crossbeam. They then descend, land, go into a squat, and then push the ladder upwards in a jumping action so that they go up and the other person goes down.<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*Pole vault<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*Bodyweight squats, and one legged bodyweight squats (pistols)

===Weight training===
*Holding and moving dumbbells around the body often with a steping action.
*Swinging wooden clubs ([[Indian clubs]])<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*Weighted pulley exercises<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*Pulling a loaded sled up a hill

===Games and sports played for fitness===
*Wrestling
*Boxing
*Fencing
*[[Football]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*[[Cricket]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*[[Quoits]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=njgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT21&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*[[Tennis]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Editors |title=The Olympic Games |url=https://www.history.com/topics/sports/olympic-games |website=History.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |accessdate=13 November 2020}}</ref>
*[[Cycling]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ibid |url=https://www.history.com/topics/sports/olympic-games}}</ref>

==Common training focuses==

The main training focus which is shared across all historical periods is the achieving of good general health through physical fitness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=91}}</ref> The most obvious visual sign for a person achieving this was looking ‘in shape’. Or in other words, the body’s muscular proportions being in the correct ratio to each other, having good posture in general, and not carrying too much or too little fat.

When physical training was used to prepare for athletics or warfare, the focus was predominantly on agility, speed, explosive power, and endurance. There was little attempt to emulate the hardiness and physical strength of the peasant or manual labourer, because the kind of strength developed by those roles was considered too slow and unagile for competition, be it in athletics or war.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camargo |first1=Arturo |title=“Take great pains in your knightly practices” – A brief review of Medieval and Renaissance training methodologies |url=https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ |website=HROARR |accessdate=10 November 2020}}</ref> For this reason exercises which required powerful, dynamic movements were more frequently recommended than those which required slow moving strength i.e. ballistic training and plyometrics more so than heavy weight lifting.

Representations of athletes and warriors typically have very similar body proportions: a large full torso, large or very large gluteal muscles, and a build which overall looks muscular, athletic and robust. The commonality of this body shape for people throughout history who have undergone physical training means it was a build which was the result of, and reciprocally supported the further achievement of, the training goals of agility, speed, explosive power, and endurance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clements |first1=John |title=Using the "F" Word – The Role of Fitness in Historical Fencing |url=http://www.thearma.org/essays/fit/RennFit.htm#.X6sqDhanyM- |website=ARMA (Association for Renaissance Martial Arts) |accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>

Athletes, especially in Greece and Rome, tended to be thicker set than warriors who were in general leaner. This was partly due to athletes being able to depend on regular meals and sleep patterns, and warriors having to be prepared to be deprived of these. Thus, it was easier for an athlete to maintain a more muscular frame, whereas it was an unecessary and difficult task for a warrior involved in campaigning. The relative proportions of the build were however similar which shows there was a belief in optimum physical proportions which could place someone in the best situation to achieve a variety of tasks. On this subject the historian E. Norman Gardinier notes that while in Ancient Greece there were variations in the builds of the athletes based upon the event they specialised in, these variations were slight and that there was a universal standard of development which was the result of universal forms of athletic training. He goes on to argue that for this reason statues of athletes would be made with a sign of the event they specialised in, otherwise it would be too difficult to tell them apart based upon their physical development alone.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardinier |first1=E. Norman |title=Athletics of the Ancient World |date=1930 |publisher=OUP |location=London |page=61}}</ref> For similar reasons of attempting to achieve the optimum body proportions for moving in a fast, agile, and powerful manner, people throughout history, who have undertaken physical training, tend to be of similar proportions.

