Louis Agassiz Fuertes: Difference between revisions

Louis Agassiz Fuertes
Louis Agassiz Fuertes
	Louis Agassiz Fuertes
Born	February 7, 1874; Ithaca, New York
Died	August 22, 1927 (aged 53); Unadilla, New York
Occupation(s)	Ornithologist, illustrator and artist
Spouse	Margaret F. Sumner
Father	Estevan Fuertes

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Louis Agassiz Fuertes (February 7, 1874 Ithaca, New York – August 22, 1927 Unadilla, New York) was an American ornithologist, illustrator and artist who set the rigorous and current-day standards for ornithological art and naturalist depiction and is considered one of the most prolific American bird artists, second only to his guiding professional predecessor John James Audubon.

Biograp

many countries in pursuit of birds, including the Bahamas, Jamaica, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, and Ethiopia. Fuertes collaborated with Frank Chapman, curator of the American Museum ofFuertes regularly lectured on ornithology at Cornell University beginning in 1923. Fuertes was an able imitator of bird song and even made a trial recording for a Victor record in 1913.

In 1926–27 he participated in the Field Museum's Abyssinian Expedition led by Wilfred Hudson Osgood. He produced some of his most exquisite bird and mammal watercolors as a result of this trip.

Death

Upon his return from Ethio

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 '''Louis Agassiz Fuertes''' (February 7, 1874 [[Ithaca, New York]] – August 22, 1927 [[Unadilla (village), New York|Unadilla, New York]]) was an American [[ornithologist]], illustrator and artist who set the rigorous and current-day standards for ornithological art and naturalist depiction and is considered one of the most prolific American bird artists, second only to his guiding professional predecessor [[John James Audubon]].
-==Biography==
+==Biograp==
-[[Image:Hirundo rusticaABP01CA.jpg|thumb|left|[[Barn swallow]] from ''The Second Book of Birds'', 1901]]
-===Early life===
-Fuertes was born in Ithaca, New York, and was the son of [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] astronomer and civil engineer [[Estevan Antonio Fuertes|Estevan Fuertes]] and Mary Stone Perry Fuertes. His father was the founding professor of the School of Civil Engineering at [[Cornell University]], and for many years  served as the dean of the college.  Estevan named his son after the Swiss-born American naturalist [[Louis Agassiz|Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz]], who had died the year before. Fuertes's mother, born in [[Troy, New York]], was of Dutch ancestry.
-Young Louis became interested in birds at a very early age, securing birds with a slingshot and examining them carefully.
-As a child, he had been influenced by [[John James Audubon|John James Audubon's]] ''[[The Birds of America]]''. At the age of fourteen, he made his first painting of a bird, a male [[red crossbill]], from life. He learned to keep careful records of the appearance, habits and voices of birds.
-In 1890, he sent a specimen that he collected to the [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] and received stellar praise and glowing comments on its rarity and accuracy and in 1891, at the young age of 17, Louis became the youngest member ever named when he was inducted as Associate Member of the [[American Ornithologists' Union]].
-He was encouraged by his father's colleagues at Cornell including [[Burt Green Wilder|Burt G. Wilder]] and [[Liberty Hyde Bailey|Liberty H. Bailey]].
-In June 1892, he accompanied his parents to Europe and sketched birds and animals at the [[Jardin des Plantes]] in Paris.
-In September, he joined the Institute of Keller, a school in Zurich, staying on for a year.<ref name="auk1928" />
-===Cornell University===
-Returning to America, he enrolled in Cornell in 1893, choosing to study [[architecture]].
-His older brother [[James Hillhouse Fuertes|James]], however shared in a memoir that Louis lacked a passion for geometry and mathematics and would often fall asleep when James tried to coach him. During one college lecture, Louis climbed out a classroom window and sat completely still in a tree to investigate a strange bird call he had never heard before.
-His interest in singing led him to join the [[Cornell University Glee Club]]. In 1894, the Glee Club went on a tour to [[Washington, D.C.]], where another member of the club suggested that Louis meet his uncle [[Elliott Coues]], who was also keenly interested in birds. This meeting was a turning point, as Coues recognized Fuertes' talent and spread the word about his already distinguished work. In 1895 Coues exhibited fifty of the works of Fuertes at the Congress of the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] at Washington, a meeting that Louis was unable to attend. He received the first of his many commissions for illustrating birds while still an undergraduate.
