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| discontinued = {{Start date and age|1979}}<ref>[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=596 OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
| discontinued = {{Start date and age|1979}}<ref>[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=596 OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
| os = Datapoint O/S
| os = Datapoint O/S
| cpu = 8-bit based, bit-serial, made from standard [[Transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] components. The [[Intel 8008]] was a nearly 100% compatible, but 8-bit parallel, [[Integrated circuit#SSI.2C MSI.2C LSI|LSI]] implementation.
| cpu = [[8-bit]] [[instruction set architecture|ISA]], [[1-bit]] [[microarchitecture|µarch]], made from standard [[Transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] components. The [[Intel 8008]] was a nearly 100% compatible, but 8-bit parallel, [[Integrated circuit#SSI.2C MSI.2C LSI|LSI]] implementation.
| memory = 2 [[kilobyte|KB]] standard; expandable to 16&nbsp;KB
| memory = 2 [[kilobyte|KB]] standard; expandable to 16&nbsp;KB
| display = Text only, 80&times;12 characters
| display = Text only, 80&times;12 characters
}}
}}
The '''Datapoint 2200''' was a mass-produced desktop [[personal computer]], designed by [[Datapoint|Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC)]] founders Phil Ray and Gus Roche<ref name="wood">{{cite magazine|first=Lamont|last=Wood|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2532590/forgotten-pc-history--the-true-origins-of-the-personal-computer.html|title=Forgotten PC history: The true origins of the personal computer|magazine=Computerworld|date=August 8, 2008}}</ref> and announced by CTC in June 1970 (with units shipping in 1971). It was initially presented by CTC simply as a versatile and cost-efficient terminal for connecting to a wide variety of [[mainframe computer|mainframe]]s by loading various terminal [[emulator|emulation]]s from tape rather than being hardwired as most contemporary terminals, including their earlier [[Datapoint 3300]].<ref name="lamont-wood-book">{{cite book|title=Datapoint: The Lost Story of the Texans Who Invented the Personal Computer|first=Lamont|last=Wood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idTeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT102|publisher=Hugo House Publishers, Ltd.|year=2013|isbn=9781936449361|pages=102-103}}</ref> However, Dave Gust, a CTC salesman, realized that the 2200 could meet [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury Foods]]'s need for a small computer in the field, after which the 2200 was marketed as a stand-alone computer.<ref name="lamont-wood-book"/> Its industrial designer [[John Frassanito|John "Jack" Frassanito]] has later claimed that Ray and Roche always intended the Datapoint 2200 to be a full-blown [[personal computer]], but that they chose to keep quiet about this so as not to concern investors and others.<ref name="wood" /><ref name="weinkrantz">{{cite web|first=Allen|last=Weinkrantz|url=http://www.alanweinkrantz.com/san-antonio-has-claim-as-the-birthplace-of-the-personal-computer-read-all-about-it/|title=San Antonio Has Claim As The Birthplace of the Personal Computer. Read All About It.|date=June 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040904/http://www.alanweinkrantz.com/san-antonio-has-claim-as-the-birthplace-of-the-personal-computer-read-all-about-it/|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> Also significant is the fact that the terminal's multi-chip [[central processing unit|CPU]] (processor)'s [[instruction set architecture|instruction set]] became the basis of the [[Intel 8008]] instruction set, which inspired the [[Intel 8080]] instruction set and the [[x86]] instruction set used in the processors for the original [[IBM PC]] and its descendants.
The '''Datapoint 2200''' was a mass-produced desktop [[personal computer]], designed by [[Datapoint|Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC)]] founders Phil Ray and Gus Roche<ref name="wood">{{cite magazine|first=Lamont|last=Wood|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2532590/forgotten-pc-history--the-true-origins-of-the-personal-computer.html|title=Forgotten PC history: The true origins of the personal computer|magazine=Computerworld|date=August 8, 2008}}</ref> and announced by CTC in June 1970 (with units shipping in 1971). It was initially presented by CTC simply as a versatile and cost-efficient terminal for connecting to a wide variety of [[mainframe computer|mainframe]]s by loading various terminal [[emulator|emulation]]s from tape rather than being hardwired as most contemporary terminals, including their earlier [[Datapoint 3300]].<ref name="lamont-wood-book">{{cite book|title=Datapoint: The Lost Story of the Texans Who Invented the Personal Computer|first=Lamont|last=Wood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idTeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT102|publisher=Hugo House Publishers, Ltd.|year=2013|isbn=9781936449361|pages=102-103}}</ref> However, Dave Gust, a CTC salesman, realized that the 2200 could meet [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury Foods]]'s need for a small computer in the field, after which the 2200 was marketed as a stand-alone computer.<ref name="lamont-wood-book"/> Its industrial designer [[John Frassanito|John "Jack" Frassanito]] has later claimed that Ray and Roche always intended the Datapoint 2200 to be a full-blown [[personal computer]], but that they chose to keep quiet about this so as not to concern investors and others.<ref name="wood" /><ref name="weinkrantz">{{cite web|first=Allen|last=Weinkrantz|url=http://www.alanweinkrantz.com/san-antonio-has-claim-as-the-birthplace-of-the-personal-computer-read-all-about-it/|title=San Antonio Has Claim As The Birthplace of the Personal Computer. Read All About It.|date=June 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040904/http://www.alanweinkrantz.com/san-antonio-has-claim-as-the-birthplace-of-the-personal-computer-read-all-about-it/|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> Also significant is the fact that the terminal's multi-chip [[central processing unit|CPU]] (processor)'s [[instruction set architecture|instruction set]] became the basis of the [[Intel 8008]] instruction set, which inspired the [[Intel 8080]] instruction set and the [[x86]] instruction set used in the processors for the original [[IBM PC]] and its descendants.