<gallery mode= style="text-align:left"gallery widths="170px" heights="170px">
File:Javelin thrower Ancient Greece.jpg|thumb|An Ancient Greek javelin thrower represented on a vase, c.520 B.C.
File:Berlin Painter ARV 197 6 discus thrower - jumper (04) (cropped).jpg|thumb|A long jumper holding halteres and preparing himself to jump [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen]], c.500-490 BC
File:Riace bronzes - Statue A- Ancient Greek warrior.jpg|thumb|An Ancient Greek warrior in bronze. [[Riace Bronzes]], [[Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia]], c.450 B.C
File:Museo Magna Grecia 24.jpg|thumb|Riace Bronzes, Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia, c.450 B.C
File:Athletes mosaics from the Baths of Caracalla.jpeg|thumb|A mosaic featuring Roman athletes from the [[Baths of Caracalla]], constructed c.216–235 A.D.
File:Two handed sword training Sigmund ain Ringeck.jpg|thumb|Two-handed sword fighting instructional by [[Sigmund Ringeck]], c.15th Century A.D.
File:De Fechtbuch Talhoffer 210.jpg|thumb|Wrestling in a fight book by Hans Talhoffer<ref>{{cite web |last1=Talhoffer |first1=Hans |title=Fight Earnestly – Fight-Book by Hans Talhoffer |url=https://www.academia.edu/1421063/Fight_Earnestly_Fight_Book_by_Hans_Talhoffer_1459_Thott_ |website=Academia |accessdate=13 November 2020}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Women’s physical training==
Women’s physical training had many similarities to men’s but was markedly tailored towards their physical requirements. This generally meant it focused on agility and speed, but not power or endurance to the same extent as men. In general, the training was notably less intense than that undertaken by men. This was due to inter-related physiological and cultural reasons.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chisholm |first1=Ann |title=The disciplinary dimensions of nineteenth-century gymnastics for US women |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09523360601157172 |website=Taylor & Francis Online |accessdate=13 November 2020}}</ref> The main reasons women were not supposed to train like men were related to fertility. Whilst discussion on women’s physical training is relatively scarce in historical sources, there are two reasons which predominate. Considered in the context of 19th Century France, the first is that intense physical training was not compatible with a woman’s menstrual cycle. The two together would lead to exhaustion, and potentially interfere with the cycle to the point it was harmful to a woman’s ability to conceive in the long term. The second reason is that historical physical training tended to involve, or be preparation for, direct physical competition which would involve taking various knocks and impacts. It was considered that if a woman was struck in the area of her uterus it could cause long term damage and make a future pregnancy less likely, and, if it did occur, more difficult and potentially dangerous.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Freeman |first1=Mark |title=Sport, Health and the Body in the History of Physical Education |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=Oxon |pages=21-22}}</ref> Whilst it is unclear to what extent such positions applied to women's training throughout history, it is clear that intense physical exercise and full contact games have been avoided in general. There are however notable exceptions, such as the [[Amazon]] warrioresses whose profession necessitated being able to compete in an intensely physical environment.

The more common exercises which were undertaken by women include running (including sprinting), light stone or shot put, light dumbbell exercises, archery, fencing, swinging Indian clubs, swimming, ball games, racket sports, and various forms of gymnastics. The [[Heraean Games]] were the women’s equivalent of the [[Ancient Olympic Games]] and took place prior to the men’s competitions. According to the historian E. Norman Gardinier:
{{Quote| At the festival there were races for maidens of various ages. Their course was 500 feet, or one-sixth less than the men's stadium. The maidens ran with their hair down their backs, a short tunic reaching just below the knee, and their right shoulder bare to the breast. The victors received crowns of olive and a share of the heifer sacrificed to [[Hera]]. They had, too, the right of setting up their statues in the [[Heraeum]].<ref>Gardiner, E. Norman, 'The Rise of the Athletic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sport and Festivals'', London:MacMillan, 1910, pp. 47–48</ref> }} It is notable that historical artwork which depicts women, on average, shows them with significantly smaller breasts than women in the modern day. Women athletes and warrioresses tend to be represented either not wearing any form of breast support or, more rarely, use a breast band, such as is demonstrated in the Roman 'bikini girls' mosaic.

<gallery mode= style="text-align:left"gallery widths="170px" heights="170px">
File:Greek Runner Maiden 2.png|thumb|A victress of the Heraean Games, represented near the start of a race.
File:Spartan running girl (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bronze figure of a [[Bronze Statuette of Athletic Spartan Girl|running woman]]. The baring of one breast was a sign that a woman was engaging in athletics or warfare. British Museum, 520-500 B.C.
File:Amazzone ferita - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|A statue of a wounded [[Amazon]], who were warrioresses with a preference for archery. [[Musei Capitolini]], 5th Century B.C.
File:Villa romana bikini girls.JPG|thumb|This mosaic shows Roman women engaged in athletic activities such as swinging a discus, hitting a ball to each other, and stepping whilst using dumbbells. [[Villa del Casale|Villa Romana del Casale]], 4th Century A.D.
File:Calisthenics, 1867. Granger Collection.jpg|thumb|Calisthenics in a gym environemnt. The exercises include [[olympic rings]], climbing the underside of a ladder, [[Balance beam|balance beams]], and spinning around a high horizontal bar. Granger Collection, 1867.
</gallery>


==SOURCES==
==SOURCES==

Revision as of 15:50, 18 November 2020

Grounding (earthing) culture

See also: Bioelectricity and Electromagnetic radiation and health
An extendable ESD band in a sock is a cheap and effective grounding method
A zippable grounding (earthing) sheet laced with silver thread

