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<i>From the [[CIA World Factbook]] 2000. Not Wikified.</i>
{{short description|Country in South America}}
{{about|the country in South America}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Coord|34|S|71|W|display=title}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Chile
| native_name = {{{nobold|{{native name|es|República de Chile}}}}}
| common_name = Chile
| name = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Chile.svg
| alt_flag =
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Chile (c).svg
| national_motto = {{vunblist |{{lang|es|Por la razón o la fuerza}} |{{raise|0.45em |{{small|(English: "By Right or Might")}}&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web|title=100 peso Coin |url=http://www.bcentral.cl/eng/banknotes-coins/coins/m0100.htm |work=[[Central Bank of Chile]] |access-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510231608/http://www.bcentral.cl/eng/banknotes-coins/coins/m0100.htm |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|Often translated literally as, "By Reason or (by) Force"}}}}
| national_anthem = "[[National Anthem of Chile|Himno Nacional de Chile]]"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.5em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - National Anthem of Chile.ogg|center]]</div>
| image_map = File:CHL orthographic (+all claims).svg
| map_width = 260px
| alt_map =
| map_caption = Chilean territory in dark green; [[Chilean Antarctic Territory|claimed but uncontrolled territory]] in light green
| capital = [[Santiago]]<sup>a</sup>
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|26|S|70|40|W|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages =
| languages_type = [[National language]]
| languages = [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish]]
| demonym = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Chileans|Chilean]]}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 89% [[White Latin Americans|White]] or [[Mestizo]]
| 10.8% [[Indigenous peoples in Chile|Indigenous]]
| —9.1% [[Mapuche]]
| —0.7% [[Aymara people|Aymara]]
| —1.0% Other indigenous groups
| 0.3% Unspecified
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2012
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=CIA>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Chile |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2016 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/ |access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>
| religion = 86.2% [[Christianity]]<br />—66.7% [[Catholic Church in Chile|Roman Catholic]]<br />—16.4% [[Protestantism|Protestant]]<br />—3.5% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]<br />11.5% [[Irreligion in Latin America|No religion]]<br />0.9% Other [[Religion in Chile|religion]]s<br />1.1% Unspecified
| religion_ref = <ref name=CIA/><ref name=CENSUS2012>{{cite web|url=https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/site/artic/20130425/asocfile/20130425190105/resultados_censo_2012_poblacion_vivienda_tomosiyii.pdf|title=Resultados XVIII Censo de Población|date=2012}}</ref>
| religion_year = 2012
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Chile|President]]
| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Sebastián Piñera]]}}
| leader_title2 = [[President of the Senate of Chile|President of the Senate]]
| leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Adriana Muñoz (politician)|Adriana Muñoz]]}}
| leader_title3 = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
| leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Diego Paulsen]]}}
| legislature = [[National Congress of Chile|National Congress]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Chile|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[Spain]]
| established_event1 = [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government Junta]]
| established_date1 = 18 September 1810
| established_event2 = [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|Declared]]
| established_date2 = 12 February 1818
| established_event3 = Recognized
| established_date3 = 25 April 1844
| established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Chile|Current constitution]]}}
| established_date4 = 11 September 1980
| area_rank = 37th
| area_km2 = 756,096.3<ref name="ce2006">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/publicaciones/compendio_estadistico/pdf/2006/compendio2006.pdf |title=Compendio estadístico 2006 |access-date=29 November 2007 |author=Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas |date=October 2006|author-link=National Statistics Institute (Chile) }}</ref>
| area_sq_mi = 291,930.4
| area_footnote =
| percent_water = 2.1 (as of 2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=2020-10-11|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#}}</ref>
| population_census = 17,574,003<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2017.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Presentacion_Resultados_Definitivos_Censo2017.pdf|title=RESULTADOS CENSO 2017|work=RESULTADOS DEFINITIVOS CENSO 2017|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National Statistics Institute]]|date=1 January 2018|access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref>
| population_census_rank = 64th
| population_census_year = 2017
| population_density_km2 = 24
| population_density_sq_mi = 61
| population_density_rank = 198th
| GDP_PPP = {{decrease}} $456.394 billion<ref name="imf">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=228,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2018&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020|publisher=International Monetary Fund|title=Chile|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 43rd
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} $23,455<ref name="imf" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 57th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $245.414 billion<ref name="imf" />
| GDP_nominal_rank = 45th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $12,612<ref name="imf" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 55th
| Gini_year = 2017
| Gini_change = steady
| Gini = 44.4 <!--number only-->
| Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CL |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |access-date= 4 April 2020}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI = 0.851 <!--number only-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 43rd
| currency = [[Chilean peso]]
| currency_code = CLP
| time_zone = {{nowrap|[[Time in Chile|CLT and EAST]]<sup>c</sup>}}
| utc_offset = −4 and −6
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST = -3 and −5
| DST_note = April to September
| antipodes =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyy
| drives_on = Right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Chile|+56]]
| iso3166code =
| cctld = [[.cl]]
| footnote_a = [[Politics of Chile#Legislative branch|Legislature]] is based in [[Valparaíso]].
| footnote_b = Includes Easter Island and [[Isla Salas y Gómez]]; does not include {{convert|1250000|km2}} of territory claimed in Antarctica.
}}


'''Chile''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-Chile-pronunciation.ogg|ˈ|tʃ|ɪ|l|i}}, {{IPAc-en|'|tʃ|ɪ|l|eɪ}};<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA-es|ˈtʃile|lang}}),{{refn|group=nb|In [[Chilean Spanish]], pronunciation ranges from {{IPA-es|ˈʃi.leː|}} ~ {{IPA-es|ˈt͡siːle|}} on a spectrum from lower to upper classes respectively, the former being a somewhat-stigmatized [[Post-creole continuum#Stratification|basilect]]. See [[Chilean Spanish#Sample|the Sample section]] for an [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcribed text in a lower-class form of the dialect.}} officially the '''Republic of Chile''' ({{Audio-es|República de Chile|RepChile.ogg}}), is a country in western [[South America]]. It occupies a long, narrow strip of land between the [[Andes]] to the east and the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the west. Chile covers an area of {{convert|756096|km2}} and has a population of 17.5 million as of 2017.<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2017.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Presentacion_Resultados_Definitivos_Censo2017.pdf|title=RESULTADOS CENSO 2017|work=RESULTADOS DEFINITIVOS CENSO 2017|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National Statistics Institute]]|date=1 January 2018|access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref> The capital and largest city is [[Santiago]] and the national language is Spanish.


Chile borders [[Peru]] to the north, [[Bolivia]] to the northeast, [[Argentina]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of [[Juan Fernández Islands|Juan Fernández]], [[Isla Salas y Gómez]], [[Desventuradas Islands|Desventuradas]], and [[Easter Island]] in [[Oceania]]. Chile also claims about {{convert|1250000|km2}} of [[Antarctica]] under the [[Chilean Antarctic Territory]].{{refn|group=nb|Since 1961, all claims to Antarctic land are ''[[de jure]]'' suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty System]]}}


* [[/History|History]]
[[Conquest of Chile|Spain conquered and colonized]] the region in the mid-16th century, replacing [[Incas in Central Chile|Inca rule]], but [[Arauco War|failing to conquer]] the independent [[Mapuche]] who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. After [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|declaring independence]] from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth, [[Occupation of Araucanía|ending Mapuche resistance]] in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–83) after defeating Peru and Bolivia. In the 1960s and 1970s, the country experienced severe left-right [[political polarization]] and turmoil. This development culminated with the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]] that overthrew [[Salvador Allende]]'s democratically elected left-wing government and instituted [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)|a 16-year right-wing military dictatorship]] of [[Augusto Pinochet]] that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing.<ref name="BBC-Chile"/> The regime ended in 1990 after a [[1988 Chilean national plebiscite|referendum in 1988]] and was succeeded by a [[Concertación|center-left coalition]] which ruled until 2010.


* [[/Geography|Geography]]
Chile is a [[World Bank high-income economy]] with high [[Standard of living|living standards]].<ref name="BBC-Chile"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> It is among South America's most economically and socially stable and prosperous nations and it leads [[Latin America]]n nations in rankings of [[Competition (companies)|competitiveness]], [[Median income|income per capita]], [[globalization]], [[Global Peace Index|state of peace]], [[economic freedom]], and [[Political corruption|low perception of corruption]].<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html |title=Human and income poverty: developing countries |work=UNDP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140250/http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.html |archive-date=12 February 2009 }}</ref> It also ranks high regionally in [[Fragile States Index|sustainability of the state]], and democratic development.<ref name="wdi">{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do |title=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |date=17 April 2012 |access-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> Currently it also has the [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate|lowest homicide rate in the Americas after Canada]]. Chile is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], the [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]] (CELAC) and the [[Pacific Alliance]], and joined the [[OECD]] in 2010.


* [[/People|People]]
==Etymology==<!--linked-->
There are various theories about the origin of the word ''Chile''. According to 17th-century Spanish chronicler [[Diego de Rosales]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225 |title=La Incógnita Sobre el Origen de la Palabra Chile |work=Chile.com |date=15 June 2000 |access-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415204553/http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225 |archive-date=15 April 2009 }}</ref> the [[Incas]] called the valley of the [[Aconcagua]] ''Chili'' by corruption of the name of a [[Picunche]] [[tribal chief]] ({{lang|es|[[cacique]]}}) called ''Tili'', who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest in the 15th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459648/Picunche |title=Picunche (people) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="encina">{{Cite book |last1=Encina |first1=Francisco A. |author2=Leopoldo Castedo |title=Resumen de la Historia de Chile |edition=4th |location=Santiago |page=44 |volume=I |publisher=Zig-Zag |year=1961 |url=http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/6293/chilenameuo6.jpg }}</ref> Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the [[Casma Valley]] in Peru, where there was a town and valley named ''Chili''.<ref name="encina"/>


* [[/Government|Government]]
Other theories say Chile may derive its name from a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] word meaning either 'ends of the earth' or 'sea gulls';<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://ea.grolier.com |title=Chile |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Americana |publisher=Grolier Online |year=2005 |access-date=2 March 2005 |quote=The name Chile is of Native American origin, meaning possibly 'ends of the earth' or simply 'sea gulls'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020721154758/http://ea.grolier.com/ |archive-date=21 July 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> from the Mapuche word {{lang|arn|chilli}}, which may mean 'where the land ends'"<ref name="hudson">{{cite web |editor-last=Hudson |editor-first=Rex A. |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html |title=Chile: A Country Study |work=GPO for the Library of Congress |year=1995 |access-date=27 February 2005 }}</ref> or from the [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] {{lang|qu|chiri}}, 'cold',<ref name="1911britannica">{{EB1911|wstitle=Chile |quote=derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow }}</ref> or {{lang|qu|tchili}}, meaning either 'snow'<ref name="1911britannica"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html |title=Chile (república) |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta Online |year=2005 |access-date=26 February 2005 |quote=The region was then known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning 'snow'. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510215421/http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html |archive-date=10 May 2008 }}</ref> or "the deepest point of the Earth".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pearson |first=Neale J. |url=http://gme.grolier.com |title=Chile |encyclopedia=Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia |publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing |year=2004 |access-date=2 March 2005 |quote=Chile's name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning 'the deepest point of the Earth'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990210101840/http://www.gme.grolier.com/ |archive-date=10 February 1999 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another origin attributed to ''chilli'' is the onomatopoeic {{lang|arn|cheele-cheele}}—the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a bird locally known as [[yellow-winged blackbird|trile]].<ref name="hudson"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Miguel |last=de Olivares y González SJ |title=Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en Chile |work=Colección de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional |year=1864 |orig-year=1736 |publisher=Imprenta del Ferrocarril |location=Santiago |volume=4 }}<!-- missing URL |url= |accessdate=14 October 2010--></ref>


* [[/Economy|Economy]]
The Spanish [[conquistadors]] heard about this name from the Incas, and the few survivors of [[Diego de Almagro]]'s first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535–36 called themselves the "men of Chilli".<ref name="hudson"/> Ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name ''Chile'', after naming the [[Mapocho River|Mapocho]] valley as such.<ref name="encina"/> The older spelling "Chili" was in use in English until at least 1900 before switching to "Chile".<ref>{{cite book|title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of noteworthy events of the year: 1900 |publisher=Appletons |location=New York |page=87 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s3appletonsann05newyuoft#page/87/mode/1up }}</ref>


* [[/Communications|Communications]]
==History==
{{Main|History of Chile}}


* [[/Transportation|Transportation]]
===Early history===
{{see also|Prehispanic history of Chile|Origin of the Mapuche}}
Stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the [[Monte Verde]] valley area as long as 18,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/people-roamed-tip-south-america-18500-years-ago | title=People roamed tip of South America 18,500 years ago | work=Science News | date=26 December 2015 | access-date=26 December 2015 | author=Bower, Bruce | pages=10}}</ref> About 10,000 years ago, migrating [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous Peoples]] settled in fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present-day Chile. Settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde, [[Cueva del Milodón]] and the [[Pali-Aike Crater]]'s [[lava tube]]. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the [[Mapuche]] (or Araucanians as they were known by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the [[Inca Empire]] to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization.<ref>{{cite book|title=Insight Guides: Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf8SnJ_ZJbkC&pg=PA27|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2002|publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group|isbn=978-981-234-890-6|page=27}}</ref> They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the [[Battle of the Maule]] was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the [[Maule river]].<ref name="countrystudies"/>


* [[/Military|Military]]
===Spanish colonization===
{{main|Conquest of Chile|Colonial Chile}}
[[File:Lautaro (de Pedro Subercaseaux).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Lautaro]], ''[[toqui]]'' and hero of the [[Arauco war]]]]


* [[/Transnational issues|Transnational Issues]]
In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the globe, [[Ferdinand Magellan]] discovered the southern passage now named after him (the [[Strait of Magellan]]) thus becoming the first European to set foot on what is now Chile. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of [[Conquistador|Spanish conquistadors]], who came from [[Peru]] in 1535 seeking gold. The Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture and hunting.<ref name="countrystudies"/>
[[File:Pedro de Valdivia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Pedro de Valdivia]], conqueror of Chile]]
The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by [[Pedro de Valdivia]], one of [[Francisco Pizarro]]'s lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the [[Spanish Empire]].<ref name="countrystudies"/>

Conquest took place gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks. A massive [[Mapuche]] insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of [[slavery]] by the Spanish crown in 1683 was done in recognition that enslaving the Mapuche intensified resistance rather than cowing them into submission. Despite royal prohibitions, relations remained strained from continual colonialist interference.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/storiadellaguer00caivgoog/storiadellaguer00caivgoog_djvu.txt |title=Bárbaros, page 66. David J. Weber }}</ref>

Cut off to the north by desert, to the south by the Mapuche, to the east by the Andes Mountains, and to the west by the ocean, Chile became one of the most centralized, homogeneous colonies in Spanish America. Serving as a sort of frontier [[garrison]], the colony found itself with the mission of forestalling encroachment by both the Mapuche and Spain's European enemies, especially the [[Kingdom of England|English]] and the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]]. [[Buccaneer]]s and [[Piracy|pirates]] menaced the colony in addition to the Mapuche, as was shown by [[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]]'s 1578 raid on Valparaíso, the colony's principal port. Chile hosted one of the largest standing armies in the Americas, making it one of the most militarized of the Spanish possessions, as well as a [[Real Situado|drain on the treasury of the Viceroyalty of Peru]].<ref name="hudson"/>

The first general census was conducted by the government of [[Agustín de Jáuregui]] between 1777 and 1778; it indicated that the population consisted of 259,646 inhabitants: 73.5 percent of [[White Latin American|European descent]], 7.9 percent [[mestizo]]s, 8.6 percent [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] and 9.8 percent blacks. Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province of [[Chiloé Province|Chiloé]], conducted a census in 1784 and found the population consisted of 26,703 inhabitants, 64.4 percent of whom were whites and 33.5 percent of whom were natives.

