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Windows 2.0

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+#REDIRECT [[Windows 2.0]]
-{{short description|16-bit Microsoft Windows GUI-based operating environment}}
-{{for|the successor series of OSes|Windows 2.1x}}
+{{Redirect category shell|
-{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
+{{R from move}}
-{{use American English|date=September 2020}}
-{{Infobox OS version
-|name=Windows 2.0x
-|version of=[[Microsoft Windows]]
-|logo=Windows logo and wordmark - 1985.svg
-|screenshot=Windows 2.0.png
-|caption=Screenshot of Windows 2.0
-|developer=[[Microsoft]]
-|source_model=[[Closed source software|Closed source]]
-|license=[[Commercial software]]
-|kernel_type=
-|preceded_by=[[Windows 1.0x]] (1985)
-|succeeded_by=[[Windows 2.1x]] (1988)
-|first_release_date= {{Start date and age|1987|December|9|mf=30}}
-|first_release_url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history
-| release_version    = 2.03
-| release_date       = {{Start date and age|1987|12|9|mf=yes}}
-| release_url        =
-|support_status=Unsupported as of December 31, 2001
-|date=November 2009 <!-- approximate date of template insertion for dating hidden maintenance categories -->
 }}
-'''Windows 2.0''' is an obsoleted 16-bit [[Microsoft Windows]] [[graphical user interface|GUI]]-based [[operating environment]] that was released on December 9, 1987,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history |title=A History of Windows |year=2012 |website=Microsoft |publisher=Microsoft |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610182515/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history#T1=era0 |archive-date=June 10, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the successor to [[Windows 1.0]].
-This product's family includes ''Windows 2.0'', a base edition for 8086 [[real mode]], and [[#Windows/386|Windows/386 2.0]], an enhanced edition for [[i386]] [[protected mode]].
-On December 31, 2001, Microsoft declared Windows 2.0 obsolete and stopped providing support and updates for the system.
-==Features==
-Windows 2.0 allowed application windows to overlap each other, unlike its predecessor [[Windows 1.0]], which could display only tiled windows.<ref name="history-of-microsoft">{{cite web|date=February 7, 2012|title=History of Microsoft|url=http://download.chip.eu/en/History-of-Microsoft_163647110.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219183945/http://download.chip.eu/en/History-of-Microsoft_163647110.html|archive-date=February 19, 2012|access-date=August 7, 2013|website=Chip.eu Download|publisher=Chip.eu}}</ref> Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard-shortcuts<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/history_of_microsoft_windows_operating_system.html |title=The History of Microsoft Windows operating systems |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=January 27, 2012 |website=Webopedia |publisher=Webopedia |access-date=August 7, 2013}}</ref> and the terminology of "Minimize" and "Maximize", as opposed to "Iconize" and "Zoom" in Windows 1.0.<ref name="how-windows-came">{{cite web |url=http://www.sbp-romania.com/Articles/how-windows-came-to-be-windows-2.aspx |title=Windows 2.0 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=August 31, 2009 |website=SBP Romania |publisher=SBP Romania |access-date=August 7, 2013}}</ref> The basic window setup introduced here would last through Windows 3.1.
-New features in Windows 2.0 included support for the new capabilities of the i386 CPU in some versions {{See below|{{section link||Editions}}, below}}, 256-color [[VGA graphics]], and [[EMS memory]] support.<ref>{{cite web|author=Seth Sibangan|date=August 7, 2013|title=Kellys|url=http://www.slideshare.net/KSreitphzaySibangan/kellys-25015202|access-date=August 7, 2013|website=SlideShare|publisher=Seth Sibangan}}</ref> It was also the last version of Windows that did not require a hard disk.