-At Cornell, he was elected to the [[Sphinx Head Society]], the oldest senior honor society at the University. He was also a member of [[Alpha Delta Phi]] which he joined having been lifelong friends with famed horticulturalist and naturalist [[Theodore Luqueer Mead]], one of his father's former students and member of the fraternity.<ref>Mead, Theodore L. (1935). "Theodore L. Mead - Naturalist, Entomologist and Plantsman. An Autobiography". ''Yearbook, American Amaryllis Society'' 2: 11–22</ref>
-In 1896, Coues invited Fuertes to attend the Ornithological Congress at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] in England.
-===Career and personal life===
-[[Image:Louis A. Fuertes and baboon.jpg|right|thumb|Fuertes and baboon, Abyssinian Expedition (1927)]]
-After graduating from Cornell in 1897 he became an apprentice to the painter [[Abbott Handerson Thayer|Abbott H. Thayer]].  In 1898, he made his first expedition, with Thayer and his son Gerald, to Florida.<ref name="auk1928">{{cite journal| last=Chapman| first=Frank M.| year=1928| title=In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927| journal=Auk| volume=45| issue=1| pages=1–26| url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf| doi=10.2307/4075351| jstor=4075351| access-date=April 17, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225655/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf| archive-date=September 7, 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref>  In 1899, Fuertes accompanied [[E. H. Harriman]] on his famous exploration of the [[Alaska]] coastline, the [[Harriman Alaska Expedition]].
-Fuertes later traveled across much of the United States and to many countries in pursuit of birds, including the Bahamas, Jamaica, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, and Ethiopia. Fuertes collaborated with [[Frank Chapman (ornithologist)|Frank Chapman]], curator of the [[American Museum of Natural History]], on many assignments including field research, background dioramas at the museum, and book illustrations. While on a collecting expedition with Chapman in Mexico, Fuertes discovered a species of oriole. Chapman named it ''Icterus fuertesi'', commonly called [[Orchard oriole|Fuertes's oriole]] after his friend.<ref name=peck>{{cite book|first=Robert McCracken |last=Peck| title=A Celebration of Birds, The Life and Art of Louis Agassiz Fuertes| publisher=Walker and Company|year=1982|page=126|isbn=0-8027-0716-5}}</ref>
-In 1904 Fuertes married Margaret F. Sumner and they had a son, Louis Sumner, and a daughter, Mary.<ref name="auk1928" />
-Fuertes regularly lectured on ornithology at [[Cornell University]] beginning in 1923. Fuertes was an able imitator of bird song<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Bird-Lore| year=1913| volume=15| issue=6| title=Impressions of the voices of tropical birds|pages=341–344 |url=https://archive.org/stream/birdlore151913nati/birdlore151913nati#page/n412/mode/1up}}</ref> and even made a trial recording for a [[Victor Talking Machine Company|Victor]] record in 1913.<ref>Discography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. "Victor matrix [Trial 1913-11-14-11]. [Bird imitations] / Louis A. Fuertes," accessed January 13, 2018, https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/900001825/Trial_1913-11-14-11-Bird_imitations.</ref>
+==many countries in pursuit of birds, including the Bahamas, Jamaica, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, and Ethiopia. Fuertes collaborated with [[Frank Chapman (ornithologist)|Frank Chapman]], curator of the [[American Museum of Natural History|American Museum of]]Fuertes regularly lectured on ornithology at [[Cornell University]] beginning in 1923. Fuertes was an able imitator of bird song and even made a trial recording for a [[Victor Talking Machine Company|Victor]] record in 1913.==
 In 1926–27 he participated in the [[Field Museum]]'s [[Ethiopia|Abyssinian]] Expedition led by [[Wilfred Hudson Osgood]]. He produced some of his most exquisite bird and mammal watercolors as a result of this trip.
 ===Death===
+Upon his return from Ethio
-Upon his return from Ethiopia, Fuertes visited Frank Chapman at Tannersville, New York.  Returning from the meeting, his car was hit by a train at a railroad crossing near [[Unadilla, New York]], and he was killed. A load of hay had concealed the oncoming train.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 1927|title=Louis Agassiz Fuertes [Obituary]|journal=The Ibis|volume=12th series, 3 (4)|pages=741–742}}</ref> His wife was seriously injured but survived.