The Diocese of [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]] conducted a census in areas south of the [[Maule river]] in 1812, but did not include the indigenous population or the inhabitants of the province of Chiloé. The population is estimated at 210,567, 86.1 percent of whom were [[Spanish Chilean|Spanish]] or of European descent, 10 percent of whom were indigenous and 3.7 percent of whom were mestizos, blacks and [[mulatto]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1813.pdf |title=INE – Censo de 1813. Introducción }}</ref>

===Independence and nation building===
{{see also|Chilean War of Independence|War of the Pacific|Argentine–Chilean naval arms race}}
[[File:Ohiggins.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Bernardo O'Higgins]], ''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]'' and the Supreme Director of Chile]]
In 1808, [[Napoleon I|Napoleon's]] enthronement of his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph]] as the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish King]] precipitated the drive by the colony for [[Chilean War of Independence|independence from Spain]]. A national [[Junta (governing body)|junta]] in the name of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand]] – heir to the deposed king – was formed on 18 September 1810. The [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government Junta of Chile]] proclaimed Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy (in memory of this day, Chile celebrates its [[Fiestas Patrias (Chile)|National Day]] on 18 September each year).

After these events, a movement for total independence, under the command of [[José Miguel Carrera]] (one of the most renowned patriots) and his two brothers Juan José and [[Luis Carrera]], soon gained a wider following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the [[Reconquista (Spanish America)|Reconquista]] led to a prolonged struggle, including infighting from [[Bernardo O'Higgins]], who challenged Carrera's leadership.

Intermittent warfare continued until 1817. With Carrera in prison in Argentina, O'Higgins and anti-Carrera cohort [[José de San Martín]], hero of the [[Argentine War of Independence]], led [[Army of the Andes|an army]] that [[Crossing of the Andes|crossed the Andes]] into Chile and defeated the royalists. On 12 February 1818, [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|Chile was proclaimed an independent republic]]. The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th-century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

Chile slowly started to expand its influence and to establish its borders. By the Tantauco Treaty, the archipelago of Chiloé was incorporated in 1826. The economy began to boom due to the discovery of silver ore in Chañarcillo, and the growing trade of the port of Valparaíso, which led to conflict over maritime supremacy in the Pacific with Peru. At the same time, attempts were made to strengthen sovereignty in southern Chile intensifying [[Occupation of Araucanía|penetration into Araucanía]] and [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue|colonizing Llanquihue with German immigrants]] in 1848. Through the founding of [[Fort Bulnes]] by the [[Schooner Ancud]] under the command of [[John Williams Wilson]], the [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes region]] joined the country in 1843, while the [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta region]], at the time part of Bolivia, began to fill with people.

[[File:Sinking of the Esmeralda during the battle of Iquique.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Battle of Iquique]] on 21 May 1879. The victory of Chile in the [[War of the Pacific]] allowed its expansion into new territories.]]

Toward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by the [[Occupation of Araucanía]]. The [[Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]] confirmed Chilean sovereignty over the [[Strait of Magellan]]. As a result of the [[War of the Pacific]] with Peru and Bolivia (1879–83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable [[Caliche (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]] deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. Chile had joined the stand as one of the high-income countries in South America by 1870.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|last1= Baten |first1= Jörg |author-link= Jörg Baten |date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=137|isbn=9781107507180}}</ref>

The [[1891 Chilean Civil War]] brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] style democracy. However, the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Soon after, the country engaged in a [[Argentine–Chilean naval arms race|vastly expensive naval arms race]] with [[Argentina]] that nearly led to war.

===20th century===
{{see also|Parliamentary Era in Chile|1960 Valdivia earthquake|South American dreadnought race}}
[[File:Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Chile's ''Almirante Latorre'' [[dreadnought]] in 1921]]
The Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling [[oligarchy]]. By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, [[Arturo Alessandri]], whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. In the 1920s, [[Marxism|Marxist]] groups with strong popular support arose.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

A military coup led by General [[Luis Altamirano]] in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted until 1932. Of the ten governments that held power in that period, the longest lasting was that of General [[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]], who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a [[de facto]] dictatorship (although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to the type of military dictatorship that have often bedeviled the rest of Latin America).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Authoritarianism in Latin America since independence|last=Fowler|first=Will|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=University of Virginia|isbn=0-313-29843-2|pages=30–96}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Frazier|first=Lessie Jo |title=Salt in the Sand: Memory, Violence, and the Nation-State in Chile, 1890 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQU-GYGeVSEC&pg=PA163|access-date=14 July 2013|date=17 July 2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4003-4|pages=163–184}}</ref>

By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period of [[Radical Party (Chile)|Radical Party]] dominance (1932–52), the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez del Campo to office for another six years. [[Jorge Alessandri]] succeeded Ibáñez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term.

The [[1964 Chilean presidential election|1964 presidential election]] of [[Christian Democrat Party of Chile|Christian Democrat]] [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] by an [[absolute majority]] initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty", the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and [[agrarian reform]], including rural unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals.<ref name="countrystudies">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/chile/85.htm|title=Development and Breakdown of Democracy, 1830–1973|work=Country Studies|publisher=Library of Congress|date=31 March 1994}}</ref>

[[File:Salvador Allende Gossens-.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Salvador Allende]]]]

In the 1970 election, Senator [[Salvador Allende]] of the [[Socialist Party of Chile]] (then part of the "[[Popular Unity (Chile)|Popular Unity]]" coalition which included the Communists, Radicals, Social-Democrats, dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement, and the Independent Popular Action),<ref name="countrystudies"/> achieved a partial majority in a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of votes in a three-way contest, followed by candidates Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and Jorge Alessandri for the Conservative Party. Allende was not elected with an absolute majority, receiving fewer than 35 percent of votes.

The [[National Congress of Chile|Chilean Congress]] conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri, and, keeping with tradition, chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers' party and could not make common cause with the right wing.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Mares|first=David|author2=Francisco Rojas Aravena|title=The United States and Chile: Coming in from the Cold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y3EWkKZsYcC&pg=PA145|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-93125-0|page=145}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Trento|first=Joseph J.|title=The Secret History of the CIA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uPBM7z_62gC&pg=PA560|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1500-8|page=560}}</ref>

An [[economic depression]] that began in 1972 was exacerbated by [[capital flight]], plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response to Allende's socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms, to increase consumer spending and redistribute income downward.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lois Hecht Oppenheim|title=Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism, and Market Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99ZLX52z_noC&pg=PA52|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2007|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-7867-3426-9|page=52}}</ref> Joint public-private [[public works]] projects helped reduce unemployment.<ref name="De Vylder">{{cite book|last=De Vylder|first=Stefan|title=Allende's Chile: The Political Economy of the Rise and Fall of the Unidad Popular|date=5 March 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-10757-0}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} Much of the banking sector was [[nationalization|nationalized]]. Many enterprises within the [[Copper#Production|copper]], coal, iron, [[Caliche (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]], and steel industries were [[Nationalization|expropriated]], nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration's first year.<ref name="De Vylder"/>

Allende's program included advancement of workers' interests,<ref name="De Vylder"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107150857/http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html|archive-date=7 January 2008 |title=Allende wins the elections: first coup attempt |publisher=Grace.evergreen.edu |access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref> replacing the judicial system with "socialist legality",<ref name=friedman368>{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CIXLdxhQMAC&pg=PA367|access-date=14 July 2013|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-287-4|pages=367–368}}</ref> nationalization of banks and forcing others to bankruptcy,<ref name=friedman368/> and strengthening "popular militias" known as MIR.<ref name=friedman368/> Started under former President Frei, the Popular Unity platform also called for nationalization of Chile's major copper mines in the form of a constitutional amendment. The measure was passed unanimously by Congress.

As a result,<ref>{{cite book|last=Qureshi|first=Lubna Z. |title=Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alISgQdNY4kC&pg=PA86|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-2655-4|pages=86–97}}</ref> the [[Richard Nixon]] administration [[United States intervention in Chile|organized and inserted secret operatives]] in Chile, in order to swiftly destabilize Allende's government.<ref>{{cite web | title = Report on CIA Chilean Task Force activities | work = Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents relating to the Military Coup, 1970–1976 | publisher = The National Security Archive: Electronic Briefing Books (George Washington University) | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm | access-date =11 March 2010 }}</ref> In addition, US financial pressure restricted international economic credit to Chile.<ref name="fas.org">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/ops/policy/church-chile.htm |title=Covert Action In Chile 1963–1973, Staff Report Of The Select Committee To Study Governmental Operations With Respect To Intelligence Activities |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003144646/http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/policy/church-chile.htm |archive-date=3 October 2009}}</ref>

The economic problems were also exacerbated by Allende's public spending which was financed mostly by printing money and poor credit ratings given by commercial banks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879153,00.html|title=Tightening the Belt|work=Time Magazine|date = 7 August 1972 }}</ref>
Simultaneously, opposition media, politicians, business guilds and other organizations helped to accelerate a campaign of domestic political and economical destabilization, some of which was backed by the United States.<ref name="fas.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/chile/doc/hinchey.html |title=Equipo Nizkor – CIA Activities in Chile – September 18, 2000 |publisher=Derechos.org |access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref> By early 1973, inflation was out of control. The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class.
On 26 May 1973, Chile's Supreme Court, which was opposed to Allende's government, unanimously denounced the Allende ''disruption of the legality of the nation''. Although illegal under the Chilean constitution, the court supported and strengthened Pinochet's soon-to-be seizure of power.<ref name=friedman368/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence(5).pdf |title=Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the judiciary |publisher=Yale University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819213445/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence%285%29.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2013}}</ref>

====Pinochet era (1973–1990)====
{{Main|Military government of Chile (1973–90)|Miracle of Chile|Beagle conflict}}
[[File:Golpe de Estado 1973.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Fighter aircraft|Fighter jets]] bombing the Presidential Palace of ''La Moneda'' during the [[Chilean coup of 1973]]]]
A [[Chilean coup of 1973|military coup]] overthrew Allende on 11 September 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the [[La Moneda Palace|presidential palace]], Allende apparently committed suicide.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Óscar|last=Soto|title=El último día de Salvador Allende|year=1999|publisher=Aguilar|isbn=978-956-239-084-2}}{{page needed|date=July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Eugeno|last=Ahumada|title=Chile: La memoria prohibida}}{{page needed|date=July 2013}}</ref> After the coup, [[Henry Kissinger]] told [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[Richard Nixon]] that the United States had "helped" the coup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/ |title=KISSINGER AND CHILE: THE DECLASSIFIED RECORD |publisher=The national security archive |date=16 September 2013|access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref>

A military junta, led by General [[Augusto Pinochet]], took control of the country. The first years of the regime were marked by [[Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile|human rights violation]]s. Chile actively participated in [[Operation Condor]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dinges |first1=John |title=Operation Condor |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chile/operation-condor.htm |website=latinamericanstudies.org |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> In October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by the [[Caravan of Death]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/850932.stm|title=Flashback: Caravan of Death|work=BBC | date=25 July 2000}}</ref> According to the [[Rettig Report]] and [[Valech Commission]], at least 2,115 were killed,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ministerio del Interior |url=http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html |title=Ministerio del Interior, Programa de Derechos Humanos – ddhh_rettig |publisher=Ddhh.gov.cl |date=3 August 1999 |access-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223174254/http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html |archive-date=23 December 2009}}</ref> and at least 27,265<ref name=sintesis>{{cite web|url=http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf |title=Sintesis Ok |access-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727031254/http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2007 }}</ref> were tortured (including 88 children younger than 12 years old).<ref name=sintesis/> In 2011, Chile recognized an additional 9,800 victims, bringing the total number of killed, tortured or imprisoned for political reasons to 40,018.<ref>Eva Vergara (18 August 2015). [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/chile-recognizes-9800-more-pinochet-victims_n_930754.html Chile Recognizes 9,800 More Pinochet Victims]. ''The Associated Press'' via ''The Huffington Post.'' Retrieved 25 August 2015.</ref> At the national stadium, filled with detainees, one of those tortured and killed was internationally known poet-singer [[Víctor Jara]] (see "Music and Dance", below). The stadium was renamed for Jara in 2003.
[[File:Augusto Pinochet foto oficial coloreada.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Augusto Pinochet]]]]
A new Constitution was approved by a controversial [[plebiscite]] on 11 September 1980, and General Pinochet became president of the republic for an eight-year term. After Pinochet obtained rule of the country, several hundred committed Chilean revolutionaries joined the [[Sandinista]] army in [[Nicaragua]], guerrilla forces in [[Argentina]] or training camps in [[Cuba]], Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pamela Constable |author2=Arturo Valenzuela|title=A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet|year=1993|publisher=W W Norton & Company Incorporated|isbn=978-0-393-30985-0|page=150|url=https://archive.org/details/nationofenemiesc00cons}}</ref>

In the late 1980s, largely as a result of events such as the 1982 economic collapse<ref>{{cite book|last1= Klein |first1= Naomi |author-link= Naomi Klein |title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA85|access-date=14 July 2013|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Henry Holt and Company (2007)|isbn=978-1-4299-1948-7|page=85}}</ref> and mass [[civil resistance]] in 1983–88, the government gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, [[Freedom of speech|speech]], and association, to include trade union and political activity.<ref>{{cite book|last= Huneeus|first=Carlos|author-link=Carlos Huneeus|editor1=Adam Roberts |editor2=Timothy Garton Ash |title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics:The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD_S8Y2WbRsC&pg=PT168|access-date=14 July 2013|date=3 September 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161917-5|pages=197–212|chapter=Political Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet's Chile, 1983–88}}</ref> The government launched market-oriented reforms with [[Hernán Büchi]] as Minister of Finance. Chile moved toward a [[free market economy]] that saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the [[Copper#Production|copper]] industry and other important mineral resources were not opened for competition. In a [[1988 Chilean national plebiscite|plebiscite]] on 5 October 1988, Pinochet was denied a second eight-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] congress on 14 December 1989. Christian Democrat [[Patricio Aylwin]], the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the ''[[Concertación]]'', received an absolute majority of votes (55%).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/16/world/man-in-the-news-patricio-aylwin-a-moderate-leads-chile.html|title=Man in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile|work=The New York Times | first=Shirley | last=Christian | date=16 December 1989}}</ref> President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.

