Tripedalism: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Locomotion by use of three legs}} |
{{Short description|Locomotion by use of three legs}} |
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[[File:ClimbingCockatiel.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:ClimbingCockatiel.jpg|thumb|Male [[cockatiel]] climbing from a log to a ladder using its beak. In 2022 it was proven that parrots use their necks and heads as a third limb with propulsive and tangential forces equal to or greater than those forces generated by forelimbs in non-human primates when climbing vertical surfaces.<ref name="forbidden phenotype">Melody W. Young, Edwin Dickinson, Nicholas D. Flaim and Michael C. Granatosky (2022). Overcoming a ‘forbidden phenotype’: the parrot’s head supports, propels and powers tripedal locomotion, ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'', 20220245, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0245</ref>]] |
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'''Tripedalism''' (from the [[Latin]] '''tri''' = three + '''ped''' = foot) is locomotion by the use of three legs. It has been said that parrots ([[Psittaciformes]]) display tripedalism during climbing gaits,<ref>A Comparative Survey of Climbing Robots and Arboreal Animals in Scaling Complex Environments, C. Webster, 2017</ref> which was tested and proven in a 2022 paper on the subject, making parrots the only creatures to truly use tripedal forms of locomotion.<ref name="forbidden phenotype"></ref> Tripedal gaits were also observed by K. Hunt<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02381373 |title=Standardized descriptions of primate locomotor and postural modes |journal=Primates |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=363–387 |year=1996 |last1=Hunt |first1=Kevin D. |last2=Cant |first2=John G. H. |last3=Gebo |first3=Daniel L. |last4=Rose |first4=Michael D. |last5=Walker |first5=Suzanne E. |last6=Youlatos |first6=Dionisios |s2cid=37235291 }}</ref> in primates. This is usually observed when the animal is using one limb to grasp a carried object and is thus a non-standard gait. Apart from parrots, there are no known species where three limbs are standard, although the movement of some [[Macropodidae|macropod]]s such as [[kangaroo]]s, which can alternate between resting their weight on their muscular tails and their two hind legs and hop on all three, may be an example of tripedal [[Terrestrial locomotion in animals|locomotion in animals]]. There are also the [[Ipnopidae|tripod fish]]. Several species of these fish rest on the ocean bottom on two rays from its two [[pelvic fin]]s and one ray from its [[caudal fin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOKdog8zbXw&feature=channel%7Cvideo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/yOKdog8zbXw |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Tripod Fish|last=oceancontent|date=6 February 2009|publisher=|accessdate=29 September 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
'''Tripedalism''' (from the [[Latin]] '''tri''' = three + '''ped''' = foot) is locomotion by the use of three legs. It has been said that parrots ([[Psittaciformes]]) display tripedalism during climbing gaits,<ref>A Comparative Survey of Climbing Robots and Arboreal Animals in Scaling Complex Environments, C. Webster, 2017</ref> which was tested and proven in a 2022 paper on the subject, making parrots the only creatures to truly use tripedal forms of locomotion.<ref name="forbidden phenotype"></ref> Tripedal gaits were also observed by K. Hunt<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02381373 |title=Standardized descriptions of primate locomotor and postural modes |journal=Primates |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=363–387 |year=1996 |last1=Hunt |first1=Kevin D. |last2=Cant |first2=John G. H. |last3=Gebo |first3=Daniel L. |last4=Rose |first4=Michael D. |last5=Walker |first5=Suzanne E. |last6=Youlatos |first6=Dionisios |s2cid=37235291 }}</ref> in primates. This is usually observed when the animal is using one limb to grasp a carried object and is thus a non-standard gait. Apart from parrots, there are no known species where three limbs are standard, although the movement of some [[Macropodidae|macropod]]s such as [[kangaroo]]s, which can alternate between resting their weight on their muscular tails and their two hind legs and hop on all three, may be an example of tripedal [[Terrestrial locomotion in animals|locomotion in animals]]. There are also the [[Ipnopidae|tripod fish]]. Several species of these fish rest on the ocean bottom on two rays from its two [[pelvic fin]]s and one ray from its [[caudal fin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOKdog8zbXw&feature=channel%7Cvideo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/yOKdog8zbXw |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Tripod Fish|last=oceancontent|date=6 February 2009|publisher=|accessdate=29 September 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 03:25, 30 July 2022
Tripedalism (from the Latin tri = three + ped = foot) is locomotion by the use of three legs. It has been said that parrots (Psittaciformes) display tripedalism during climbing gaits,[2] which was tested and proven in a 2022 paper on the subject, making parrots the only creatures to truly use tripedal forms of locomotion.[1] Tripedal gaits were also observed by K. Hunt[3] in primates. This is usually observed when the animal is using one limb to grasp a carried object and is thus a non-standard gait. Apart from parrots, there are no known species where three limbs are standard, although the movement of some macropods such as kangaroos, which can alternate between resting their weight on their muscular tails and their two hind legs and hop on all three, may be an example of tripedal locomotion in animals. There are also the tripod fish. Several species of these fish rest on the ocean bottom on two rays from its two pelvic fins and one ray from its caudal fin.[4]
Tripedalism contrasts with the common bipedalism of two-legged animals and quadrupedalism of four-legged animals.
Quadrupedal amputees and mutations
There are some three-legged creatures in the world today, namely four-legged animals (such as pet dogs and cats) who have had one limb amputated. With proper medical treatment most of these injured animals can go on to live fairly normal lives, despite being artificially tripedal. There are also cases of mutations or birth abnormalities in animals (including humans) which have resulted in three legs.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ a b Melody W. Young, Edwin Dickinson, Nicholas D. Flaim and Michael C. Granatosky (2022). Overcoming a ‘forbidden phenotype’: the parrot’s head supports, propels and powers tripedal locomotion, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 20220245, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0245
- ^ A Comparative Survey of Climbing Robots and Arboreal Animals in Scaling Complex Environments, C. Webster, 2017
- ^ Hunt, Kevin D.; Cant, John G. H.; Gebo, Daniel L.; Rose, Michael D.; Walker, Suzanne E.; Youlatos, Dionisios (1996). "Standardized descriptions of primate locomotor and postural modes". Primates. 37 (4): 363–387. doi:10.1007/BF02381373. S2CID 37235291.
- ^ oceancontent (6 February 2009). "Tripod Fish". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 29 September 2016 – via YouTube.