-With the improved speed, reliability and usability, computers now started becoming a part of daily life for some workers. Desktop icons and use of keyboard shortcuts helped to speed up work.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mahesh Dabade|date=September 1, 2015|title=History of Windows Operating System|url=http://techtrickle.com/history-of-windows/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104221528/http://techtrickle.com/history-of-windows/|archive-date=November 4, 2015|access-date=November 21, 2015|website=TechTrickle|publisher=TechTrickle}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=June 2020}}
-The Windows 2.x EGA, VGA, and [[Tandy Corporation#Computers|Tandy]] drivers notably provided a workaround in Windows 3.0 for users who wanted color graphics on [[8086]] machines (a feature that version normally did not support).
-IBM licensed Windows's [[graphical user interface|GUI]] for OS/2 as [[Presentation Manager]], and the two companies stated that it and Windows 2.0 would be almost identical.<ref name="alsop19880118">{{Cite journal |last=Alsop |first=Stewart II |date=1988-01-18 |title=Microsoft Windows: Eclectism in UI |url=http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/PC-Letter_19880118.pdf |journal=P.C. Letter |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=6–7}}</ref>
-== Editions ==
-Windows 2.0x came in two different variants<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTRVAAAAMAAJ&q=infoworld+%22windows/286%22|title=Byte|date=1990|publisher=McGraw-Hill|language=en}}</ref><ref name="os2mus">{{Cite web|title=Windows/386 2.01 {{!}} OS/2 Museum|url=http://www.os2museum.com/wp/windows386-2-01|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.os2museum.com|language=en-US}}</ref> with different names and CPU support. The first variant simply said "Windows" on the box, with a version number on the back distinguishing it from Windows 1.x. The second was billed on the box as "Windows/386"
-This distinction continued to Windows 2.1x, where the naming convention changed to ''Windows/286'' and ''Windows/386'' to clarify that they were different versions of the same product.
-=== Windows ===
-{{Expand section|date=March 2021}}
-The basic edition only supports 8086 real mode.
-This edition would be renamed ''Windows/286'' with the release of [[Windows 2.1x]]. Despite its name, Windows/286 remained fully operational on an 8088 or 8086 processor, although the high memory area would not be available on an 8086-class processor; however, expanded memory (EMS) could still be used, if present. A few PC vendors shipped Windows/286 with 8086 hardware; an example was IBM's [[IBM Personal System/2|PS/2]] Model 25, which had an option to ship with a "DOS 4.00 and Windows kit" for educational markets, which included word processing and presentation software useful for students, which resulted in some confusion when purchasers of this system received a box labeled Windows/286 with an 8086-based computer.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Microsoft Windows/286|url=http://www.oldcomputermuseum.com/os/windows_286_v2.10.html|accessdate=August 15, 2013|website=Old Computer Museum}}</ref>
-===Windows/386===
-Windows/386 was available as early as September 1987,<ref name="os2mus"/><ref name=MSJWin386>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Microsoft Systems Journal]]
-|author=Ray Duncan |date=September 1987 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |pages=1–15}}</ref> pre-dating the release of Windows 2.0 in December 1987. Windows/386 was much more advanced than its 286 sibling. It introduced a [[protected mode]] kernel, above which the [[Graphical user interface|GUI]] and applications run as a [[virtual 8086 mode]] task.
-Windows/386 had fully [[preemptive multitasking]],<ref name=MSJWin386/>{{rp|p.2}} and allowed several MS-DOS programs to run in parallel in "virtual 8086" CPU mode, rather than always suspending background applications. (Windows applications could already run in parallel through [[Computer multitasking#Cooperative multitasking/time-sharing|cooperative multitasking]].) With the exception of a few kilobytes of overhead, each DOS application could use any available low memory before Windows was started.<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Microsoft Windows/386|url=http://www.oldcomputermuseum.com/os/windows_386_v2.10.html|access-date=August 15, 2013|website=Old Computer Museum}}</ref> Windows/386 ran Windows applications in a single Virtual 8086 box,<ref name="os2mus2">{{cite web|author=Michal Necasek|date=June 21, 2011|title=Windows/386 2.01|url=http://www.os2museum.com/wp/?p=541|access-date=August 15, 2013|website=OS/2 Museum}}</ref> with [[Expanded memory|EMS]] emulation. In contrast, Windows 3.0 in standard or enhanced mode ran Windows applications in 16 bits protected mode segments.