== Technical description ==
== Technical description ==
The Datapoint 2200 had a built-in full-travel [[computer keyboard|keyboard]], a built-in 12-line, 80-column [[green-screen display|green screen]] monitor, and two 47 character-per-inch [[cassette tape#Data recording|cassette tape]] drives each with 130&nbsp;[[kilobyte|KB]] capacity. Its size, {{convert|9+5/8|x|18+1/2|x|19+5/8|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and shape&mdash;a box with protruding keyboard&mdash;approximated that of an [[IBM Selectric typewriter]].<ref name="2200RefMan">{{cite book|title=Datapoint 2200 Reference Manual Version I and Version II|date=1972|publisher=Datapoint Corporation|url=http://history-computer.com/Library/2200_Reference_Manual.pdf}}</ref> Initially, a [[Diablo Data Systems|Diablo]] 2.5 MB 2315-type removable cartridge [[hard disk drive]] was available, along with [[modems]], several types of [[serial interface]], [[parallel interface]], [[Computer printer|printers]] and a [[punched card]] reader. Later, an 8-inch [[floppy disk]] drive was also made available, along with other, larger [[hard disk]] drives. An industry-compatible 7/9-track (user selectable) magnetic tape drive was available by 1975. In late 1977, Datapoint introduced [[ARCnet]] local area networking. The original Type 1 2200 shipped with 2 [[kilobyte]]s of serial shift register [[main memory]], expandable to 8K. The Type 2 2200 used denser 1 [[kilobit|kbit]] [[random-access memory|RAM]] chips, giving it a default 4K of memory, expandable to 16K. Its starting price was around US $5,000 ({{Inflation|US|5000|1971|r=-3|fmt=eq}}), and a full 16K Type 2 2200 had a list price of just over $14,000.
The Datapoint 2200 had a built-in full-travel [[computer keyboard|keyboard]], a built-in 12-line, 80-column [[green-screen display|green screen]] monitor, and two 47 character-per-inch [[cassette tape#Data recording|cassette tape]] drives each with 130&nbsp;[[kilobyte|KB]] capacity. Its size, {{convert|9+5/8|x|18+1/2|x|19+5/8|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and shape&mdash;a box with protruding keyboard&mdash;approximated that of an [[IBM Selectric typewriter]].<ref name="2200RefMan">{{cite book|title=Datapoint 2200 Reference Manual Version I and Version II|date=1972|publisher=Datapoint Corporation|url=http://history-computer.com/Library/2200_Reference_Manual.pdf}}</ref> Initially, a [[Diablo Data Systems|Diablo]] 2.5 MB 2315-type removable cartridge [[hard disk drive]] was available, along with [[modems]], several types of [[serial interface]], [[parallel interface]], [[Computer printer|printers]] and a [[punched card]] reader. Later, an 8-inch [[floppy disk]] drive was also made available, along with other, larger [[hard disk]] drives. An industry-compatible 7/9-track (user selectable) magnetic tape drive was available by 1975. In late 1977, Datapoint introduced [[ARCnet]] local area networking. The original Type 1 2200 shipped with 2 [[kilobyte]]s of serial shift register [[main memory]], expandable to 8K. The Type 2 2200 used denser 1 [[kilobit|kbit]] [[random-access memory|RAM]] chips, giving it a default 4K of memory, expandable to 16K. Its starting price was around US $5,000 ({{Inflation|US|5000|1971|r=-3|fmt=eq}}), and a full 16K Type 2 2200 had a list price of just over $14,000.