Grounding, or earthing, are the names given to the cultural practice of people grounding themselves for health and spiritual reasons. People who ground themselves for health reasons, consider that due to modern electromagnetic transmissions and fields that they are exposed to unnaturally high levels of electromagnetic radiation which negatively interferes with their health. They consider that the body is a bioelectrical system (electricity is used in the nervous system and in cell activity for example) and that increasing the presence of electromagnetic radiation within it can disrupt its natural bioelectrical balance, put stress on the immune system and lead to poor health. Some people are especially sensitive to electromagnetic radiation and suffer significant symptoms based upon exposure, such as depression, anxiety, and fatigue.[1] Some people have also found that being grounded helped to alleviate these symptoms, as well as other symptoms of poor health.[2][3][4] In order to negate the various electromagnetic transmissions and fields which proliferate in a standard residential premises, a person who grounds themselves for health reasons transfers the received dose to earth through a grounding device, which is designed so that they can incorporate it into their everyday life. For example, they may ground themselves whilst working on their laptop through a grounding mat which they rest their wrists on, or whilst asleep through a grounding sheet, or with an ESD strap etc. Some athletes, most notably on the Tour de France, have also found that recovery times improved when they grounded themsleves during sleep.[5]

People who are interested in grounding for spiritual reasons believe that through the process of grounding they form a more harmonious connection with the Earth and its respective energies. Grounding practices for spiritual reasons often include walking barefoot in countryside locations or touching the ground directly with the hand etc. In addition to allowing the channelling of excess electromagnetic radiation to earth, many people also believe that they receive positive energy from the earth when directly connected to it in this regard.[6][7]



SOURCES

https://hroarr.com/article/take-great-pains-in-your-knightly-practices-a-brief-review-of-medieval-and-renaissance-training-methodologies/ Wikimedia commons- lots of good ones on De Arte Gymnastica Gardinier

File:Amazzone mattei.jpg|thumb|150px|Amazzone mattei File:The work of the Turner Societies (American Gymnastic Union) - a catechism (IA workofturnersoci00weie).pdf|thumb|The work of the Turner Societies (American Gymnastic Union) - a catechism (IA workofturnersoci00weie) File:Athletes mosaics from the Baths of Caracalla 2.jpg|thumb|Athletes mosaics from the Baths of Caracalla 2 File:De arte gymnastica libri sex. Wellcome L0069897.jpg|thumb|De arte gymnastica libri sex. Wellcome L0069897 File:Hieronymi Mercvrialis De arte gymnastica libri sex - in quibus exercitationum omnium vetustarum genera, loca, modi, facultates, and quidquid deniq. ad corporis humani exercitationes pertinet, (14776938381).jpg|thumb| File:GEORGE GEORGANTAS.jpg|thumb|GEORGE GEORGANTAS

Berlin Painter ARV 197 6 discus thrower - jumper (04)
Berlin Painter ARV 197 6 discus thrower - jumper (04) (cropped)
De Fechtbuch Talhoffer 165
  • Children's outdoor gymnasium circa 19th Century
    Children's outdoor gymnasium circa 19th Century
  • The work of the Turner Societies (American Gymnastic Union) - a catechism (IA workofturnersoci00weie)
    The work of the Turner Societies (American Gymnastic Union) - a catechism (IA workofturnersoci00weie)
  • Gymnasium-wood-engraving-Young-Mens-Christian-Association-June-16-1888 (cropped)
    Gymnasium-wood-engraving-Young-Mens-Christian-Association-June-16-1888 (cropped)

'All morning long to God they pray, and after noon they laugh and play. They wrestle and they fence with swords, they throw big stones, and serve great lords. Manly exercises are their sports, they have good luck in princely courts.' A housebook of c. 1482[8]

  1. ^ L. Pall, Martin. "Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression". Science Direct. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  2. ^ Rosch (ed.), Paul J. (2015). Bioelectromagnetic and Subtle Energy Medicine. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. pp. 3–4, 431, 436, 439. ISBN 978-1-4822-3320-9. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ Latz, Tracy. "Testimony of a psychiatrist – Shifting Lives with Earthing – Grounding to the earth". Earthing Vitality. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  4. ^ Stephen T. Sinatra, MD, FACC; James L. Oschman, PhD; Gaétan Chevalier, PhD; Drew Sinatra, ND, LAc. "Electric Nutrition: The Surprising Health and Healing Benefits of Biological Grounding (Earthing)". Research Gate. Alternative Therapies. Retrieved 9 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Wells, Katie. "Earthing & Grounding: Legit or Hype? (How to & When Not To)". Wellness Mama. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  6. ^ Lockett, Eleesha. "Grounding: Exploring Earthing Science and the Benefits Behind It". healthline. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  7. ^ Gaétan Chevalier, Stephen T. Sinatra, James L. Oschman, Karol Sokal, Pawel Sokal. "Earthing: Health Implications of Reconnecting the Human Body to the Earth's Surface Electrons". NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information). Journal of Environmental and Public Health. Retrieved 9 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Clements, John. "Using the "F" Word – The Role of Fitness in Historical Fencing". ARMA (The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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