-By a twist of fate, the paintings he carried all survived undamaged.  This extraordinary and rare collection was later purchased from Mrs. Fuertes by [[C. Suydam Cutting]].<ref name="auk1928" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Louis A. Fuertes and the Zoological Art of the 1926–1927 Abyssinan Expedition of The Field Museum of Natural History|author=Johnsgard, Paul A. |author-link=Paul Johnsgard | year=2008|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=biosciornithology}}</ref>
-Fuertes is buried at [[Lake View Cemetery (Ithaca, New York)|Lake View Cemetery]] in Ithaca, New York.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1874-1927) - Find A Grave...|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/177934476/louis-agassiz-fuertes|access-date=2021-08-21|website=www.findagrave.com|language=en}}</ref>
-==Memorials and legacy==
-[[Image:The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (17541216363).jpg|right|thumb|[[Fuertes's parrot]], named after Louis Agassiz Fuertes]]
-Fuertes is commemorated by two species. One is a species named by his colleague [[Frank Chapman (ornithologist)|Frank Chapman]] as ''Icterus fuertesi'', although it is now considered a subspecies of the [[orchard oriole]]. The other, [[Fuertes's parrot]], or ''Hapalopsittaca fuertesi'', was rediscovered in 2002 after 91 years of presumed extinction.
-In 1927, the [[Boy Scouts of America]] made Fuertes an ''Honorary Scout'', a new category of Scout created that same year. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys...". The other eighteen who were awarded this distinction were: [[Roy Chapman Andrews]]; [[Robert Bartlett (explorer)|Robert Bartlett]]; [[Frederick Russell Burnham]]; [[Richard E. Byrd]]; [[George Kruck Cherrie]]; James L. Clark; [[Merian C. Cooper]]; [[Lincoln Ellsworth]]; [[George Bird Grinnell]]; [[Charles A. Lindbergh]]; [[Donald Baxter MacMillan]]; Clifford H. Pope; [[George Palmer Putnam]]; [[Kermit Roosevelt]]; Carl Rungius; [[Stewart Edward White]]; [[Orville Wright]].<ref name="time29aug1927">{{cite journal |date=August 29, 1927 |title=Around the World |journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723029,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220054952/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723029,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 20, 2008 |accessdate= 2007-10-24 }}</ref>
-Apart from mentoring [[George Miksch Sutton]], Fuertes influenced many later wildlife artists including [[Roger Tory Peterson]], [[Jörg Kühn]] and Conrad Roland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fredwetzelstudios.weebly.com/artist-biography.html|title=Fred Wetzel Artist Biography|last=Wetzel|first=Fred|date=2016|website=Artist Biography Fred Wetzel Studios|access-date=March 23, 2020}}</ref> The Wilson Ornithological Society established the Louis Agassiz Fuertes Award in 1947.<ref>{{cite journal| title=The Wilson Ornithological Society in the Last Third of Its First Century: 1956–1988|first=Jerome A.| last= Jackson| journal=The Wilson Bulletin| volume= 100| issue=4| year= 1988| pages=632–649 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v100n04/p0632-p0649.pdf}}</ref> Fuertes also painted dozens of mammal portraits for ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|The National Geographic Magazine]]'' in 1916 and 1918, and inspired the Society to hire an artist of their own, [[Walter A. Weber]].<ref>''Wild Animals of North America.'' National Geographic, 1960. Page 7.</ref>
-Many of Fuertes' paintings still remain popular and in very high demand today. In particular, a 1924 oil painting, ''Wild Turkey'', sold for $86,250 at a January 2012 auction in New York and his other works command even higher prices to private collectors around the world.  Fuertes' love of animals and landscapes comes through in his paintings; there is a notable vivacity and excitement present in his work that has created long-term value.<ref>The Winter Sale 2012. Boston, MA: Copely Fine Art Auctions, 2012. Print.</ref>
-==Selected works==
-[[Image:Ardea melanocephala Fuertes.jpg|left|thumb|''Black-headed Heron'', watercolor (1927)]]