The 2200 models were succeeded by the 5500, 1100, 6600, 3800/1800, 8800, etc.
The 2200 models were succeeded by the 5500, 1100, 6600, 3800/1800, 8800, etc.
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CTC released the Datapoint 2200 using about 100 [[Transistor–transistor logic|TTL]] components ([[Integrated circuit#SSI|SSI/MSI]] chips) instead of a microprocessor, while Intel's single-chip design, eventually designated the [[Intel 8008]], was finally released in April 1972.<ref>{{cite book| last=Thompson Kaye|first=Glynnis |title=A Revolution in Progress - A History to Date of Intel |publisher=Intel Corporation |year=1984 |pages=13 |url=https://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/General/15yrs.pdf}} "The 8-bit 8008 microprocessor had been developed in tandem with the 4004 and was introduced in April 1972. It was originally intended to be a custom chip for Computer Terminals Corp. of Texas, later to be known as Datapoint." "As it developed, CTC rejected the 8008 because it was too slow for the company's purpose and required too many supporting chips."</ref>
CTC released the Datapoint 2200 using about 100 [[Transistor–transistor logic|TTL]] components ([[Integrated circuit#SSI|SSI/MSI]] chips) instead of a microprocessor, while Intel's single-chip design, eventually designated the [[Intel 8008]], was finally released in April 1972.<ref>{{cite book| last=Thompson Kaye|first=Glynnis |title=A Revolution in Progress - A History to Date of Intel |publisher=Intel Corporation |year=1984 |pages=13 |url=https://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/General/15yrs.pdf}} "The 8-bit 8008 microprocessor had been developed in tandem with the 4004 and was introduced in April 1972. It was originally intended to be a custom chip for Computer Terminals Corp. of Texas, later to be known as Datapoint." "As it developed, CTC rejected the 8008 because it was too slow for the company's purpose and required too many supporting chips."</ref>


⚫
Even though the Datapoint 2200 [[processor (computing)|processor]] design employed a [[1-bit]] [[microarchitecture]], operating serially one bit at a time, it performed faster than the [[Intel 8008]] [[microprocessor]] which employed an [[8-bit]] [[microarchitecture]].<ref name="shirrif">{{cite web|first=Ken|last=Shirrif|url=https://www.righto.com/2015/05/the-texas-instruments-tmx-1795-first.html|title=The Texas Instruments TMX 1795: the first, forgotten microprocessor}}</ref>
Even though the Datapoint 2200 operated one bit at a time as a [[serial computer]],
⚫
the DataPoint 2200 performed faster than the 8008 chip.<ref name="shirrif">{{cite web|first=Ken|last=Shirrif|url=https://www.righto.com/2015/05/the-texas-instruments-tmx-1795-first.html|title=The Texas Instruments TMX 1795: the first, forgotten microprocessor}}</ref>


Possibly because of their speed advantages compared to MOS circuits, Datapoint continued to build processors out of TTL chips until the early 1980s.<ref name="shirrif" />
Possibly because of their speed advantages compared to MOS circuits, Datapoint continued to build processors out of TTL chips until the early 1980s.<ref name="shirrif" />
Line 36: Line 35:


==Specifications==
==Specifications==
'''Main unit'''
'''Main unit'''