===21st century===
{{See also|2010 Chile earthquake|2019–20 Chilean protests}}
[[File:Izamiento de la Gran Bandera Nacional - Presidentes de Chile.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Five presidents of Chile since [[Transition to democracy]] (1990–2018), celebrating the [[Bicentennial of Chile]]]]
In December 1993, Christian Democrat [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], the son of previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertación coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526090105/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html|archive-date=26 May 2008 |title=Chile elects new leader Late president's son wins big |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |date=12 December 1993 |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist [[Ricardo Lagos]], who won the presidency in an unprecedented [[2009–10 Chilean presidential election|runoff election]] against [[Joaquín Lavín]] of the rightist [[Alliance for Chile]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/ |title=Moderate socialist Lagos wins Chilean presidential election |publisher=CNN |date=16 January 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506162601/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/ |archive-date=6 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2006, Chileans elected their first female president, [[Michelle Bachelet Jeria]], of the Socialist Party, defeating [[Sebastián Piñera]], of the [[National Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] party, extending the ''Concertación'' governance for another four years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10819903|title=Chile elects first woman president|work=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/11/AR2006031101381.html|title=Bachelet Sworn in As Chile's President|work=The Washington Post | first=Monte | last=Reel | date=12 March 2006}}</ref> In January 2010, Chileans [[2009–10 Chilean presidential election|elected]] [[Sebastián Piñera]] as the first rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]] of the ''Concertación'', for a four-year term succeeding Bachelet. Due to term limits, [[Sebastián Piñera]] did not stand for re-election in 2013, and his term expired in March 2014 resulting in [[Michelle Bachelet]] returning to office.

On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 {{M|w|link=y}} [[2010 Chile earthquake|earthquake]], the fifth largest ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing [[tsunami]]) and over a million people lost their homes. The earthquake was also followed by multiple aftershocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australia-times.com.au/world/article.php?id=501|title=US ready to help Chile: Obama|work=The Australia Times|access-date=3 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427081917/http://www.australia-times.com.au/world/article.php?id=501|archive-date=27 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15–30 billion, around 10 to 15 percent of Chile's real gross domestic product.<ref>[http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b More Quakes Shake Chile's Infrastructure], Adam Figman, ''Contract Magazine'', 1 March 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114030306/http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b |date=14 November 2014 }}</ref>

Chile achieved global recognition for the successful [[2010 Copiapó mining accident|rescue of 33 trapped miners]] in 2010. On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San José copper and gold mine in the [[Atacama Desert]] near [[Copiapó]] in northern Chile, trapping 33 men {{convert|700|m}} below ground. A rescue effort organized by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the world.<ref name="usstatedep">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm|title=Background Note: Chile|work=[[Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs]], [[United States Department of State]]|date=16 December 2011|access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>

[[2019–20 Chilean protests]] are a series of country-wide protests in response to a raise in the [[Santiago Metro]]'s subway fare, the increased [[cost of living]], [[privatization]] and [[Economic inequality|inequality]] prevalent in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chile protests: More than one million bring Santiago to a halt|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/chile-protests-million-bring-santiago-halt-191025223542333.html|author=Naomi Larsson |website=Al Jazeera|date=26 October 2019}}</ref> On 15 November, most of the political parties represented in the National Congress signed an agreement to call a [[2020 Chilean national referendum|national referendum]] in April 2020 regarding the creation of a new Constitution, later postponed to October due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Chile|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=One month on: Protests in Chile persist despite gov't concessions |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/month-protests-chile-persist-gov-concessions-191118231609475.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=19 November 2019 |author= Sandra Cuffe}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Chile|Law of Chile}}
[[File:Palacio de la Moneda desde Plaza de la Constitución.jpg|thumb|The [[Palacio de La Moneda]] in downtown [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] ]]
The current [[Constitution of Chile]] was drafted by [[Jaime Guzmán]] in 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-constitution/polls-open-in-chile-for-historic-constitutional-plebiscite-idUSKBN27A0CF|title=Polls open in Chile for historic constitutional plebiscite|author1=Aislinn Laing|author2=Fabian Cambero|publisher=Reuters|date=October 25, 2020|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref> and subsequently approved via a national [[plebiscite]]—regarded as "highly irregular" by some observers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=A Country Study: Chile|work=[[United States Library of Congress]]}}</ref>—in September of that year, under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. It entered into force in March 1981. After Pinochet's defeat in the [[1988 Chilean national plebiscite|1988 plebiscite]], the constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and [[senators for life]], granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4157908.stm|title=Chile scraps Pinochet-era system|work=BBC | date=16 August 2005 | access-date=31 December 2009}}</ref>

The [[Congress of Chile]] has a 38-seat [[Senate of Chile|Senate]] and a 120-member [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]. Senators serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every 4 years. The last congressional elections were held on 17 November 2013, concurrently with the presidential election. The current Senate has a 21–15 split in favor of the governing coalition and 2 independents. The current lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, contains 67 members of the governing center-left coalition, 48 from the center-right opposition and 5 from small parties or independents. The Congress is located in the port city of Valparaíso, about {{convert|140|km|-1|abbr=off}} west of the capital, Santiago.
[[File:2017 Santiago de Chile - Fachada del edificio de los Tribunales de Justicia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|The [[Palacio de los Tribunales de Justicia de Santiago|Palace of Justice]] in [[Santiago]]]]
[[File:Congresschile.jpg|thumb|[[National Congress of Chile|National Congress]] building in [[Valparaíso]]]]

Chile's congressional elections are governed by a [[Binomial System|binomial system]] that, for the most part, rewards the two largest representations equally, often regardless of their relative popular support. Parties are thus forced to form wide coalitions and, historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertación and Alianza) split most of the seats. Only if the leading coalition ticket out-polls the second place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does the winning coalition gain both seats, which tends to lock the legislature in a roughly 50–50 split.

Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the [[Supreme Court of Chile]]. In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide overhaul of its criminal justice system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view |work=Chilean Government |title=President Lagos: We can make a greater effort to make yesterday's and today's trials equally just |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423171251/http://www.chileangovernment.cl/index.php?id=448&option=com_content&task=view |archive-date=23 April 2008 }}</ref> The reform has replaced inquisitorial proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United States.

In the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative [[Independent Democratic Union]] (UDI) surpassed the [[Christian Democratic Party of Chile|Christian Democrats]] for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house. In the [[2005 Chilean parliamentary election|2005 parliamentary election]], both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation in favor of their respective allies [[Socialist Party of Chile|Socialist Party]] (which became the biggest party in the Concertación block) and [[National Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] in the right-wing alliance. In the 2009 legislative elections in Chile, the [[Communist Party of Chile|Communist Party]] won 3 out of 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 30 years (the Communist Party was not allowed to exist as such during the dictatorship).

Chileans voted in the first round of presidential elections on 17 November 2013. None of the nine presidential candidates got more than 50 percent of the vote. As a result, the top two candidates, center-left [[Nueva Mayoría]] coalition's [[Michelle Bachelet]] and center-right [[Alianza (Chile)|Alianza]] coalition's [[Evelyn Matthei]], competed in a run-off election on 15 December 2013, which Bachelet won. This was Chile's sixth presidential election since the end of the Pinochet era. All six have been judged free and fair. The president is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Chile}}
[[File:Foreign relations of Chile.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|State of Chile's international relations in the world:
{{legend|#006680|Chile}}
{{legend|#008000|Country with diplomatic relations and Chilean embassy in the country.}}
{{legend|#00AA88|Country with diplomatic relations and an embassy in Chile, but no Chilean embassy.}}
{{legend|#8DD35F|Country with diplomatic relations but without ambassadors.}}
{{legend|#cccccc|Country with no diplomatic relations currently.}}
]]

Since the early decades after independence, Chile has always had an active involvement in foreign affairs. In 1837, the country aggressively challenged the dominance of Peru's port of [[Callao]] for preeminence in the Pacific trade routes, defeating the short-lived alliance between Peru and Bolivia, the [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]] (1836–39) in the [[War of the Confederation]]. The war dissolved the confederation while distributing power in the Pacific. A second international war, the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–83), further increased Chile's regional role, while adding considerably to its territory.<ref name="hudson"/>

During the 19th century, Chile's commercial ties were primarily with Britain, a nation that had a major influence on the formation of the Chilean navy. The French influenced Chile's legal and educational systems and had a decisive impact on Chile, through the architecture of the capital in the boom years at the turn of the 20th century. German influence came from the organization and training of the army by [[Prussia]]ns.<ref name="hudson"/>

On 26 June 1945, Chile participated as a founding member of the United Nations being among 50 countries that signed the [[United Nations Charter]] in San Francisco, California.<ref>{{cite web |title=Founding Member States |url=https://research.un.org/en/unmembers/founders |publisher=United Nations |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704121608/https://research.un.org/en/unmembers/founders |archive-date=4 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chile |url=https://library.un.org/unms?combine=Chile |publisher=United Nations |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914180256/https://library.un.org/unms?combine=Chile |archive-date=14 September 2019}}</ref> With the military coup of 1973, Chile became isolated politically as a result of widespread human rights abuses.<ref name="hudson"/>

Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international political arena. Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2005. Jose Miguel Insulza, a Chilean national, was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States in May 2005 and confirmed in his position, being re-elected in 2009. Chile is currently serving on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors, and the 2007–2008 chair of the board is Chile's ambassador to the IAEA, Milenko E. Skoknic. The country is an active member of the UN family of agencies and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. It was [[United Nations Human Rights Council#Members|re-elected]] as a member of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]] in 2011 for a three-year term.<ref>{{cite web|title=Election (13 May 2010) Human Rights Council|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/64/elections/hrc/index.shtml|work=64th Session|publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> It was also [[2013 United Nations Security Council election|elected]] to one of five non-permanent seats on the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chad, Chile, Lithuania, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia were elected to serve on the UN Security Council|date=17 October 2013|access-date=17 October 2013|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46277&Cr=security+council&Cr1=}}</ref> Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC summit and related meetings in 2004. It also hosted the Community of Democracies ministerial in April 2005 and the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007. An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been a major player in international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

=== Border disputes with Peru and Argentina ===
[[File:Borders Chile 1879 and 2006 SP.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Chile's territorial gains after the [[War of the Pacific]] in 1879–83]]
There have been many arguments between Chileans and Peruvians since the 1800s because they both claim boundary coastal lines. Peruvians claim the Northern part of Chile, which is now South West of Peru. This is also known as the "triangulation" which was made to fix the boundary problem between Chile and Peru. The decisions were accomplished on 27 January 1839 by the International Court of Justice<ref>{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Peter H. |title=Chile, Peru, and the ICJ Boundary Settlement |url=http://blogs.law.unc.edu/ncilj/2014/02/24/chile-peru-and-the-icj-boundary-settlement/ |website=North Carolina Journal of International Law |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> This became the [[War of the Pacific]] which was in the years 1879–1883.<ref>{{cite web |title=War of the Pacific |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-the-Pacific |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> This conflict was caused by the mineral resources Chile had, Peruvians believed they belonged to them as well. Chile had to control sea shipping to Peru and sent out an army to invade Peru on 8 October 1879. The attempt was also made to The United States but failed badly in October 1880. There was a resistance between Peruvians and Chileans for a few years because they could not reach an agreement. The United States offered help with a treaty for both Peru and Chile, better known as the Treaty of Ancón. This was later signed by both of them on 20 October 1883 to keep peace between them. In 2008, Peru took Chile to court over their maritime disputes. Then later in 2014, the International Court of Justice's ruling resulted in Chile losing an area of {{Convert | 8000 | sqnmi }} over {{Convert | 80 | nmi}} from its coast.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bonnefoy |first1=Pascale |title=Court Grants Peru Ocean Territory Claimed by Chile |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/americas/court-grants-peru-ocean-territory-claimed-by-chile.html |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=19 October 2018|date=28 January 2014 }}</ref> This ruling severely impacted fishers in the country making Chile lose a valuable trade in Northwest Chile.

The Chilean government has diplomatic relations with most countries. It settled all its territorial disputes with Argentina during the 1990s except for part of the border at [[Southern Patagonian Ice Field]]. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia's desire to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean after losing it to Chile in the 1879–83 War of the Pacific. The two countries maintain consular relations and are represented at the Consul General level.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

===Administrative divisions===
{{main|Administrative divisions of Chile}}
In 1978 Chile was administratively divided into [[regions]],<ref name="dl2339">{{Cite web |url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=6889&idVersion=1978-10-10 |title=Decreto ley 2339 de 1978 |access-date=28 June 2011 |author=Ministerio del Interior |date= 10 October 1978}}</ref> and in 1979 subdivided into [[province]]s and these into communes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=7019&idVersion=1979-10-26 |title=Decreto ley 2867 de 1979 |access-date=20 March 2011 |author=Ministerio del Interior |date=26 October 1979}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=7020&idVersion=1979-10-26 |title=Decreto ley 2868 de 1979 |access-date=20 March 2011 |author=Ministerio del Interior |date=26 October 1979}}</ref> In total the country has [[Regions of Chile|16 regions]],<ref name="l20174">{{Cite web |url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=259774&idVersion=2007-04-05 |title=Ley 20174 de 2007 |access-date=20 March 2011 |author=Ministerio del Interior |date=5 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="l20175">{{Cite web |url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=259864&idVersion=2007-04-11 |title=Ley 20175 de 2007 |access-date=20 March 2011 |author=Ministerio del Interior |date=11 April 2007}}</ref><!---<ref name="l21033">{{Cite web |url=https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1107597&idVersion=2018-09-06 |title=Ley 21033 de 2018 |access-date=6 September 2018 |author=Ministerio del Interior |date=6 September 2018}}</ref>---> [[Provinces of Chile|56 provinces]] and [[Communes of Chile|348 communes]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/territorio/division_politico_administrativa/pdf/DPA_COMPLETA.pdf |title=División político-administrativa y censal, 2007 |access-date=27 February 2013 |author=Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas |date=18 March 2008 |pages=12 |isbn=978-956-7952-68-7}}</ref>