-Fuertes' earliest commissions included 25 large decorative panels for F. F. Brewster of [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. This was followed by some murals at the Flamingo Hotel, of Miami, Florida and some paintings for the New York Zoological Society. He was much sought after later, illustrating books, plates for journals and magazine.<ref>{{cite book|title=Louis Agassiz Fuertes and the Singular Beauty of Birds|editor=Marcham FG|publisher=Joanna Cotler Books|year=1972|page=9|isbn= 978-0-06-012775-6}}</ref><ref name=osgood>{{cite journal|journal=Science |year=1927| volume=66| issue=1716| pages=469–472| doi= 10.1126/science.66.1716.469| author=Osgood, Wilfred H.|title= Louis Agassiz Fuertes|pmid=17843732|bibcode=1927Sci....66..469O}}</ref> Working with impressions from the field and from freshly collected specimens, Fuertes' works are considered some of the most accurate and natural depictions of birds. He had an ability to capture the bird in action and reproduce illustrations from a mental image.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Outing/Volume_54/outLIV05/outLIV05f.pdf|author=Wells, David T.|title=Drawing wild birds in their native haunts|pages=568–569|journal=The Outing Magazine|volume=54|issue=5|year=1909}}</ref><ref name=compare>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistory39newy#page/205/mode/1up|author=Chapman, Frank M.|year= 1937| journal= Natural History|volume=39|pages=205–212|title=Fuertes and Audubon: A Comparison of the Work and Personalities of Two of the World's Greatest Bird Artists}}</ref> Apart from illustrations, he wrote some full length articles including one on falconry in the National Geographic and another on dogs.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fuertes, LA|year=1920|title=Falcony, the sport of Kings|journal=The National Geographic Magazine|volume=38| issue=6|pages=429–626|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022546653#page/n3/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ernest Harold Baynes]], Louis Agassiz Fuertes|year= 1919|title= The Book Of Dogs – An Intimate Study Of Mankind's Best Friend|publisher=The National Geographic Society|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924001178130#page/n21/mode/2up}}</ref> The cover of the journal ''Auk'' published by the American Ornithologists' Union was designed by Fuertes.<ref name="auk1913">{{cite journal|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v030n01/p0157-p0165.pdf|title=Notes and news|author=Anon|year=1913|volume=30|issue=1|journal=Auk|pages=157–165|doi=10.2307/4071947|jstor=4071947}}</ref> Some of the books that he illustrated include:
-* ''A-Birding on a Bronco'', by [[Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey|Florence A. Merriam]], 1896 ([https://archive.org/stream/birdingonbronco00bail#page/n7/mode/2up scanned])
-* ''Citizen Bird'' by [[Mabel Osgood Wright]] and [[Elliott Coues]]. Macmillan Company, 1896 ([https://archive.org/stream/citizenbirdscenes00wrig#page/n7/mode/2up 1923 reprint])
-* ''Song Birds and Water Fowl'', by [[H E Parkhurst]], 1897 ([https://archive.org/stream/songbirdswaterfo00park#page/n9/mode/2up scanned])
-* ''Bird Craft'', by [[Mabel Osgood Wright|M. Osgood Wright]], 1897 ([https://archive.org/stream/cu31924000961288#page/n11/mode/2up 1900 reprint])
-* ''The Woodpeckers'', by [[Fannie Hardy Eckstorm|F H Eckstorm]], 1901 ([https://archive.org/stream/woodpeckers00pecks#page/n7/mode/2up scanned])
-* ''Second Book of Birds'', by Olive Thorne Miller (pseudonym of Mrs. [[Harriet Mann Miller]]), 1901 ([https://archive.org/stream/secondbookofbird00milliala#page/n7/mode/2up scanned])
-* ''Birds of the Rockies'', by [[Leander S. Keyser]] 1902 ([https://archive.org/stream/birdsofrockies00keys#page/n9/mode/2up scanned])
-* ''Handbook of Birds of Western North America'', by [[Frank Chapman (ornithologist)|Frank Chapman]], 1902 ([https://archive.org/stream/handbookofbirdso04chap#page/n7/mode/2up 1904 reprint])
-* ''Upland Game Birds'', by [[Edwyn Sandys]] and [[T S van Dyke]], 1902 ([https://archive.org/stream/uplandgamebirds00sand#page/n9/mode/2up scanned])
-* ''Key to North American Birds'' by [[Elliott Coues]], 1903 ([https://archive.org/stream/keytonorthameric01coue#page/n7/mode/2up scanned])
-* ''Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America'', by [[Frank Chapman (ornithologist)|Frank M. Chapman]], 1904 ([https://archive.org/stream/handbookofbirdso04chap#page/n7/mode/2up scanned])
-* ''Birds of New York'' by [[Elon Howard Eaton]], 1910 ([https://archive.org/stream/birdsofnewyork11eato#page/n6/mode/1up scanned])