* CPU: 8-bit, made from standard [[Transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] components. The [[Intel 8008]] was a nearly 100% compatible [[Integrated circuit#SSI.2C MSI.2C LSI|LSI]] implementation.
* Processor: [[8-bit]] CPU [[instruction set architecture]], with a [[1-bit]] [[microarchitecture]] made from standard [[transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] components. The [[Intel 8008]] was a nearly 100% compatible [[8-bit]] [[microarchitecture]] design and [[large-scale integration|LSI]] [[microprocessor]] implementation.
* RAM: 2K, expandable to 16K
* Memory: 2K RAM, expandable to 16K
* Display: Text only, 80&times;12 characters
* Display: Text only, 80×12 characters
* Storage: 2 tape drives, optional 8-inch [[Shugart bus|Shugart]] floppy drive
* Storage: 2 tape drives, optional 8-inch [[Shugart bus|Shugart]] floppy drive


Line 57: Line 56:
*[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=596 Information about the Datapoint 2200 at OLD-COMPUTERS.COM] &ndash; Including a picture of the terminal
*[https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=596 Information about the Datapoint 2200 at OLD-COMPUTERS.COM] &ndash; Including a picture of the terminal
*[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/datapoint/2200/ Datapoint documentation] on bitsavers.org
*[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/datapoint/2200/ Datapoint documentation] on bitsavers.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061219012629/http://home.comcast.net/~gordonepeterson2/schaller_dissertation_2004.pdf Page with links to a doctoral thesis about early microprocessor history, with lots of details about Datapoint's role]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061219012629/http://home.comcast.net/~gordonepeterson2/schaller_dissertation_2004.pdf Page with links to a doctoral thesis about early microprocessor history, with lots of details about Datapoint's role]
*[https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/man-who-invented-pc-1 The man who invented the PC]
*[https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/man-who-invented-pc-1 The man who invented the PC]
*[http://www.datapoint.org datapoint.org: Unofficial Datapoint Organization WEB site]
*[http://www.datapoint.org datapoint.org: Unofficial Datapoint Organization WEB site]

Revision as of 11:06, 30 March 2020

Datapoint 2200 computer
Datapoint 2200 computer
ManufacturerComputer Terminal Corporation
TypePersonal computer
Release dateJune 1970; 54 years ago (1970-06)
Discontinued1979; 45 years ago (1979)[1]
Operating systemDatapoint O/S
CPU8-bit ISA, 1-bit µarch, made from standard TTL components. The Intel 8008 was a nearly 100% compatible, but 8-bit parallel, LSI implementation.
Memory2 KB standard; expandable to 16 KB
DisplayText only, 80×12 characters

The Datapoint 2200 was a mass-produced desktop personal computer, designed by Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC) founders Phil Ray and Gus Roche[2] and announced by CTC in June 1970 (with units shipping in 1971). It was initially presented by CTC simply as a versatile and cost-efficient terminal for connecting to a wide variety of mainframes by loading various terminal emulations from tape rather than being hardwired as most contemporary terminals, including their earlier Datapoint 3300.[3] However, Dave Gust, a CTC salesman, realized that the 2200 could meet Pillsbury Foods's need for a small computer in the field, after which the 2200 was marketed as a stand-alone computer.[3] Its industrial designer John "Jack" Frassanito has later claimed that Ray and Roche always intended the Datapoint 2200 to be a full-blown personal computer, but that they chose to keep quiet about this so as not to concern investors and others.[2][4] Also significant is the fact that the terminal's multi-chip CPU (processor)'s instruction set became the basis of the Intel 8008 instruction set, which inspired the Intel 8080 instruction set and the x86 instruction set used in the processors for the original IBM PC and its descendants.