Each region is designated by a name and a [[Roman numeral]] assigned from north to south, except for the [[Santiago Metropolitan Region]], which does not have a number. The creation of two new regions in 2007, Arica and Parinacota (XV) and Los Ríos (XIV), and a third region in 2018, Ñuble (XVI) made this numbering lose its original order meaning.
{|class="wikitable col1izq col2izq col3der col4der col5der col6izq floatright"
|-
!colspan=7|Administrative divisions of Chile
|-
! scope="col" | Region<ref name="dl2339"/><ref name="l20174"/><ref name="l20175"/>
! scope="col" | Population<ref name="population"/>
! scope="col" | Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="ce2006"/>
! scope="col" | Density
! scope="col" | Capital

|-
|[[Arica y Parinacota Region|Arica y Parinacota]] ||224 548||16&nbsp;873,3 || 13,40 ||[[Arica]]
|-
|[[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]] ||324 930 ||42&nbsp;225,8 ||7,83 ||[[Iquique]]
|-
|[[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]] ||599 335||126&nbsp;049,1 ||4,82 ||[[Antofagasta]]
|-
|[[Atacama Region|Atacama]] ||285 363||75&nbsp;176,2 ||3,81 ||[[Copiapó]]
|-
|[[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]] ||742 178 ||40&nbsp;579,9 ||18,67 ||[[La Serena (Chile)|La Serena]]
|-
|[[Valparaíso Region|Valparaíso]] ||1&nbsp;790 219 ||16&nbsp;396,1 ||110,75 ||[[Valparaíso]]
|-
|[[Santiago Metropolitan Region|Santiago Metropolitan]] ||7&nbsp;036 792||15&nbsp;403,2 ||461,77 ||[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|-
|[[O'Higgins Region|Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins]] ||908 545 ||16&nbsp;387 ||54,96 ||[[Rancagua]]
|-
|[[Maule Region|Maule]] ||1&nbsp;033 197 ||30&nbsp;296,1 ||34,49 ||[[Talca]]
|-
|[[Ñuble Region|Ñuble]] ||480&nbsp;609 ||13&nbsp;178.5 ||36.47 ||[[Chillán]]
|-
|[[Bio Bío Region|Biobío]] ||1&nbsp;556 805 ||23&nbsp;890,2 ||112,08 ||[[Concepción (Chile)|Concepción]]
|-
|[[Araucanía Region|Araucanía]] ||938 626 ||31&nbsp;842,3 ||30,06 ||[[Temuco]]
|-
|[[Los Ríos Region|Los Ríos]] ||380 181 ||18&nbsp;429,5 ||20,88 ||[[Valdivia]]
|-
|[[Los Lagos Region|Los Lagos]] ||823 204 ||48&nbsp;583,6 ||17,06 ||[[Puerto Montt]]
|-
|[[Aysén Region|Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]] ||102 317 ||108&nbsp;494,4 ||0,95 ||[[Coyhaique]]
|-
|[[Magallanes Region|Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica]] ||165 593 ||N ||1,26 ||[[Punta Arenas]]
|-
!colspan=1|Chile !!17&nbsp;373 831 !!756&nbsp;102,4<sup>''(2)''</sup> ||23,24 !!Santiago
|-
|colspan=7|
:''<sup>(1)</sup><span style="font-size:95%;"> Including the Chilean Antarctic Territory, its surface reaches 1&nbsp;382&nbsp;554,8 km<sup>2</sup></span>''
:''<sup>(2)</sup><span style="font-size:95%;"> Including the Chilean Antarctic Territory, its surface reaches 2&nbsp;006&nbsp;360 km<sup>2</sup></span>''
|}
{{Regions of Chile (Map)}}
{{clear}}

===Largest cities===
{{Largest cities of Chile}}

===National symbols===

The national flower is the [[copihue]] (''Lapageria rosea'', Chilean [[Campanula|bellflower]]), which grows in the woods of southern Chile.

The [[Coat of arms of Chile|coat of arms]] depicts the two national animals: the [[condor]] (''Vultur gryphus'', a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the [[Hippocamelus|huemul]] (''Hippocamelus bisulcus,'' an endangered white tail deer). It also has the legend ''Por la razón o la fuerza'' (''By reason or by force'').

The [[flag of Chile]] consists of two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve independence. The flag of Chile is similar to the [[Flag of Texas]], although the Chilean flag is 21 years older. However, like the Texan flag, the flag of Chile is modeled after the [[Flag of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/samerica/chile.htm |title=Chile flag and description |publisher=Worldatlas.com |access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref>

===Military===
{{Main|Military of Chile}}

{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #ddd solid;"
|+ '''Branches of the Chilean Armed Forces'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:150px;"|[[File:Leopard 2A4CHL Chile.jpg|border|x110px]]<br />[[Chilean Army]]<br />[[Leopard 2A4]]
| style="width:150px;"|[[File:Almirante Blanco Encalada (FF-15).jpg|border|x110px]]<br />[[Chilean Navy]]<br />[[Karel Doorman-class frigate]]
| style="width:150px;"|[[File:F-16CHL de Chile.jpg|border|x110px]]<br />[[Chilean Air Force]]<br />[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]]
|}

The Armed Forces of Chile are subject to civilian control exercised by the president through the Minister of Defense. The president has the authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

The commander-in-chief of the [[Chilean Army]] is [[Army General]] [[Ricardo Martínez Menanteau]]. The Chilean Army is 45,000 strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, six divisions throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in [[Rancagua]], and a Special Forces Command in [[Colina, Chile|Colina]]. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

Admiral [[Julio Leiva Molina]] directs the around 25,000-person [[Chilean Navy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensa.cl/noticias/almirante-julio-leiva-nuevo-comandante-en-jefe-de-la-armada/ |title=Almirante Julio Leiva Nuevo Comandante en Jefe de la Armada |publisher=Ministry of Defence of Chile|access-date=10 January 2018 }}</ref> including 2,500 Marines. Of the fleet of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (frigates). Those ships are based in [[Valparaíso]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100514/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132710.html |archive-date=10 June 2007 |title=The National Fleet |publisher=Chilean Navy |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates four submarines based in [[Talcahuano]].<ref name="countrystudies"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html |title=Submarine Force |access-date=14 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610100430/http://www.armada.cl/p4_ingles/site/artic/20050719/pags/20050719132849.html |archive-date=10 June 2007 }}</ref>

Air Force General (four star) Jorge Rojas Ávila heads the 12,500 strong [[Chilean Air Force]]. Air assets are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Air Force also operates [[Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva|an airbase]] on [[King George Island (South Shetland Islands)|King George Island]], Antarctica. The Air Force took delivery of the final two of ten F-16s, all purchased from the U.S., in March 2007 after several decades of U.S. debate and previous refusal to sell. Chile also took delivery in 2007 of a number of reconditioned Block 15 F-16s from the Netherlands, bringing to 18 the total of F-16s purchased from the Dutch.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

After the military coup in September 1973, the [[Carabineros de Chile|Chilean national police]] (Carabineros) were incorporated into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. Gustavo González Jure is the head of the national police force of 40,964<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429 |title=Carabineros de Chile |date=24 October 2007 |access-date=13 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312050416/http://www.carabineros.cl/sitioweb/web/verSeccion.do?cod=239&codContenido=429 |archive-date=12 March 2012 }}</ref> men and women who are responsible for law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control, and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

In 2017, Chile signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Chile}}
{{See also|Natural regions of Chile|Environmental issues in Chile}}
{{Annotated image|float=left|caption=Natural regions of Chile.|image=Natural Regions of Chile.svg|width=180|image-width=180|image-left=0|image-top=0|annotations=
{{Annotation|70|45|'''[[Norte Grande|Great-Far North]]'''}}
{{Annotation|55|115|'''[[Norte Chico, Chile|Northern Zone]]'''}}
{{Annotation|40|170|'''[[Central Chile|Central Zone]]'''}}
{{Annotation|25|225|'''[[Zona Sur|Southern Zone]]'''}}
{{Annotation|10|315|'''[[Austral Zone]]'''}}
}}
A long and narrow coastal [[Southern Cone]] country on the west side of the [[Andes Mountains]], Chile stretches over {{convert|4300|km|-1|abbr=on}} north to south, but only {{convert|350|km|0|abbr=on}} at its widest point east to west.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111326/Chile |title=Chile |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=7 May 2013}}</ref> This encompasses a remarkable variety of climates and landscapes. It contains {{convert|756950|km2}} of land area. It is situated within the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]. Excluding its Pacific islands and Antarctic claim, Chile lies between latitudes [[17th parallel south|17°]] and [[56th parallel south|56°S]], and longitudes [[66th meridian west|66°]] and [[75th meridian west|75°W]].

Chile is among the longest north–south countries in the world. If one considers only mainland territory, Chile is unique within this group in its narrowness from east to west, with the other long north–south countries (including [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[Canada]], and the United States, among others) all being wider from east to west by a factor of more than 10. Chile also claims {{convert|1250000|km2|abbr=on}} of [[Antarctica]] as part of its territory ([[Chilean Antarctic Territory]]). However, this latter claim is suspended under the terms of the [[Antarctic Treaty]], of which Chile is a signatory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Antarctic Treaty: Information about the Antarctic Treaty and how Antarctica is governed. |work=Polar Conservation Organisation |publisher=Polar Conservation Organisation |date=1 February 2008 |url=http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204/ |access-date=11 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210224459/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/plonearticle.2005-12-28.3597747204 |archive-date=10 February 2010 }}</ref> It is the world's southernmost country that is geographically on the mainland.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Collin|first1=Robert|title=Trash Talk: An Encyclopedia of Garbage and Recycling around the World|date=2015|page=121}}</ref>

Chile controls [[Easter Island]] and [[Sala y Gómez]] Island, the easternmost islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], more than {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} from the mainland. Also controlled but only temporarily inhabited (by some local fishermen) are the small islands of [[Desventuradas Islands|San Ambrosio and San Felix]]. These islands are notable because they extend Chile's claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Blanco|first=Alejandro Vergara |title=Derecho de aguas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4o3G0FyArtAC|access-date=14 July 2013|year=1998|publisher=Editorial Jurídica de Chile|isbn=978-956-10-1241-7}}</ref>

The northern [[Atacama Desert]] contains great mineral wealth, primarily [[Copper#Production|copper]] and [[Caliche (mineral)#Chilean caliche|nitrate]]s. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area is also the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border.

=== Climate ===
[[File:Chile Köppen.png|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Chile map of Köppen climate classification.]]
{{main|Climate of Chile}}

The diverse [[climate of Chile]] ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the [[Atacama Desert]]—through a [[Mediterranean climate]] in the center, [[humid subtropical]] in Easter Island, to an [[oceanic climate]], including [[alpine tundra]] and [[glaciers]] in the east and south.<ref name="BBC-Chile">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm|title=Country profile: Chile |work=BBC News | date=16 December 2009 | access-date=31 December 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen system]], Chile within its borders hosts at least ten major climatic subtypes. There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).
{{Clear|left}}

===Biodiversity===
{{main|Wildlife of Chile}}

The flora and fauna of Chile are characterized by a high degree of endemism, due to its particular geography. In continental Chile, the [[Atacama Desert]] in the north and the [[Andes Mountains|Andes mountains]] to the east are barriers that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. Add to that the enormous length of Chile (over {{convert|4300|km|0|abbr=on}}) and this results in a wide range of climates and environments that can be divided into three general zones: the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions of the south.

==== Flora and fauna ====
[[File:Araucaria araucana - Parque Nacional Conguillío por lautaroj - 001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Araucaria araucana]] trees in Conguillío National Park.]]

The native flora of Chile consists of relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other South American countries.
The northernmost coastal and central region is largely barren of vegetation, approaching the most absolute desert in the world.<ref name=Icarito>{{Cite web |title=Flora y Fauna de Chilena |work=Icarito |url=http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0,0,38035857_152308989,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410080253/http://www.icarito.cl/icarito/enciclopedia/canal/canal/0%2C0%2C38035857_152308989%2C00.html |archive-date=10 April 2006}}</ref>
On the slopes of the Andes, in addition to the scattered tola desert brush, grasses are found. The central valley is characterized by several species of cacti, the hardy [[Acacia caven|espinos]], the [[Araucaria araucana|Chilean pine]], the [[nothofagus|southern beeches]] and the [[copihue]], a red bell-shaped flower that is Chile's national flower.<ref name= Icarito/>

In southern Chile, south of the Biobío River, heavy precipitation has produced dense forests of laurels, magnolias, and various species of conifers and beeches, which become smaller and more stunted to the south.<ref name="Bio&Con">{{cite journal |last1=Smith-Ramírez |first1=Cecilia |last2=Díaz |first2=Iván |last3=Pliscoff |first3=Patricio |last4=Valdovinos |first4=Claudio |last5=Méndez |first5=Marco A. |last6=Larraín |first6=Juan |last7=Samaniego |first7=Horacio |title=Distribution patterns of flora and fauna in southern Chilean Coastal rain forests: Integrating Natural History and GIS |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |date=August 2007 |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=2627–2648 |doi=10.1007/s10531-006-9073-2 |s2cid=6879631 }}</ref>
The cold temperatures and winds of the extreme south preclude heavy forestation. Grassland is found in Atlantic Chile (in Patagonia). Much of the Chilean flora is distinct from that of neighboring Argentina, indicating that the Andean barrier existed during its formation.<ref name="Bio&Con"/>
[[File:Colca-condor-c07.jpg|thumb|left|[[Andean condor]] (''Vultur gryphus''), the national bird of Chile.]]
Some of Chile's flora has an Antarctic origin due to [[land bridge]]s which formed during the Cretaceous ice ages, allowing plants to migrate from Antarctica to South America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chilean-and-antarctic-fossils-reveal-the-last-geologic-minutes-of-the-age-of-dinosaurs-slide-show/|title=Chilean and Antarctic Fossils Reveal the Last "Geologic Minutes" of the Age of Dinosaurs [Slide Show]|first=Ángela|last=Posada-Swafford}}</ref> Chile had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 7.37/10, ranking it 43<sup>rd</sup> globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057}}</ref>

Just over 3,000 species of fungi are recorded in Chile,<ref>Oehrens, E.B. "Flora Fungosa Chilena". Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, 1980</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm |title=Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> but this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Chile is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.<ref>Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. "Dictionary of the Fungi". Edn 10. CABI, 2008</ref> Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Chile, and 1995 species have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/chilfung/eng/endelist.htm |title=Fungi of Chile – potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref>

Chile's geographical isolation has restricted the immigration of faunal life, so that only a few of the many distinctive South American animals are found. Among the larger mammals are the [[Cougar|puma]] or cougar, the llama-like [[guanaco]] and the fox-like [[South American gray fox|chilla]]. In the forest region, several types of marsupials and a small deer known as the [[Pudú|pudu]] are found.<ref name= Icarito/>

There are many species of small birds, but most of the larger common Latin American types are absent. Few freshwater fish are native, but North American trout have been successfully introduced into the Andean lakes.<ref name= Icarito/> Owing to the vicinity of the Humboldt Current, ocean waters abound with fish and other forms of marine life, which in turn support a rich variety of waterfowl, including several penguins. Whales are abundant, and some six species of seals are found in the area.<ref name= Icarito/>
{{Clear|left}}

=== Topography ===
[[File:Chile topo en.jpg|thumbnail|upright=0.8|left|Topographic map of Chile. To view maps based on [[SRTM]] topographic relief of the country, see [[:commons:Atlas of Chile/Clickable map|here]].]]
[[File:Majestic Ojos del Salado volcano (4320230217).jpg|thumbnail|View of [[Ojos del Salado]] from the Chilean side]]

Chile is located along a highly [[seismic]] and [[volcanic]] zone, part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, due to the subduction of the Nazca and Antarctic plates in the [[South American plate]].

Late [[Paleozoic]], 251 million years ago, Chile belonged to the continental block called Gondwana. It was just a depression accumulated marine sediments began to rise at the end of the Mesozoic, 66 million years ago, due to the collision between the Nazca and South American plates, resulting in the Andes. The territory would be shaped by millions of years due to the folding of the rocks, forming the current relief.