-* ''Wild Animals of North America'' by [[Edward William Nelson|Edward W. Nelson]], 1918 ([https://archive.org/stream/wildanimalsofnor00nels#page/n5/mode/2up scanned])
-* ''The Burgess Bird Book for Children'', by [[Thornton W. Burgess]], 1919 [[iarchive:cu31924090252812|The Burgess Bird Book For Children]]
-* ''Birds of Massachusetts and Other New England States'' by [[Edward Howe Forbush]], 1925 ([https://archive.org/stream/birdsofmassachus02forb#page/n0/mode/2up 1927 edition])
-* ''Artist and Naturalist in Ethiopia'' by [[Wilfred Hudson Osgood]]. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran and Co., 1936
-* ''The Bird Life of Texas'' by [[Harry Church Oberholser]].  University of Texas Press, 1974
-===Gallery===
-<gallery>
-File:Cardinalis cardinalis (small illustration).jpg|Cardinal, from ''Citizen Bird'' (1897)
-File:Tyrannus tyrannusABP06CA.jpg|Eastern kingbird, from ''The Second Book of Birds'' (1901)
-File:Sphyrapicus thyroideusECP01CB.jpg|Williamson's sapsucker, from ''Birds of the Rockies'' (1902)
-File:Gelada baboon Fuertes.jpg|alt=Gelada baboon|Gelada baboon from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930)
-File:Parus rufescensDU1N028CA.JPG|Chestnut-backed chickadee, from ''Harriman Alaska Series'' (1904)
-File:Stercorarius pomarinusDUCA.jpg|Pomarine jaeger, from ''Harriman Alaska Series'' (1904)
-File:Dendroica dominicaEMP13CB.jpg|Yellow-throated warbler, from ''Warblers of North America'' (1907)
-File:Bubo virginianusDO1908P01CA.JPG|Great horned owl, from ''United States Department of Agriculture Yearbook'' (1908)
-File:Accipiter gentilisAAP045CA.jpg|Goshawk, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914)
-File:Nightjar in flight - AAP065A.jpg|Nightjars, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914)
-File:Dryocopus pileatusAAP063CA.jpg|Pileated woodpecker, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914)
-File:Magnolia Warbler NGM-v31-p313-A.jpg|Magnolia warbler, from ''The Warblers of North America'' (''National Geographic'', 1917)
-File:Plegadis chihiGBP08CA.jpg|White-faced ibis, from ''Game Birds of California'' (1918)
-File:Ceratogymna brevisEYP24A.jpg|Silvery-cheeked hornbill, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930)
-File:Eupodotis melanogasterEYP18A.jpg|Black-bellied bustard, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930)
-File:Haliaeetus vociferEYP14A.jpg|African fish eagle, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930)
-File:Fuertes Flamingo Mural.JPG|[[Flamingo]] mural at the [[American Museum of Natural History]]
-File:Secretary bird Fuertes.jpg|alt=Secretary bird|Secretary bird, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930)
-</gallery>
-==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
-==Other sources==
-* Boynton, Mary Fuertes (Ed.) 1956. Louis Agassiz Fuertes: his life briefly told and his correspondence. Oxford University Press.
-* Norelli, Martina R.  ''American Wildlife Painting'' (Fuertes, Audubon, Heade, Wilson, Thayer, Catesby) Watson-Guptill Publications, 1975. {{ISBN|0-8230-0217-9}}
-== External links ==
-{{commons category|Louis Agassiz Fuertes}}
-* [http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Birds/ Cornell University online collection] [http://cidc.library.cornell.edu/Fuertes2000/fuertes.asp image database]
-* [https://archive.org/details/cu31924022555027 Scans of some bird paintings, Cornell collection]
-* [https://archive.org/details/albumofabyssinia00fuer Abyssinian Birds and Mammals: Painted from life by Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1930) scanned version]
-* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Fuertes, Louis Agassiz |short=x}}
-* {{Cite web|url=http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/m/a/n/Jackie-Mancino/BOOK-0001/0003-0011.html|title=Hillhouse Family Genealogy: Register Report of Abraham Hillhouse|accessdate=March 8, 2011}}
-* {{Gutenberg author | id=Fuertes,+Louis+Agassiz | name=Louis Agassiz Fuertes}}
-* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Louis Agassiz Fuertes}}
-* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/2951#/titles Works by Louis Agassiz Fuertes] at [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]
-* {{Find a Grave|177934476}}
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