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==How the VisualEditor writes it[[Category:X1]]== |
==How the VisualEditor writes it[[Category:X1]]== |
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Death 'n' Roll (from ''death'' metal and rock ''<nowiki>'n' roll</nowiki>'' is... |
Death 'n' Roll (from ''death'' metal and rock ''<nowiki>'n' roll</nowiki>)'' is... |
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Death 'n' Roll (from ''[[Death metal|death]]''[[Death metal| metal]] and [[Rock 'n' roll|rock ''<nowiki>'n' roll</nowiki>'']]) is |
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Somewhere around a billion years ago,[1] a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or an internal parasite,[2] and managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in.[3]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bilbo_Bols%C3%B3n.png/114px-Bilbo_Bols%C3%B3n.png)
The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts[4] correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium's gram negative cell wall,[5][6][7] and not the phagosomal membrane from the host, which was probably lost.[7] The new cellular resident quickly became an advantage, providing food for the eukaryotic host, which allowed it to live within it.[2] Over time, the cyanobacterium was assimilated, and many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host.[8] Some of its proteins were then synthesized in the cytoplasm of the host cell, and imported back into the chloroplast.[8][9]
This event is called endosymbiosis, or "cell living inside another cell". The cell living inside the other cell is called the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont is found inside the host cell.[2]
Chloroplasts are believed to have arisen after mitochondria, since all eukaryotes contain mitochondria, but not all have chloroplasts.[2][10] This is called serial endosymbiosis—an early eukaryote engulfing the mitochondrion ancestor, and some descendants of it then engulfing the chloroplast ancestor, creating a cell with both chloroplasts and mitochondria.[2]
Whether or not chloroplasts came from a single endosymbiotic event, or many independent engulfments across various eukaryotic lineages has been long debated, but it is now generally held that all organisms with chloroplasts either share a single ancestor or obtained their chloroplast from organisms that share a common ancestor that took in a cyanobacterium 600–1600 million years ago.[1]
These chloroplasts, which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor are known as primary plastids[11] ("plastid" in this context means the almost the same thing as chloroplast[2]). All primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages—the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage.[12] The second two are the largest,[7] and the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land plants.[7]
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Death 'n' Roll (from death metal and rock 'n' roll) is...
Death 'n' Roll (from death metal and rock 'n' roll) is
- ^ a b McFadden, Geoffrey I (NaN undefined NaN). "Evolution: Red Algal Genome Affirms a Common Origin of All Plastids". Current Biology. 14 (13): R514–R516. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.06.041. PMID 15242632. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f Biology 8th Edition Campbell & Reece. Benjamin Cummings (Pearson). 2009. p. 516.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Springer—The Chloroplast—Chloroplast shapes
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Chloroplasts". Kimball's Biology Pages. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ Joyard J Block MA, Douce R (1991). "Molecular aspects of plastid envelope biochemistry". Eur J Biochem. 199 (3): 489–509. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16148.x. PMID 1868841.
- ^ "Chloroplast". Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ a b c d Keeling, Patrick J (2004). "Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1481–93. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481. PMID 21652304. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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ignored (help) - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
PlantPhysiology-ChloroplastOrigin
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Archibald, J.M. (2009). "The Puzzle of Plastid Evolution". Current biology. 19 (2): R81–R88. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.067. PMID 19174147.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Wise—Plastid diversity
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Plastid endosymbiosis
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