The Chilean relief consists of the central depression, which crosses the country longitudinally, flanked by two mountain ranges that make up about 80% of the territory: the Andes mountains to the east-natural border with [[Bolivia]] and [[Argentina]] in the [[Atacama Region|region of Atacama]] and the Coastal Range west-minor height from the Andes. Chile's highest peak is the [[Nevado Ojos del Salado]], at 6891.3 m, which is also the highest volcano in the world. The highest point of the Coastal Range is Vicuña Mackenna, at 3114 meters, located in the Sierra Vicuña Mackenna, the south of [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]]. Among the coastal mountains and the Pacific is a series of coastal plains, of variable length, which allow the settlement of coastal towns and big ports. Some areas of the plains territories encompass territory east of the Andes, and the Patagonian steppes and Magellan, or are high plateaus surrounded by high mountain ranges, such as the Altiplano or Puna de Atacama.

The [[Far North, Chile|Far North]] is the area between the northern boundary of the country and the [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] 26° S, covering the first three regions. It is characterized by the presence of the [[Atacama desert]], the most arid in the world. The desert is fragmented by streams that originate in the area known as the [[Pampa del Tamarugal|pampas Tamarugal]]. The Andes, split in two and whose eastern arm runs [[Bolivia]], has a high altitude and volcanic activity, which has allowed the formation of the Andean altiplano and salt structures as the [[Salar de Atacama]], due to the gradual accumulation of sediments over time.
[[File:Volcano Osorno and Petrohué waterfalls.JPG|thumbnail|[[Osorno (volcano)|Osorno Volcano]] and the [[Petrohué River]]]]
[[File:Glaciar y laguna Nef, afluente Baker,.JPG|thumbnail|[[Nef Glacier]] and the Plomo Lake]]

To the south is the [[Norte Chico, Chile|Norte Chico]], extending to the [[Aconcagua River|Aconcagua river]]. Los Andes begin to decrease its altitude to the south and closer to the coast, reaching 90&nbsp;km away at the height of [[Illapel]], the narrowest part of the Chilean territory. The two mountain ranges intersect, virtually eliminating the intermediate depression. The existence of rivers flowing through the territory allows the formation of [[Transverse Valleys|transverse valleys]], where agriculture has developed strongly in recent times, while the [[coastal plains]] begin to expand.

The [[Zona Central, Chile|Central]] area is the most populated region of the country. The coastal plains are wide and allow the establishment of cities and ports along the Pacific. The Andes maintains altitudes above 6000m but descend slowly starts approaching the 4000 meters on average. The intermediate depression reappears becoming a fertile valley that allows agricultural development and human settlement, due to sediment accumulation. To the south, the Cordillera de la Costa reappears in the [[Nahuelbuta Range|range of Nahuelbuta]] while glacial sediments originate a series of lakes in the area of [[La Frontera, Chile|La Frontera]].

Patagonia extends from within Reloncavi, at the height of parallel 41°S, to the south. During the [[Llanquihue glaciation|last glaciation]], this area was covered by ice that strongly eroded Chilean relief structures. As a result, the intermediate depression sinks in the sea, while the coastal mountains rise to a series of archipelagos, such as [[Chiloé Island|Chiloé]] and the [[Chonos Archipelago|Chonos]], disappearing in Taitao peninsula, in the parallel 47°S. The Andes mountain range loses height and erosion caused by the action of glaciers has caused [[fjords]].

East of the Andes, on the continent, or north of it, on the [[Tierra del Fuego (main island)|island of Tierra del Fuego]] are located relatively flat plains, which in the Strait of Magellan cover large areas.

The Andes, as he had done previously Cordillera de la Costa, begins to break in the ocean causing a myriad of islands and islets and disappear into it, sinking and reappearing in the Southern Antilles arc and then the Antarctic Peninsula, where it is called Antartandes, in the Chilean Antarctic Territory, lying between the meridians 53°W and 90°W.

In the middle of the Pacific, the country has sovereignty over several islands of volcanic origin, collectively known as Insular Chile. Of these, we highlight the archipelago of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, which is located in the fracture zone between the Nazca plate and the Pacific plate known as East Pacific Rise.

=== Hydrography ===
[[File:Lago General Carrera - Camino a Capilla de Mármol.JPG|thumb|left|[[General Carrera Lake|General Carrera lake]], the largest in the country.]]

Due to the characteristics of the territory, Chile is crossed by numerous rivers generally short in length and with low torrential flow. They commonly extend from the [[Andes Mountains|Andes]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]], flowing in an East to West.

Because of the [[Atacama desert]], in the Norte Grande there are only short [[endorheic]] character streams, except for the [[Loa River]], the longest in the country 440&nbsp;km.<ref name=hydr>{{cite journal |author1=Niemeyer, Hans |author2=Cereceda, Pilar |year=1983 |title=Hydrography |journal=Geography of Chile |publisher=[[Military Geographic Institute (Chile)|Military Geographic Institute]] |edition=1st |location=Santiago |volume=8 }}</ref> In the high valleys, wetland areas generate [[Chungará Lake]], located at 4500 meters above sea level. It and the [[Lauca River]] are shared with [[Bolivia]], as well as the [[Lluta River]].

In the center-north of the country, the number of rivers that form valleys of agricultural importance increases. Noteworthy are the Elqui with 75&nbsp;km<ref name=hydr/> long, 142&nbsp;km Aconcagua, Maipo with 250&nbsp;km<ref name=hydr/> and its tributary, the Mapocho with 110&nbsp;km, and Maule with 240&nbsp;km. Their waters mainly flow from Andean snowmelt in the summer and winter rains. The major lakes in this area are the artificial lake Rapel, the Colbun Maule lagoon and the lagoon of La Laja.

== Demographics ==
[[File:Chile-demography.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Population of Chile from 1820, projected up to 2050]]
{{Main|Demographics of Chile}}

Chile's 2017 census reported a population of 17,574,003. Its rate of population growth has been decreasing since 1990, due to a declining [[birth rate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/estadisticas_vitales/pdf/anuarios/vitales2003.zip|title=Anuario Estadísticas Vitales 2003|publisher=Instituto National de Estadísticas}}</ref> By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|title=Chile: Proyecciones y Estimaciones de Población. Total País 1950–2050|publisher=Instituto National de Estadísticas|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230181515/http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2009}}</ref> About 85 percent of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in [[Santiago|Greater Santiago]]. The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago with 5.6 million people, [[Greater Concepción]] with 861,000
and [[Greater Valparaíso]] with 824,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.observatoriourbano.cl/indurb/pre_ciudades.asp?id_user=0&idComCiu=0|title=List of Chilean cities|publisher=Observatorio Urbano, Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo de Chile|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031912/http://www.observatoriourbano.cl/indurb/pre_ciudades.asp?id_user=0&idComCiu=0|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

=== Ancestry and ethnicity ===
{{main|Indigenous peoples in Chile|Immigration to Chile}}

Mexican professor Francisco Lizcano, of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]], estimated that 52.7% of [[Chileans]] were white, 39.3% were [[mestizo]], and 8% were [[Amerindian]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lizcano Fernández |first1=Francisco |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century |language=es |journal=Convergencia |date=August 2005 |volume=12 |issue=38 |pages=185–232 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185 }}</ref>

[[File:Ministro Osorio entrega terreno a Comunidad Mapuche Lorenzo Quintrileo de Tirúa.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mapuche people|Mapuche]] women of [[Tirúa]]]]
In 1984, a study called ''Sociogenetic Reference Framework for Public Health Studies in Chile'', from the Revista de Pediatría de Chile determined an ancestry of 67.9% European, and 32.1% Native American.<ref name="Valenzuela, 1984">{{cite journal |last1=Valenzuela |first1=C. |title=Marco de referencia sociogenético para los estudios de Salud Pública en Chile |trans-title=Sociogenetic reference limits for public health studies in Chile |language=es |journal=Revista Chilena de Pediatría |date=1984 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=123–127 |s2cid=162443939 }}</ref><ref name="Vanegas et al, 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Vanegas L |first1=Jairo |last2=Villalón C |first2=Marcelo |last3=Valenzuela Y |first3=Carlos |title=Ethnicity and race as variables in epidemiological research about inequity |journal=Revista médica de Chile |date=May 2008 |volume=136 |issue=5 |pages=637–644 |doi=10.4067/S0034-98872008000500014 |pmid=18769813 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1994, a biological study determined that the Chilean composition was 64% European and 35% Amerindian.<ref name= Cruz-Coke>{{cite journal |last=Cruz-Coke |first=Ricardo |year=1994 |title=Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile |journal=Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile |location= Santiago de Chile |volume= 31|issue=9 |pages=702–706 |doi=10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 |pmid=7815439 |pmc=1050080 }}</ref> The recent study in the Candela Project establishes that the genetic composition of Chile is 52% of European origin, with 44% of the genome coming from Native Americans (Amerindians), and 4% coming from Africa, making Chile a primarily mestizo country with traces of African descent present in half of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eldinamo.cl/2013/08/19/estudio-genetico-en-chilenos-muestra-desconocida-herencia-africana/ |title=Estudio genético en chilenos muestra desconocida herencia africana &#124; El Dínamo |publisher=Eldinamo.cl |date=19 August 2013 |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> Another genetic study conducted by the [[University of Brasilia]] in several American countries shows a similar genetic composition for Chile, with a European contribution of 51.6%, an Amerindian contribution of 42.1%, and an African contribution of 6.3%.<ref name=UB>{{cite thesis |last1=Godinho |first1=Neide Maria de Oliveira |title=O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas |trans-title=The impact of migration on the genetic makeup of Latin American populations |language=pt |date=2008 |url=https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/5542 }}</ref> In 2015 another study established genetic composition in 57% European, 38% Native American, and 2.5% African.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Homburger |first=Julian |display-authors=et al |year=2015 |title=Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America |volume=11 |issue=12 |at=1005602 |journal=[[PLOS Genetics]] |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602 |pmid=26636962 |pmc=4670080 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A public health booklet from the [[University of Chile]] states that 64% of the population is of Caucasian origin; "predominantly White" Mestizos are estimated to amount a total of 35%, while Native Americans (Amerindians) comprise the remaining 5%.<ref name="UC">{{cite web | title =5.2.6. Estructura racial | url =http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html | work =La Universidad de Chile | access-date =26 August 2007 | archive-date =16 October 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071016124831/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html | url-status =dead }} ([http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/ Main page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916211140/http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/ |date=16 September 2009 }})</ref>

[[File:Misa por Chile - Banderas.jpg|thumb|Chileans with flags of Chile]]
Despite the genetic considerations, many Chileans, if asked, would self-identify as White. The 2011 [[Latinobarómetro]] survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to belong to. Most answered "White" (59%), while 25% said "Mestizo" and 8% self-classified as "indigenous".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATContenidos.jsp |title=Informe Latinobarómetro 2011 |publisher=Latinobarometro.org |access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref> A 2002 national poll revealed that a majority of Chileans believed they possessed some (43.4%) or much (8.3%) "indigenous blood", while 40.3% responded that they had none.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|title=Encuesta CEP, Julio 2002|date=July 2002|access-date=18 May 2012|language=es|archive-date=29 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429001707/http://www.cepchile.cl/enc_encuestas.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 1907 census reported 101,118 Natives, or 3.1% of the total population. Only those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were considered to be Natives, irrespective of their "racial purity".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl//temas/documento_detalle.asp?id=MC0007943 |title=1907 census |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }}</ref> In 2002 a census took place, directly asking the public whether they considered themselves as part of any of the eight Chilean ethnic groups, regardless of whether or not they maintained their culture, traditions and language, and 4.6 percent of the population (692,192 people) fitted that description of [[indigenous peoples in Chile]]. Of that number, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/sintesiscensal.pdf|title=Censo 2002 – Síntesis de Resultados|work=Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas}}</ref> Most of the indigenous population shows varying degrees of mixed ancestry.<ref name="medwave">{{cite web|url=http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act |title=El gradiente sociogenético chileno y sus implicaciones ético-sociales |publisher=Medwave.cl |date=15 June 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818181825/http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act |archive-date=18 August 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Marcha cerca de Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, sept. 2013.jpg|thumb|left|Chilean students in Santiago de Chile]]
Chile is one of 22 countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples, the [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091225170052/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2009 |title=ILOLEX: submits English query |publisher=Ilo.org |date=9 January 2004 }}</ref> It was adopted in 1989 as the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified it in 2008. A Chilean court decision in November 2009 considered to be a landmark ruling on indigenous rights and made use of the convention. The Supreme Court decision on Aymara water rights upheld rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17739:chiles-supreme-court-upholds-indigenous-water-use-rights&catid=19:other&Itemid=142 |title=Chile's Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights |work=The Santiago Times|date=30 November 2009 |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303200719/http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17739:chiles-supreme-court-upholds-indigenous-water-use-rights&catid=19:other&Itemid=142 |archive-date=3 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The earliest [[Emigration from Europe|European immigrants]] were Spanish colonisers who arrived in the 16th century.<ref>[http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r52-20726/es/contenidos/noticia/albis12_257_txile_08_11/es_txile/albis12_257_txile_08_11.html Vascos en Chile.]</ref> The Amerindian population of central Chile was absorbed into the [[Spaniards|Spanish]] settler population in the beginning of the colonial period to form the large [[mestizo]] population that exists in Chile today; mestizos create modern middle and lower classes. In the 18th and 19th centuries, many [[Basque Chileans|Basques]] came to Chile where they integrated into the existing elites of [[Castile (historical region)|Castilian]] origin. Postcolonial Chile was never a particularly attractive destination for migrants, owing to its remoteness and distance from Europe.<ref name=Euzko/><ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile">{{cite book|last1=Salazar Vergara|first1=Gabriel |last2=Pinto|first2=Julio|title=Historia contemporánea de Chile: Actores, identidad y movimiento. II|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyx8JQtvU78C&pg=PA78|access-date=14 July 2013|year=1999|publisher=[[Lom Ediciones]]|isbn=978-956-282-174-2|pages=76–81|chapter=La Presencia Inmigrante}}</ref> Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking the long journey through the Straits of Magellan or crossing the Andes.<ref name=Euzko/> European migration did not result in a significant change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the [[Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region|region of Magellan]].<ref name=C1907>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf|title=INE – Error 404|website=www.ine.cl}}</ref> Spaniards were the only major European migrant group to Chile,<ref name=Euzko>{{cite web |url=http://www.euzkoetxeachile.cl/libros/04-De%20los%20Vascos%20Onati%20y%20los%20Elorza-2.pdf |title=De los Vascos, Oñati y los Elorza |author=Waldo Ayarza Elorza |pages=59, 65, 66 |access-date=13 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819165814/http://www.euzkoetxeachile.cl/libros/04-De%20los%20Vascos%20Onati%20y%20los%20Elorza-2.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and there was never large-scale immigration such as that to Argentina or Brazil.<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile"/> Between 1851 and 1924, Chile only received 0.5% of European immigration to Latin America, compared to 46% to Argentina, 33% to Brazil, 14% to Cuba, and 4% to Uruguay.<ref name=Euzko/> However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a significant role in Chilean society.<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile"/>