-Windows/386 also provided [[Expanded memory#Software emulation|EMS emulation]], using the memory management features of the [[i386]] to make RAM beyond 640k behave like the banked memory previously only supplied by add-in cards and used by popular DOS applications. (By overwriting the WIN200.BIN file with [[COMMAND.COM]], it is possible to use the EMS emulation in DOS without starting the Windows GUI.) There was no support for disk-based [[virtual memory]], so multiple DOS programs had to fit inside the available physical memory; therefore, Microsoft suggested buying additional [[RAM|memory]] and cards if necessary.<ref name="auto12">{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|year=2011|title=Windows 1.0|url=http://web.zone.ee/huugs/WEB/Windows_1.0.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927073135/http://web.zone.ee/huugs/WEB/Windows_1.0.htm|archive-date=September 27, 2013|access-date=August 15, 2013|website=web.zone.ee|publisher=Huugs|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
-Neither of these versions worked with [[DOS memory management|DOS memory managers]] like [[CEMM]] or [[QEMM]] or with [[DOS extender]]s, which have their own extended memory management and run in protected mode as well. This was remedied in version 3.0, which is compatible with [[Virtual Control Program Interface]] (VCPI) in "standard mode" and with [[DOS Protected Mode Interface]] (DPMI) in "386 enhanced" mode (all versions of Windows from 3.0 to 98 exploit a loophole in EMM386 to set up protected mode).<ref name="os2mus2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=November 15, 2006|title=New EMM386.exe fixes problem receiving NMI in protected mode|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/137870|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927175659/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/137870|archive-date=September 27, 2013|access-date=August 15, 2013|website=Support|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> Windows 3.0 also had the capability of using the DWEMM Direct Write Enhanced Memory Module. This is what enables the far faster and more sleek graphical user interface, as well as true extended memory support.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
-|title=Lecture on Windows  |url=http://www.philscis.com/CIS1520/LectureonWindows.pdf
-|access-date=August 15, 2013  |website=Philscis.com  }} {{dead link|date=April 2019}}</ref>
-''[[BYTE]]'' in 1989 listed Windows/386 as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards, describing it as "serious competition for OS/2" as it "taps into the power of the 80386".<ref name="byte198901">{{Cite magazine |date=January 1989 |title=The BYTE Awards |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1989-01/1989_01_BYTE_14-01_PC_Communications_and_Annual_Awards_and_Digitizing_Tablets#page/n371/mode/2up |magazine=BYTE |page=327}}</ref>
-==Application support==
-The first Windows versions of [[Microsoft Word]] and [[Microsoft Excel]] ran on Windows 2.0.<ref name="history-of-microsoft" /> Third-party developer support for Windows increased substantially with this version (some shipped the Windows Runtime software with their applications, for customers who had not purchased the full version of Windows).<ref name="how-windows-came" /> However, most developers still maintained [[DOS]] versions of their applications,<ref name="history-of-microsoft" /> as Windows users were still a distinct minority of their market. Windows 2.0 was still very dependent on the DOS system and it still hadn't passed the 1 megabyte mark in terms of memory.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Windows+2.0 |title=Windows 2.0 definition |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=The Free Dictionary |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=August 7, 2013}}</ref> [[Stewart Alsop II]] predicted in January 1988 that "Any transition to a graphical environment on IBM-style machines is bound to be maddeningly slow and driven strictly by market forces", because the GUI had "serious deficiencies" and users had to switch to DOS for many tasks.{{r|alsop19880118}}
-There were some applications that shipped with Windows 2.0. They are:
-*[[Calculator (Windows)|CALC.EXE]] – a calculator<ref name="win203">{{cite web |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/win203.html |title=Windows 2.03 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Toasty Tech |publisher=Toasty Tech |access-date=August 7, 2013}}</ref>
-*[[Calendar (Windows)|CALENDAR.EXE]] – [[calendaring software]]<ref name="win203" />
-*[[Cardfile|CARDFILE.EXE]] – a [[personal information manager]]<ref name="win203" />
-*[[ClipBook Viewer|CLIPBRD.EXE]] – software for viewing the contents of the [[clipboard (computing)|clipboard]]<ref name="win203" />
-*CLOCK.EXE – a clock<ref name="win203" />
-*[[Control Panel (Windows)|CONTROL.EXE]] – the system utility responsible for configuring Windows 2.0<ref name="win203" />
-*CVTPAINT.EXE -  Converted paint files to the 2.x format<ref name="KB32905">{{cite web|title=Windows Version History|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/32905|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107143753/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/32905|archive-date=November 7, 2006|access-date=July 14, 2013|website=Support|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
-*[[Windows shell#MS-DOS Executive|MSDOS.EXE]] – a simple [[file manager]]<ref name="win203" />
-*[[Microsoft Notepad|NOTEPAD.EXE]] – a [[text editor]]<ref name="win203" />
-*[[Paint (software)|PAINT.EXE]] – a [[raster graphics editor]] that allows users to paint and edit pictures interactively on the computer screen<ref name="win203" />
-*PIFEDIT.EXE – a [[program information file]] editor that defines how a DOS program should behave inside Windows
-*REVERSI.EXE – a [[computer game]] of [[reversi]]<ref name="win203" />
-*SPOOLER.EXE – the [[print spooler]] of Windows, a program that manages and maintains a queue of documents to be printed, sending them to the printer as soon as the printer is ready<ref name="win203" />
-*TERMINAL.EXE – a [[terminal emulator]]<ref name="win203" />
-*[[Windows Write|WRITE.EXE]] – a simple [[word processor]]<ref name="win203" />
-==Legal conflict with Apple==
-{{main|Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.}}
-On March 17, 1988, [[Apple Inc.]] filed a lawsuit against [[Microsoft]] and [[Hewlett-Packard]], accusing them of violating copyrights Apple held on the Macintosh System Software.<ref>{{cite web|title=1980 - 1989: An Industrial Milestone |url=http://www.theapplemuseum.com/index.php?id=56 |publisher=The Apple Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507183221/http://www.theapplemuseum.com/index.php?id=56 |archive-date=May 7, 2006 }}</ref> Apple claimed the "[[look and feel]]" of the [[Mac OS|Macintosh operating system]], taken as a whole, was protected by [[copyright]] and that Windows 2.0 violated this copyright by having the same icons. The judge ruled in favor of Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft on all but 10 of the 189 graphical user interface elements that Apple sued on, and the court found the remaining 10 GUI elements could not be copyrighted.<ref name="history-of-microsoft" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/035/35.F3d.1435.93-16883.93-16869.93-16867.html|title=Apple Computer v. Microsoft Corp., 35 F.3d 1435 (9th Cir. 1994)|website=law.resource.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref>
-== Windows 2.1x ==
-{{Main|Windows 2.1x}}
-The successor to Windows 2.0, called '''Windows 2.1x''' was officially released in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] on May 27, 1988. The final entry in the 2.x series, '''Windows 2.11''', was released in March 1989.
-== See also ==
-* [[DESQview 386]]
-* [[VM/386]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-==External links==
-*[http://www.guidebookgallery.org/guis/windows/win20 GUIdebook: Windows 2.0 Gallery] – A website dedicated to preserving and showcasing Graphical User Interfaces
-*[http://www.computerhope.com/history/windows.htm ComputerHope.com: Microsoft Windows history]
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061107143753/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/32905/ Microsoft article with details about the different versions of Windows]
-{{Microsoft Windows family|state=collapsed}}
-{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:1987 software]]
-[[Category:Products and services discontinued in 2001]]
-[[Category:Microsoft Windows|2.0x]]
-[[Category:History of Microsoft]]
-[[Category:History of software]]
-[[Category:Products introduced in 1987]]