Technical description

The Datapoint 2200 had a built-in full-travel keyboard, a built-in 12-line, 80-column green screen monitor, and two 47 character-per-inch cassette tape drives each with 130 KB capacity. Its size, 9+5⁄8 in × 18+1⁄2 in × 19+5⁄8 in (24 cm × 47 cm × 50 cm), and shape—a box with protruding keyboard—approximated that of an IBM Selectric typewriter.[5] Initially, a Diablo 2.5 MB 2315-type removable cartridge hard disk drive was available, along with modems, several types of serial interface, parallel interface, printers and a punched card reader. Later, an 8-inch floppy disk drive was also made available, along with other, larger hard disk drives. An industry-compatible 7/9-track (user selectable) magnetic tape drive was available by 1975. In late 1977, Datapoint introduced ARCnet local area networking. The original Type 1 2200 shipped with 2 kilobytes of serial shift register main memory, expandable to 8K. The Type 2 2200 used denser 1 kbit RAM chips, giving it a default 4K of memory, expandable to 16K. Its starting price was around US $5,000 (equivalent to $38,000 in 2023), and a full 16K Type 2 2200 had a list price of just over $14,000.

The 2200 models were succeeded by the 5500, 1100, 6600, 3800/1800, 8800, etc.

The seed of the x86 architecture

The original design called for a single-chip 8-bit microprocessor for the CPU, rather than a processor built from discrete TTL modules as was conventional at the time. In 1969, CTC contracted two companies, Intel and Texas Instruments, to make the chip. TI was unable to make a reliable part and dropped out. Intel was unable to make CTC's deadline. Intel and CTC renegotiated their contract, ending up with CTC keeping its money and Intel keeping the eventually completed processor.[2]

CTC released the Datapoint 2200 using about 100 TTL components (SSI/MSI chips) instead of a microprocessor, while Intel's single-chip design, eventually designated the Intel 8008, was finally released in April 1972.[6]

Even though the Datapoint 2200 processor design employed a 1-bit microarchitecture, operating serially one bit at a time, it performed faster than the Intel 8008 microprocessor which employed an 8-bit microarchitecture.[7]

Possibly because of their speed advantages compared to MOS circuits, Datapoint continued to build processors out of TTL chips until the early 1980s.[7]

Nonetheless the 8008 was to have a seminal importance. It was the basis of Intel's line of 8-bit CPUs, which was followed by their assembly language compatible 16-bit CPUs — the first members of the x86 family, as the instruction set was later to be known. Already successful and widely used, the x86 architecture's further rise after the success in 1981 of the original IBM Personal Computer with an Intel 8088 CPU means that most desktop, laptop and server computers in use today have a CPU instruction set directly based on the work of CTC's engineers. The instruction set of the highly successful Zilog Z80 microprocessor can also be traced back to the Datapoint 2200 as the Z80 was backwards-compatible with the Intel 8080. More immediately, the Intel 8008 was adopted by very early microcomputers including the SCELBI, MCM/70 and Micral N.

Credits

The original instruction set architecture was developed by Victor Poor and Harry Pyle.[8] The TTL design they ended up using was made by Gary Asbell. Industrial design (how the box's exterior looked, including the company's logo) was done by Jack Frassanito.[2]

Specifications

Main unit

Peripherals

Users of the 2200 and succeeding terminals eventually had several optional units to choose from. Among these were

References

  1. ^ OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum
  2. ^ a b c d Wood, Lamont (August 8, 2008). "Forgotten PC history: The true origins of the personal computer". Computerworld.
  3. ^ a b Wood, Lamont (2013). Datapoint: The Lost Story of the Texans Who Invented the Personal Computer. Hugo House Publishers, Ltd. pp. 102–103. ISBN 9781936449361.
  4. ^ Weinkrantz, Allen (June 2, 2009). "San Antonio Has Claim As The Birthplace of the Personal Computer. Read All About It". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  5. ^ Datapoint 2200 Reference Manual Version I and Version II (PDF). Datapoint Corporation. 1972.
  6. ^ Thompson Kaye, Glynnis (1984). A Revolution in Progress - A History to Date of Intel (PDF). Intel Corporation. p. 13. "The 8-bit 8008 microprocessor had been developed in tandem with the 4004 and was introduced in April 1972. It was originally intended to be a custom chip for Computer Terminals Corp. of Texas, later to be known as Datapoint." "As it developed, CTC rejected the 8008 because it was too slow for the company's purpose and required too many supporting chips."
  7. ^ a b Shirrif, Ken. "The Texas Instruments TMX 1795: the first, forgotten microprocessor".
  8. ^ Dalakov, Georgi (April 23, 2014). "History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, Personal computer, Datapoint 2200".
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