[[File:1951 settler families.JPG|thumb|right|German immigrants in southern Chile]]
Most of the immigrants to Chile during the 19th and 20th centuries came from [[France]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Parvex |first=R. |date=2014 |url= https://journals.openedition.org/hommesmigrations/2720 |title= Le Chili et les mouvements migratoires |journal=Hommes & Migrations |issue=Nº 1305 |pages=71–76 |doi= 10.4000/hommesmigrations.2720|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Great Britain]],<ref name="Británicos, 700.000">{{cite web |url= http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673&IdCategoria=91&IdArea=488&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile |title=Historia de Chile: Otros Artículos. Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX |access-date=16 March 2012 |author=Jorge Sanhueza Aviléz | publisher=Biografía de Chile}}</ref> [[Germany]],<ref name="Alemanes, 500.000">{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/alemanes-en-chile-entre-el-pasado-colono-y-el-presente-empresarial/a-14958983-1|title=Alemanes en Chile: entre el pasado colono y el presente empresarial|publisher=Deustche-Welle|author=Victoria Dannemann}}</ref> and [[Croatia]],<ref name="Croatas, 400.000">{{cite web |url=http://www.domovina.cl/inmigrantes-otras.php |title=Inmigración a Chile |publisher=Domivina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702225324/http://www.domovina.cl/inmigrantes-otras.php |archive-date=2 July 2015 }}</ref> among others. Descendants of different [[ethnic groups in Europe|European ethnic groups]] often intermarried in Chile. This intermarriage and mixture of cultures and races have helped to shape the present society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes.<ref name="deia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php |title=entrevista al Presidente de la Cámara vasca |publisher=Deia.com |date=22 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511001812/http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php |archive-date=11 May 2009 }}</ref> Also, roughly 500,000 of Chile's population is of full or partial [[Palestinian people|Palestinian origin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508 |title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome |publisher=Adnkronos.com |date=7 April 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514 |title=500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |access-date=13 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514 |archive-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> and 800,000 Arab descents.<ref name="Oriente próximo, 800.000, Palestinos, 500.000">{{cite news |author=Ghosh P. |title=Arabs in the Andes? Chile, The Unlikely Long-Term Home of a Large Palestinian Community |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/arabs-andes-chile-unlikely-long-term-home-large-palestinian-community-1449718 |work=International Business Times |access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref> Chile currently has 1.5 million of Latin American immigrants, mainly from [[Venezuela]], [[Peru]], [[Haiti]], [[Colombia]], [[Bolivia]] and [[Argentina]]; 8% of the total population in 2019, without counting descendants.<ref name="INE-DEM, 2019">[https://www.ine.cl/prensa/2020/03/12/seg%C3%BAn-estimaciones-la-cantidad-de-personas-extranjeras-residentes-habituales-en-chile-bordea-los-1-5-millones-al-31-de-diciembre-de-2019 Estimación de Población Extranjera en Chile, al 31 de diciembre de 2019], del Departamento de Extranjería y Migración (DEM) del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas de Chile (INE), pp. 21. Retrieved 29 Juny 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=199 |title=Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy |publisher=Migrationinformation.org |access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref> According to the 2002 national census, Chile's foreign-born population has increased by 75% since 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=920108 |title= El debate sobre la inmigración ilegal se extiende a la región |access-date=31 December 2008 |last= Landaburu |first= Juan |date= 24 June 2007 |work= [[La Nación]] }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Chile}}
{{bar box
| title = Religious background in Chile (2012 Census)<ref name=CIA/><ref name=CENSUS2012/>
| titlebar = #ddd
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|Catholic Church|DarkBlue|66.7}}
{{bar percent|Protestantism|Skyblue|16.4}}
{{bar percent|None|grey|11.5}}
{{bar percent|Others|Orange|4.5}}
{{bar percent|Unspecified|Black|1.1}}
}}
{{As of|2012}}, 66.6%<ref name="censo.cl">{{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by religion, region, sex and age groups. (censused population) |url=http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf |access-date= 23 March 2018|date= 7 September 2015 |language=es |format=.pdf|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207182725/http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2017}}</ref> of Chilean population over 15 years of age claimed to adhere to the Roman Catholic church, a decrease from the 70%<ref>7,853,428 out of 11,226,309 people over 15 years of age. {{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by religion, administrative division, sex and age groups|url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/cuadros/6/C6_00000.pdf|work=Censo 2002|access-date=1 March 2014|language=es}}</ref> reported in the 2002 census. In the same census of 2012, 17% of Chileans reported adherence to an Evangelical church ("Evangelical" in the census referred to all Christian denominations other than the Roman Catholic and [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]—Greek, Persian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and Armenian—churches, [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] or [[Mormons]], [[Seventh-day Adventists]], and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]: essentially, those denominations generally still termed "[[Protestants|Protestant]]" in most English-speaking lands, although [[Adventism]] is often considered an Evangelical denomination as well). Approximately 90% of Evangelical Christians are [[Pentecostal]]. but [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan]], [[Lutheran]], [[Anglican]], [[Anglicanism|Episcopalian]], [[Presbyterian]], [[Reformed churches|other Reformed]], [[Baptist]], and [[Methodist church]]es also are present amongst Chilean Evangelical churches.<ref name="religiousfreedomreport">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108518.htm|title=Chile|work=International Religious Freedom Report|publisher=United States Department of State|date=19 September 2008}}</ref> Irreligious people, atheists, and agnostics account for around 12% of the population.

By 2015, the major religion in Chile remained Christianity (68%), with an estimated 55% of Chileans belonging to the Roman Catholic church, 13% to various Evangelical churches, and just 7% adhering to any other religion. Agnostics and atheist were estimated at 25% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf |title=Track semanal de Opinión Pública |language=es |trans-title=Weekly Public Opinion Track |date=7 September 2015 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207182725/http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Chile has a [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] religious community, and is home to the mother temple of the Baháʼís for Latin America, which was completed in 2016 and has been described as futuristic and translucent in its architectural style.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/shastri-purushotma/bahai-temple-of-light-ris_b_6242968.html |author-last=Purushotma |author-first=Shastri |title=Breathtaking Baha'i Temple Rises in Chile |agency=HuffPost|date=6 December 2017 |access-date=21 February 2019 }}</ref>

The Constitution guarantees the right to [[freedom of religion]], and other laws and policies contribute to generally free religious practice. The law at all levels fully protects this right against abuse by either governmental or private actors.<ref name="religiousfreedomreport"/>

Church and state are officially [[separation of church and state|separate]] in Chile. A 1999 law on religion prohibits [[religious discrimination]].
However, the Roman Catholic church for mostly historical and social reasons enjoys a privileged status and occasionally receives preferential treatment.<ref>Bill Kte'pi, "Chile", in Robert E. Emery, ''Cultural Sociology of Divorce: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1'' (London: Sage, 2013), 266–68. books.google.com/books?id=wzJdSIfeeTQC&pg=PA266
{{ISBN|9781412999588}}</ref> Government officials attend Roman Catholic events as well as major Evangelical and Jewish ceremonies.<ref name="religiousfreedomreport"/>

The Chilean government treats the religious holidays of Christmas, [[Good Friday]], the [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel|Feast of the Virgin of Carmen]], the [[Feast of Saints Peter and Paul]], the [[Assumption of Mary|Feast of the Assumption]], [[All Saints' Day]], and the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]] as [[Public holiday|national holidays]].<ref name="religiousfreedomreport"/> Recently, the government declared 31 October, [[Reformation Day]], to be an additional national holiday, in honor of the Evangelical churches of the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066 |title=Hola, Luther |work=The Economist|date=6 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210125640/http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12564066 |archive-date=10 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Andrea Henríquez |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/2007/en_nombre_de_la_fe/newsid_7701000/7701290.stm |title=Los evangélicos tienen su feriado |publisher=BBC Mundo |date=31 October 2008 |access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref>

The [[patron saint]]s of Chile are [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]] and [[Saint James the Greater]] (''Santiago'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/patron.php?letter=C |title=Patron Saints: 'C' |publisher=Catholic Online |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> In 2005, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] canonized [[Alberto Hurtado]], who became the country's second native Roman Catholic saint after [[Teresa de los Andes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html |title=Las fechas del proceso de Canonización del Padre Hurtado |language=es |access-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122033957/http://www.canonizacion.cl/cano_etapaPH.html |archive-date=22 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
The [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish spoken in Chile]] is distinctively accented and quite unlike that of neighboring South American countries because final syllables are often dropped, and some consonants have a soft pronunciation.{{clarify|reason=Which consonants and what kind of soft pronunciation?|date=April 2018}} Accent varies only very slightly from north to south; more noticeable are the differences in accent based on social class or whether one lives in the city or the country. That the Chilean population was largely formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

There are several indigenous languages spoken in Chile: [[Mapudungun]], [[Chilean Quechua|Quechua]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]] and [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]]. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took over as the [[lingua franca]] and the indigenous languages have become minority languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CL |title=Ethnologue report for Chile |publisher=Ethnologue.com |access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref>

German is still spoken to some extent in southern Chile,<ref>{{cite web |author=Oliver Zoellner |url=http://www.research-worldwide.de/article-chile2005.html |title=Oliver Zoellner &#124; Generating Samples of Ethnic Minorities in Chile |publisher=Research-worldwide.de |access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref> either in small country side pockets or as a second language among the communities of larger cities.

Through initiatives such as the [[English Opens Doors|English Opens Doors Program]], the government made English mandatory for students in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile start teaching English from kindergarten.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/chile/090908/lack-english-proficiency |title=Repeat after me: Hello, my name is |publisher=Globalpost.com }}</ref> Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish speech.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sáez Godoy |first1=Leopoldo |title=Anglicismos en el español de Chile |trans-title=Anglicisms in Chilean Spanish |language=es |journal=Atenea (Concepción) |date=2005 |issue=492 |pages=171–177 |doi=10.4067/S0718-04622005000200010 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{main|Education in Chile|List of universities in Chile}}
[[File:Campus Casa Central (8).jpg|thumb|[[Pontifical Catholic University of Chile]] (PUC).]]
In Chile, education begins with [[preschool]] until the age of 5. [[Primary school]] is provided for children between ages 6 and 13. Students then attend [[secondary school]] until graduation at age 17.

Secondary education is divided into two parts: During the first two years, students receive a general education. Then, they choose a branch: scientific humanistic education, artistic education, or technical and professional education. Secondary school ends two years later on the acquirement of a certificate (licencia de enseñanza media).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=CHL|title=Chile Country Profile, UNESCO-UNEVOC}}</ref>

Chilean education is segregated by wealth in a three-tiered system – the quality of the schools reflect socioeconomic backgrounds:
* city schools (colegios municipales) that are mostly free and have the worst education results, mostly attended by poor students;
* subsidized schools that receive some money from the government which can be supplemented by fees paid by the student's family, which are attended by mid-income students and typically get mid-level results; and
* entirely private schools that consistently get the best results. Many private schools charge attendance fees of 0,5 to 1 median household incomes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2013/12/30/637336/mensualidad-en-colegios-top-10-en-la-psu-supera-los-250-mil.html |title=Mensualidad de los colegios con los mejores puntajes en la PSU supera los mil |publisher=Emol.com |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>

Upon successful graduation of secondary school, students may continue into [[higher education]]. The higher education schools in Chile consist of [[Chilean Traditional Universities]] and are divided into [[Public university|public universities]] or [[Private university|private universities]]. There are [[List of medical schools in South America#Chile|medical schools]] and both the [[Universidad de Chile]] and [[Universidad Diego Portales]] offer [[Legal education|law schools]] in a partnership with [[Yale University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.yale.edu/linkageinchili.htm |title=Program in Chile &#124; Yale Law School |publisher=Law.yale.edu |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Healthcare in Chile}}
[[File:Fonasa.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|FONASA is the funding branch of the Ministry of Health.]]
The [[Ministry of Health (Chile)|Ministry of Health]] (''Minsal'') is the cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating, executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated by the President of Chile. The [[Fondo Nacional de Salud|National Health Fund]] (''Fonasa''), created in 1979, is the financial entity entrusted to collect, manage and distribute state funds for health in Chile. It is funded by the public. All employees pay 7 percent of their monthly income to the fund.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

Fonasa is part of the NHSS and has executive power through the [[Ministry of Health (Chile)]]. Its headquarters are in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] and decentralized public service is conducted by various Regional Offices. More than 12 million beneficiaries benefit from Fonasa. Beneficiaries can also opt for more costly private insurance through [[Isapre]]. [[List of hospitals in Chile|Hospitals in Chile]] are mainly located in the [[Santiago Metropolitan Region]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Chile}}
[[File:Chile and Latin America GDP Average.png|thumb|Chilean (blue) and average Latin American (orange) [[GDP per capita]] (1980–2017)]]
[[File:Gran Torre Santiago (39693576311).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The financial district in Santiago de Chile]]
[[File:Bolsa 2.JPG|thumb|[[Santiago Stock Exchange]]]]
[[File:Chuquicamata-003.jpg|thumb|[[Chuquicamata]], the largest [[open-pit mining|open pit]] [[copper]] mine in the world]]
The [[Central Bank of Chile]] in Santiago serves as the [[central bank]] for the country. The Chilean currency is the [[Chilean peso]] (CLP). Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations,<ref name="BBC-Chile"/> leading Latin American nations in [[human development (humanity)|human development]], competitiveness, globalization, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/> Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the [[World Bank]] as a "[[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]]".<ref name="wb">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications |title=How We Classify Countries |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=":75">{{cite web |work=Country and Lending Groups |url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#High_income |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=14 September 2013 |title=High-income economies ($12,616 or more) |date=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=":76">{{cite web|title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) |url=http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=14 September 2013 |location=Washington, D.C. |format=xls |date=1 August 2013 |quote=GNI-WB |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055207/http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD_Indicator_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

Chile has the highest degree of [[economic freedom]] in South America (ranking 7th worldwide), owing to its independent and efficient judicial system and prudent public finance management.<ref name=iefhf>{{cite web|title=Chile|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/chile|work=[[Index of Economic Freedom]]|publisher=[[Heritage Foundation]]|access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref> In May 2010 Chile became the first South American country to join the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/chile/chilesaccessiontotheoecd.htm |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] |title=Chile's accession to the OECD |date=7 May 2010 |access-date=22 July 2016 }}</ref> In 2006, Chile became the country with the highest nominal GDP per capita in Latin America.<ref>[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 rankings and 2008–2009 comparisons] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030003958/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullrankings.pdf |date=30 October 2010 }}. The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010. World Economic Forum</ref> As of 2020, Chile ranks third in Latin America (behind Uruguay and Panama) in nominal GDP per capita.

Copper mining makes up 20% of Chilean GDP and 60% of exports.<ref name=coppersol>{{cite news|title=Mining in Chile: Copper solution|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21576714-mining-industry-has-enriched-chile-its-future-precarious-copper-solution|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=13 July 2013|date=27 April 2013}}</ref> [[Escondida]] is the largest copper mine in the world, producing over 5% of global supplies.<ref name=coppersol/> Overall, Chile produces a third of the world's copper.<ref name=coppersol/> [[Codelco]], the state mining firm, competes with private copper mining companies.<ref name=coppersol/>

Sound economic policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s, have contributed to steady economic growth in Chile and have more than halved poverty rates.<ref name=factbook>{{cite web|title=Chile|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="countrystudies"/> Chile began to experience a moderate economic downturn in 1999. The economy remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery, achieving 4.0% GDP growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indexmundi.com/chile/gdp_real_growth_rate.html |title=Chile GDP – real growth rate |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref> The Chilean economy finished 2004 with growth of 6 percent. Real GDP growth reached 5.7 percent in 2005 before falling back to 4 percent in 2006. GDP expanded by 5 percent in 2007.<ref name="countrystudies"/> Faced with an [[2008 financial crisis|international economic downturn]] the government announced an economic stimulus plan to spur employment and growth, and despite the global financial crisis, aimed for an expansion of between 2 percent and 3 percent of GDP for 2009. Nonetheless, economic analysts disagreed with government estimates and predicted economic growth at a median of 1.5 percent.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/economicNews/idUSN1027661220090110 |title=Chile finmin says no recession seen in 2009-report |work=Reuters |date=10 January 2009 |access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref> Real GDP growth in 2012 was 5.5%. Growth slowed to 4.1% in the first quarter of 2013.<ref name=imfartiv>{{cite web|title=Chile: 2013 Article IV Consultation; IMF Country Report 13/198|date=14 June 2013|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13198.pdf|publisher=IMF|access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref>

The unemployment rate was 6.4% in April 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chile February–April Unemployment Rises to 6.4% From 6.2% in January–March|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130531-706101.html|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=13 July 2013}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> There are reported labor shortages in agriculture, mining, and construction.<ref name=imfartiv/> The percentage of Chileans with per capita household incomes below the poverty line—defined as twice the cost of satisfying a person's minimal nutritional needs—fell from 45.1 percent in 1987 to 11.5 percent in 2009, according to government surveys.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%202006%20en%20profundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113065308/http://www.trabajoyequidad.cl/documentos/temp/TP-825-CASEN%2B2006%2Ben%2Bprofundidad-22-06-2007.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2013|work=Libertad y Desarrollo|title=Casen 2006 en profundidad|access-date=22 October 2007|date=22 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cepal.cl/publicaciones/xml/9/41799/PSE-panoramasocial2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707005900/http://www.cepal.cl/publicaciones/xml/9/41799/PSE-panoramasocial2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2011 |title=Panorama social de América Latina |publisher=ECLAC |year=2010 |access-date=13 July 2013 }}</ref> Critics in Chile, however, argue that true poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=35048|newspaper=El Mercurio|title=Una muy necesaria corrección: Hay cuatro millones de pobres en Chile|date=14 October 2007|access-date=22 October 2007}}</ref> Using the relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the [[ECLAC]].<ref>{{Cite news|work=The Economist|title=Destitute no more|url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9645174|access-date=22 October 2007|date=16 August 2007}} {{Subscription}}</ref>

{{as of|2012|November|}}, about 11.1 million people (64% of the population) benefit from government welfare programs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19 |title=Ficha de Protección Social – Ministerio de Desarrollo Social |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518190839/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/estad/est_int.php?id=19 |archive-date=18 May 2016 }}</ref>{{Clarify|date=May 2014}} via the "Social Protection Card", which includes the population living in poverty and those at a risk of falling into poverty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php |title=Ficha de Protección Social – Ministerio de Desarrollo Social |publisher=Fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl |access-date=9 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915085201/http://www.fichaproteccionsocial.gob.cl/fps/fps2.php |archive-date=15 September 2012 }}</ref>

[[Chile pension system|The privatized national pension system]] (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21 percent of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf |title=The Chilean pension system |access-date=13 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512092950/http://www.safp.cl/573/articles-3523_copyright.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10 percent of their salaries into privately managed funds.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

Chile has signed [[free trade agreements]] (FTAs) with a whole network of countries, including an FTA with the United States that was signed in 2003 and implemented in January 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Chile_FTA/Final_Texts/Section_Index.html |title=USA-Chile FTA Final Text |publisher=Ustr.gov |access-date=13 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328045456/https://ustr.gov/trade_agreements/bilateral/chile_fta/final_texts/section_index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> Internal Government of Chile figures show that even when factoring out inflation and the recent high price of copper, bilateral trade between the U.S. and Chile has grown over 60 percent since then.<ref name="countrystudies"/> Chile's total trade with China reached US$8.8 billion in 2006, representing nearly 66 percent of the value of its trade relationship with Asia.<ref name="countrystudies"/> Exports to Asia increased from US$15.2 billion in 2005 to US$19.7 billion in 2006, a 29.9 percent increase.<ref name="countrystudies"/> Year-on-year growth in imports was especially strong from a number of countries: Ecuador (123.9%), Thailand (72.1%), South Korea (52.6%), and China (36.9%).<ref name="countrystudies"/>

Chile's approach to foreign direct investment is codified in the country's Foreign Investment Law. Registration is reported to be simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access to the official [[foreign exchange market]] to repatriate their profits and capital.<ref name="countrystudies"/>
The Chilean Government has formed a Council on Innovation and Competition, hoping to bring in additional FDI to new parts of the economy.<ref name="countrystudies"/>

[[Standard & Poor's]] gives Chile a [[credit rating]] of AA-.<ref>{{cite news|title=UPDATE 2-S&P raises Chile's credit rating to AA-minus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/26/chile-ratings-sandp-idUSL1E8NQ6KM20121226|work=Reuters|access-date=13 July 2013|date=26 December 2012}}</ref> The Government of Chile continues to pay down its foreign debt, with public debt only 3.9 percent of GDP at the end of 2006.<ref name="countrystudies"/> The Chilean central government is a net creditor with a [[Net asset value|net asset position]] of 7% of GDP at end 2012.<ref name=imfartiv/> The [[current account deficit]] was 4% in the first quarter of 2013, financed mostly by foreign direct investment.<ref name=imfartiv/> 14% of central government revenue came directly from copper in 2012.<ref name=imfartiv/>

===Mineral resources===
Chile is rich in mineral resources, especially copper and lithium. It is thought that due to the importance of lithium for batteries for electric vehicles and stabilization of electric grids with large proportions of intermittent renewables in the electricity mix, Chile could be strengthened geopolitically. However, this perspective has also been criticised for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production in other parts of the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Overland|first=Indra|date=1 March 2019|title=The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths|url=https://nupi.brage.unit.no/nupi-xmlui/bitstream/11250/2579292/2/2019%2b-%2bThe%2bgeopolitics%2bof%2brenewable%2benergy%252C%2bdebunking%2bfour%2bemerging%2bmyths.pdf|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=49|pages=36–40|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Main|Agriculture in Chile}}
[[File:Vista general de Valle de Casablanca.jpg|thumb|Vineyard in the [[Casablanca Valley]]]]
[[Agriculture]] in Chile encompasses a wide range of different activities due to its particular [[geography]], [[climate]] and [[geology]] and human factors. Historically agriculture is one of the bases of Chile's economy. Now agriculture and allied sectors like [[forestry]], [[logging]] and [[fishing]] account for only 4.9% of the [[GDP]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} and employ 13.6% of the country's labor force. Some major agriculture products of Chile include [[grapes]], [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[onion]]s, [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[oats]], [[peach]]es, [[garlic]], [[asparagus]], [[bean]]s, [[beef]], [[poultry]], [[wool]], [[fish]], [[Lumber|timber]] and [[hemp]]. Due to its geographical isolation and strict customs policies Chile is free from diseases such as [[mad cow disease]], [[Drosophilidae|fruit fly]] and [[Phylloxera]]. This, its location in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], which has quite different harvesting times from the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and its wide range of agriculture conditions are considered Chile's main comparative advantages. However, Chile's mountainous landscape limits the extent and intensity of agriculture so that arable land corresponds only to 2.62% of the total territory. Chile currently utilizes 14,015 Hectares of agricultural land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/chile.htm|title=Chile – OECD Data|website=theOECD|language=en|access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Chile}}
[[File:Valle_del_Elqui,_La_Serena-Chile.JPG|thumb|[[Elqui Valley (wine region)|Elqui Valley]], wine and pisco region]]
[[File:Cerro Concepcion.jpg|thumb|[[Valparaíso]]]]
[[File:Puerto Varas, Chile (10986508514).jpg|thumb|[[Puerto Varas]]]]

Tourism in Chile has experienced sustained growth over the last few decades. In 2005, tourism grew by 13.6 percent, generating more than 4.5 billion dollars of which 1.5 billion was attributed to foreign tourists. According to the National Service of Tourism (Sernatur), 2 million people a year visit the country. Most of these visitors come from other countries in the American continent, mainly [[Argentina]]; followed by a growing number from the United States, Europe, and [[Brazil]] with a growing number of Asians from [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref>Blanco, Hernán ''et al.'' (August 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235147/http://www.rides.cl/pdf/trade_tourism_chile.pdf International Trade and Sustainable Tourism in Chile]. International Institute for Sustainable Development</ref>

The main attractions for tourists are places of natural beauty situated in the extreme zones of the country: [[San Pedro de Atacama]], in the north, is very popular with foreign tourists who arrive to admire the Incaic architecture, the altiplano lakes, and the [[Valle de la Luna (Chile)|Valley of the Moon]].{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} In [[Putre]], also in the north, there is the [[Chungará Lake]], as well as the [[Parinacota Volcano|Parinacota]] and the [[Pomerape]] volcanoes, with altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,282 m, respectively. Throughout the central Andes there are many ski resorts of international repute,{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} including [[Portillo, Chile|Portillo]], [[Valle Nevado]] and [[Termas de Chillán]].

The main tourist sites in the south are national parks (the most popular is [[Conguillío National Park]] in the Araucanía){{citation needed|date=July 2014}} and the coastal area around Tirúa and Cañete with the [[Isla Mocha]] and the [[Nahuelbuta National Park]], [[Chiloé Archipelago]] and [[Patagonia]], which includes [[Laguna San Rafael National Park]], with its many glaciers, and the [[Torres del Paine National Park]]. The central port city of [[Valparaíso]], which is World Heritage with its unique architecture, is also popular.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Finally, Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is one of the main Chilean tourist destinations.

For locals, tourism is concentrated mostly in the summer (December to March), and mainly in the coastal beach towns.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} [[Arica]], [[Iquique]], [[Antofagasta]], [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]] and [[Coquimbo]] are the main summer centers in the north, and Pucón on the shores of [[Lake Villarrica]] is the main center in the south. Because of its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valparaíso Region, with its many beach resorts, receives the largest number of tourists. [[Viña del Mar]], Valparaíso's more affluent northern neighbor, is popular because of its beaches, [[casino]], and its annual [[Viña del Mar International Song Festival|song festival]], the most important musical event in Latin America.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} [[Pichilemu]] in the [[O'Higgins Region]] is widely known as South America's "best [[surfing]] spot" according to [[Fodor's]].{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

In November 2005 the government launched a campaign under the brand "Chile: All Ways Surprising" intended to promote the country internationally for both business and tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prochile.us/ |title=Pro&#124;Chile – Importadores &#124; Selección idiomas |publisher=Prochile.us |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> [[List of museums in Chile|Museums in Chile]] such as the [[Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts]] built in 1880, feature works by [[List of Chilean artists|Chilean artists]].

Chile is home to the world renowned [[Patagonia Park|Patagonian Trail]] that resides on the border between Argentina and Chile. Chile recently launched a massive scenic route for tourism in hopes of encouraging development based on conservation. The Route of Parks covers {{Convert | 1740 | mi}} and was designed by Tompkin Conservation (founders [[Douglas Tompkins]] and wife [[Kristine Tompkins|Kristine]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45663960|title=Chile unveils huge Patagonia scenic route|date=27 September 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=24 November 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Chile}}
[[File:CAF en Hernando de Magallanes.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Santiago Metro]] is South America's most extensive metro system<ref name="Home">{{cite web |url=http://www.metrosantiago.cl/guia-viajero |title=Guía del Viajero |publisher=Metro de Santiago |language=es |trans-title=Plan Your Journey |access-date=18 September 2013}}</ref>]]
Due to Chile's topography a functioning transport network is vital to its economy. Buses are now the main means of long-distance transportation in Chile, following the decline of its railway network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omnilineas.cl/comparison/index.html|title=Omnilineas website|author=Omnilineas}}</ref> The bus system covers the entire country, from [[Arica, Chile|Arica]] to [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] (a 30-hour journey) and from Santiago to [[Punta Arenas]] (about 40 hours, with a change at [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]]).

Chile has a total of 372 runways (62 paved and 310 unpaved). Important airports in Chile include [[Chacalluta International Airport]] ([[Arica]]), [[Diego Aracena International Airport]] ([[Iquique]]), [[Andrés Sabella Gálvez International Airport]]
([[Antofagasta]]), [[Carriel Sur International Airport]] ([[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]]), [[El Tepual International Airport]] ([[Puerto Montt]]), [[Presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo International Airport]] ([[Punta Arenas]]), [[La Araucanía International Airport]] ([[Temuco]]), [[Mataveri International Airport]] ([[Easter Island]]), the most remote airport in the world, as defined by distance to another airport, and the [[Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport]] ([[Santiago]]) with a traffic of 12,105,524 passengers in 2011. Santiago is headquarters of Latin America's largest [[airline]] [[holding company]] and Chilean [[flag carrier]] [[LATAM Airlines Group|LATAM Airlines]].

===Telecommunications===
[[File:Andes y Torre Entel.jpg|thumbnail|[[Torre Entel]] in [[Santiago de Chile]], with the [[Andes mountains]] in the background]]
[[telecommunications in Chile|Chile has a telecommunication]] system which covers much of the country, including Chilean insular and Antarctic bases. Privatization of the telephone system began in 1988; Chile has one of the most advanced telecommunications infrastructure in South America with a modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities and domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations.<ref name=factbook /> In 2012, there were 3.276 million main lines in use and 24.13 million mobile cellular telephone subscribers.<ref name=factbook /> According to a 2012 database of the [[International Telecommunications Union]] (ITU), 61.42% of the Chilean population uses the internet, making Chile the country with the highest internet penetration in [[South America]].<ref name="ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet">{{cite web | url=http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls | title=Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000 | publisher=International Telecommunications Union | location=Geneva | date=June 2013 | access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> The Chilean internet country code is "[[.cl]]".

===Energy===
{{main|Energy in Chile}}
Chile's [[total primary energy supply]] (TPES) was 36.10 [[tonne of oil equivalent|Mtoe]] in 2014.<ref name=iea2014>{{cite web|title=IEA – Report|url=https://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=Chile&product=indicators|website=www.iea.org|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> Energy in Chile is dominated by fossil fuels, with coal, oil and gas accounting for 73.4% of the total primary energy. Biofuels and waste account for another 20.5% of primary energy supply, with the rest sourced from hydro and other renewables.<ref name=iea2014 />

Electricity consumption was 68.90 TWh in 2014. Main sources of electricity in Chile are [[hydroelectricity]], [[fuel gas|gas]], [[fuel oil|oil]] and [[coal]]. [[Renewable energy]] in the forms of [[Wind energy|wind]] and [[solar energy]] are also coming into use, encouraged by collaboration since 2009 with the [[United States Department of Energy]]. The electricity industry is [[privatization|privatized]] with [[Endesa (Chile)|ENDESA]] as the largest company in the field.

{{clear}}

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Chile|Music of Chile|Chilean cuisine}}
[[File:Zamacueca-Chile.jpg|thumb|''La Zamacueca'', by Manuel Antonio Caro.]]
From the period between early agricultural settlements and up to the late pre-Hispanic period, northern Chile was a region of Andean culture that was influenced by altiplano traditions spreading to the coastal valleys of the north, while southern regions were areas of Mapuche cultural activities. Throughout the colonial period following the conquest, and during the early Republican period, the country's culture was dominated by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English, French, and German began in the 19th century and have continued to this day. German migrants influenced the Bavarian style rural architecture and cuisine in the south of Chile in cities such as [[Valdivia]], [[Frutillar]], [[Puerto Varas]], [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]], [[Temuco]], [[Puerto Octay]], [[Llanquihue Province|Llanquihue]], [[Faja Maisan]], [[Pitrufquén]], [[Victoria, Chile|Victoria]], [[Pucón]] and [[Puerto Montt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allsouthernchile.com/southamerica/valdivia-southern-chile-city-guide/index.html |title=Valdivia Chile |publisher=Allsouthernchile.com |access-date=1 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919231219/http://www.allsouthernchile.com/southamerica/valdivia-southern-chile-city-guide/index.html |archive-date=19 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=International Web Solutions, Inc. <http://www.iwsinc.net> |url=http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/ |title=Latin America :: Chile |publisher=Global Adrenaline |access-date=1 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711100623/http://www.globaladrenaline.com/latinamerica/chile/ |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4 |title=Learning About Each Other |publisher=Learnapec.org |access-date=1 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429020520/http://www.learnapec.org/index.cfm?action=exploration&cou_id=4 |archive-date=29 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.country-studies.com/chile/foreign-relations.html |title=Chile Foreign Relations |publisher=Country-studies.com |access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Algeria-to-France/Chile.html |title=Food in Chile – Chilean Food, Chilean Cuisine – traditional, popular, dishes, recipe, diet, history, common, meals, rice, main, people, favorite, customs, fruits, country, bread, vegetables, bread, drink, typical |publisher=Foodbycountry.com |access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref>

===Music and dance===
[[File:Fran Valenzuela at SurActivo.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Francisca Valenzuela]]]]

Music in Chile ranges from folkloric, popular and classical music. Its large geography generates different musical styles in the north, center and south of the country, including also Easter Island and Mapuche music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=elfolclordechileysustresgrandesraices |title=Memoria Chilena |publisher=Memoriachilena.cl }}</ref> The national dance is the [[cueca]]. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody.

Between 1950 and 1970 appears a rebirth in folk music leading by groups such as [[Los de Ramón]], Los Cuatro Huasos and Los Huasos Quincheros, among others<ref>{{cite web|url=http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444 |title=Conjuntos Folkloricos de Chile |publisher=Musicapopular.cl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013104352/http://musicapopular.cl/2.0/index2.php?op=Artista&id=444 |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}</ref> with composers such as [[Raúl de Ramón]], [[Violeta Parra]] and others. In the mid-1960s native musical forms were revitalized by the [[Parra family]] with the [[Nueva canción|Nueva canción Chilena]], which was associated with political activists and reformers such as [[Víctor Jara]], [[Inti-Illimani]], and [[Quilapayún]]. Other important [[folk music|folk]] singer and researcher on [[folklore]] and Chilean [[ethnography]], is [[Margot Loyola]]. Also many Chilean rock bands like [[Los Jaivas]], [[Los Prisioneros]], [[La Ley (band)|La Ley]], and [[Los Tres]] have reached international success. In February, annual music festivals are held in [[Viña del Mar]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Martinez|first=Jessica|title=Top Cultural Celebrations and Festivals in Chile|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/top-cultural-celebrations-festivals-chile-61003.html|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 220
| footer = [[Pablo Neruda]] and [[Gabriela Mistral]], Nobel Prize recipients in literature
| image1 = Pablo Neruda 1963.jpg
| alt1 = Pablo Neruda
| image2 = Gabriela Mistral 1945.jpg
| alt2 = Gabriela Mistral
}}
Chile is a ''country of poets''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.protocolo.com.mx/articulos.php?id_sec=2&id_art=600 |access-date=29 October 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uchile.cl/cultura/poetasjovenes/bianchi26.htm |title=Un mapa por completar: la joven poesia chilena – ¿Por qué tanta y tan variada poesía? |publisher=Uchile.cl |access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref> [[Gabriela Mistral]] was the first Latin American to receive a [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (1945). Chile's most famous poet is [[Pablo Neruda]], who received the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world-renowned for his extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three highly personalized homes in [[Isla Negra]], Santiago and Valparaíso are popular tourist destinations.

Among the list of other Chilean poets are [[Carlos Pezoa Véliz]], [[Vicente Huidobro]], [[Gonzalo Rojas]], [[Pablo de Rokha]], [[Nicanor Parra]] and [[Raúl Zurita]]. [[Isabel Allende]] is the best-selling Chilean novelist, with 51 millions of her novels sold worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=346023&CategoryId=13003 |title=Latin American Herald Tribune – Isabel Allende Named to Council of Cervantes Institute |publisher=Laht.com |access-date=14 November 2010}}</ref> Novelist [[José Donoso]]'s novel ''[[The Obscene Bird of Night]]'' is considered by critic [[Harold Bloom]] to be one of the canonical works of 20th-century Western literature. Another internationally recognized Chilean novelist and poet is [[Roberto Bolaño]] whose translations into English have had an excellent reception from the critics.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1857951,00.html |work=Time |date=10 November 2008 |access-date=28 April 2010 |first=Lev |last=Grossman |author-link= Lev Grossman |title=Bolaño's 2666: The Best Book of 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Sarah Kerr |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22171 |title=The Triumph of Roberto Bolaño |magazine=The New York Review of Books |date=18 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Wood.t.html |work=The New York Times |title=The Visceral Realist |first=James |last=Wood |date=15 April 2007 |access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[File:Asado chileno - Flickr - Marieloreto.jpg|thumb|Chilean ''[[Asado]]'' (Barbecue) and ''[[Marraqueta]]'']]

[[Chilean cuisine]] is a reflection of the country's topographical variety, featuring an assortment of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include [[asado]], [[cazuela]], [[empanada]]s, [[humita]]s, [[pastel de choclo]], pastel de papas, [[curanto]] and [[sopaipilla#Chile|sopaipillas]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Maria Baez Kijac|title=The South American Table: The Flavor and Soul of Authentic...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlePAePLlqkC|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2003|publisher=Harvard Common Press|isbn=978-1-55832-249-3}}</ref> [[Crudos]] is an example of the mixture of culinary contributions from the various ethnic influences in Chile. The raw minced [[llama]], heavy use of shellfish and rice bread were taken from native [[Quechua people|Quechua]] Andean cuisine, (although now beef brought to Chile by Europeans is also used in place of the llama meat), lemon and onions were brought by the Spanish colonists, and the use of [[mayonnaise]] and [[yogurt]] was introduced by German immigrants, as was [[beer]].

===Folklore===
The folklore of Chile, cultural and demographic characteristics of the country, is the result of mixture of Spanish and Amerindian elements that occurred during the colonial period. Due to cultural and historical reasons, they are classified and distinguished four major areas in the country: northern areas, central, southern and south. Most of the traditions of the [[culture of Chile]] have a festive purpose, but some, such as dances and ceremonies, have religious components.
<ref>Whole paragraph same as in Ravi Jyee et al., eds., World Encyclopaedia of American Countries, vol. 1
New Delhi: Afro-Asian-American Chamber of Commerce Occupational Research and Development, 2016. 179–80.
http://164.100.47.193/Ebooks/Writereaddate/52_2017.pdf</ref>

====Mythology====
{{Main|Chilean mythology}}

Chilean mythology is the mythology and beliefs of the Folklore of Chile.

This includes [[Chilote mythology]], [[Rapa Nui mythology]] and [[Mapuche mythology]].

===Cinema===
{{Main|Cinema of Chile}}

Film production originated in [[Valparaíso]] on 26 May 1902 with the premiere of the documentary ''Exercise General Fire Brigade'', the first film completely filmed and processed in the country. In the following decades, marked milestones ''The deck of Death'' (or ''The Enigma of Lord Street'') (1916), considered the first film of a Chilean story, ''The transmission of presidential'' (1920), the first animated film in the country, and ''North and South'' (1934), the first sound film of Chile.

===Sports===
{{main|Sport in Chile}}
[[File:Estadio Nacional de Chile 2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos]]]]

Chile's most popular sport is [[association football]]. Chile has appeared in nine FIFA World Cups which includes hosting the [[1962 FIFA World Cup]] where the [[Chile national football team|national football team]] finished third. Other results achieved by the national football team include two [[Copa América]] titles ([[2015 Copa América|2015]] and [[Copa América Centenario|2016]]), and two runners up positions, one silver and two bronze medals at the [[Pan American Games]], a bronze medal at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and two third places finishes in the FIFA under-17 and under-20 youth tournaments. The top league in the [[Chilean football league system]] is the [[Chilean Primera División]], which is named by the [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics|IFFHS]] as the ninth strongest national football league in the world.<ref name=iffhs>{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?b6e28fa3002f71504e52d17f7370eff3702bb1c2bb11 |title=The strongest National League in the World 2011 |work=IFFHS |access-date=18 April 2012}}</ref>

The main football clubs are [[Colo-Colo]], [[Club Universidad de Chile|Universidad de Chile]] and [[Club Deportivo Universidad Católica|Universidad Católica]]. Colo-Colo is the country's most successful football club, having both the most national and international championships, including the coveted [[Copa Libertadores]] South American club tournament. Universidad de Chile was the last international champion ([[Copa Sudamericana]] 2011).

Tennis is Chile's most successful sport. Its [[Chile Davis Cup team|national team]] won the [[World Team Cup]] clay tournament twice (2003 & 2004), and played the [[Davis Cup]] final against [[Italy]] in 1976. At the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] the country captured gold and bronze in men's singles and gold in men's doubles. [[Marcelo Ríos]] became the first Latin American man to reach the number one spot in the [[List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players|ATP singles rankings]] in 1998. [[Anita Lizana]] won the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] in 1937, becoming the first woman from Latin America to win a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournament. [[Luis Ayala (tennis)|Luis Ayala]] was twice a runner-up at the French Open and both Ríos and [[Fernando González]] reached the Australian Open men's singles finals. González also won a silver medal in singles at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing.

At the Summer Olympic Games Chile boasts a total of two gold medals (tennis), seven silver medals (athletics, [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]], [[boxing]], shooting and tennis) and four bronze medals (tennis, boxing and football). In 2012, Chile won its first Paralympic Games medal (gold in Athletics).

[[File:15 Abril 2015, Ministro Álvaro Elizalde junto a la Presidenta Michelle Bachelet reciben al Equipo Campeón Mundial de Polo en La Moneda. (17160926755).jpg|thumb|The Chilean national polo team with President [[Michelle Bachelet]] and the trophy of the [[2015 World Polo Championship]].]]

[[Chilean rodeo|Rodeo]] is the country's [[national sport]] and is practiced in the more rural areas of the nation. A sport similar to [[hockey]] called ''[[chueca]]'' was played by the Mapuche people during the Spanish conquest. [[Skiing]] and [[snowboarding]] are practiced at ski centers located in the Central Andes, and in southern ski centers near to cities as Osorno, Puerto Varas, Temuco and Punta Arenas. [[Surfing in Chile|Surfing]] is popular at some coastal towns. [[Polo]] is professionally practiced within Chile, with the country achieving top prize in the 2008 and 2015 [[World Polo Championship]].

[[Basketball]] is a popular sport in which Chile has earned a bronze medal in the first men's [[FIBA World Championship]] held in 1950 and winning a second bronze medal when Chile hosted the [[1959 FIBA World Championship]]. Chile hosted the first [[FIBA World Championship for Women]] in 1953 finishing the tournament with the silver medal. [[San Pedro de Atacama]] is host to the annual "Atacama Crossing", a six-stage, {{convert|250|km|adj=on}} footrace which annually attracts about 150 competitors from 35 countries. The [[Dakar Rally]] [[Off-road racing|off-road automobile race]] has been held in both Chile and [[Argentina]] since 2009.

===Cultural heritage===
The [[cultural heritage]] of Chile consists, first, of its intangible heritage, composed of various cultural events and activities, such as visual arts, crafts, dances, holidays, cuisine, games, music and traditions. Secondly, its tangible heritage consists of those buildings, objects and sites of archaeological, architectural, traditional, artistic, ethnographic, folkloric, historical, religious or technological significance scattered through Chilean territory. Among them, some are declared [[World Heritage Sites]] by [[UNESCO]], in accordance with the provisions of the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, ratified by Chile in 1980. These cultural sites are the [[Rapa Nui National Park]] (1995), the [[Churches of Chiloé]] (2000), [[Valparaíso|the historical district of the port city of Valparaíso]] (2003), [[Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works]] (2005) and the mining city [[Sewell, Chile|Sewell]] (2006).

In 1999 the ''Cultural Heritage Day'' was established as a way to honour and commemorate Chile's cultural heritage. It is an official national event celebrated in May every year.<ref>{{cite web| title =Día del patrimonio cultural | url =https://www.chileatiende.gob.cl/fichas/40159-dia-del-patrimonio-cultural | website =www.chileatiende.gob.cl/ | date =14 May 2019 | access-date =13 May 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Chile|Latin America}}
* [[Index of Chile-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Chile]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Chile]]
{{clear}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* Simon Collier and William F. Sater, ''A History of Chile, 1808–1894'', Cambridge University Press, 1996
* Paul W. Drake, and others., ''Chile: A Country Study'', Library of Congress, 1994
* Luis Galdames, ''A History of Chile'', University of North Carolina Press, 1941
* Brian Lovemen, ''Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism'', 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2001
* John L. Rector, ''The History of Chile'', Greenwood Press, 2003
* Christian Balteum: ''The Strip. A marxist critique of a semicomparador economy'', University of Vermont Press, 2018
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Chile}}
*[https://www.gob.cl/en/ Official Chile Government website]
*[https://thisischile.cl ThisIsChile Tourism & Commerce Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220035214/https://www.thisischile.cl/ |date=20 December 2019 }}
*[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/ Chile]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011194320/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/chile.htm Chile] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{Curlie|Regional/South_America/Chile}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1222764.stm Chile profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116103522/http://www.ubicachile.cl/ Road maps of Chile, interactive]
*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CHL/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Chile]
*{{Wikiatlas|Chile}}
*{{osmrelation-inline|167454|bullet=no}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CL Key Development Forecasts for Chile] from [[International Futures]]
* [http://www.chileculture.org/ Chile Cultural Society]

{{Chile topics}}
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[[Category:Chile| ]]
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Revision as of 19:43, 2 March 2021

From the CIA World Factbook 2000. Not Wikified.


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