Man of the Hole: Difference between revisions

Man of the Hole
Man of the Hole
Born	c. 1960s
Died	c. July 2022 (aged c. 60); Rondônia, Brazil
Known for	Last member of an uncontacted indigenous group in Brazil

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The Man of the Hole (Portuguese: índio do buraco, lit. 'Indian of the Hole'; c. 1960s – c. July 2022),^[1]^[2] or the Tanaru Indian (Portuguese: Índio Tanaru),^[3] was an indigenous person who lived alone in the Amazon rainforest in Rondônia, Brazil. He was the sole inhabitant of the Tanaru Indigenous Territory, a protected indigenous territory demarcated by the Brazilian government in 2007.

It is not known what language the Man of the Hole spoke, what his people were called, or what his name was. He was the last surviving member of his people following their genocide by Brazilian settlers in the 1970s–1990s and lived alone from the mid-1990s until his death in 2022. From 1996, the Brazilian Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI) monitored and occasionally interacted with the man from a distance, but he otherwise chose to remain isolated. Living primarily by hunting and gathering and moving frequently, he left behind a deep hole of unknown purpose in each of his homes, giving rise to his nickname. The Man of the Hole survived a further attack by an armed rancher in 2008 and in 2018 attracted international attention when FUNAI released a video of him to raise awareness about the threats faced by uncontacted peoples in Brazil. He was found dead in his home in August 2022.

Genocide

The Man of the Hole was not a voluntary recluse;^[4] he was forced to live alone after his people were destroyed in the ongoing genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil.^[2]^[5]^[6]^[7] The majority of his people are believed to have been killed by Brazilian settlers in the 1970s,^[1] around the same time that nearby peoples such as the Akuntsu and Kanoê experienced similar massacres.^[8] The remaining survivors, apart from the Man of the Hole, were killed in attack by illegal miners in 1995.^[1] FUNAI later discovered the remains of their village, which had been bulldozed in 1996.^[8] They had remained isolated up until this point, so it is not known what they were called, what language they spoke, or what the Man of the Hole's name was.^[9]

Later life

The Man of the Hole would periodically move his home, building straw huts for shelter. He hunted wild game, collected fruits and honey, and also planted maize and manioc. Over the years, more than 50 huts built by him were identified by FUNAI.^[1] His nickname derives from the deep hole found in each home that he abandoned. It was originally believed that these holes were used to trap animals or in which he could hide,^[9]^[10]^[8] but some observers have also speculated that they might have been of spiritual significance.^[4] The holes were narrow and over 6 feet (1.8 meters) deep.^[4]^[9] 14 similar holes were found in the ruined village discovered by FUNAI in 1996.^[8]

Contact with FUNAI

The Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI), Brazil's government agency for indigenous interests, first became aware of the Man of the Hole's isolated existence in 1996.^[1] Under Brazil's constitution, indigenous peoples have the right to lands they "traditionally occupy", and in 2007 FUNAI official demarcated 31 square miles (8,000 ha) of his land as a protected indigenous territory.^[8] The Tanaru Indigenous Territory, of which he was the sole inhabitant, was expanded by a further 11.5 square miles (3,000 ha) in 2005.^[9] After its establishment, FUNAI monitored him and tried to prevent intrusions into the area.^[4] Despite this, the Man of the Hole was attacked by gunmen in 2009, but managed to survive.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Though he avoided further direct contact with others, the Man of the Hole was aware that he was monitored by outsiders. FUNAI occasionally left gifts of tools and seeds for him, and thus "engendered a certain level of trust". He sometimes signaled to observing teams to avoid pitfalls he had dug either as defense or to trap animals. In 2018, FUNAI released a video of him in order to raise global awareness of the threats to the uncontacted peoples in Brazil.^[4] In the video, the man, who was presumed in his 50s at the time, appeared to be in good health.^[14]^[15]

Death

On 24 August 2022, the Man of the Hole was found dead in his last home by FUNAI agent Altair José Algayer.^[1] He was found "lying down in the hammock, and ornamented [with macaw feathers] as if waiting for death".^[2] There were no signs of violence or any other disturbance before his corpse had been discovered by FUNAI. It was estimated that he had died in July and was about 60 years old at the time of his death.^[1] The body was transferred to Porto Velho for autopsy, in an attempt to establish the cause of death.^[2] On 27 August, Indigenous expert Marcelo dos Santos said the man should be buried in the same place he lived and died, in a memorial constructed by the state, and the territory should be immediately protected as it risks being invaded and degraded.^[2] Indigenous rights groups supported this demand.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Buschschlüter, Vanessa (29 August 2022). "Last member of indigenous tribe dies in Brazil after resisting contact for decades". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Valente, Rubens (27 August 2022). "Símbolo da resistência dos indígenas isolados no país, "índio do buraco" é achado morto" [Symbol of the resistance of isolated indigenous people in the country, "Indian of the Hole", is found dead] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Agência Pública. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ "Nota de pesar – Índio Tanaru" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Fundação Nacional do Índio. 27 August 2022. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Scott, Wallace (31 August 2018). "Why Revealing Uncontacted Tribes May Help Save Them". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
^ Downie, Andrew (28 August 2022). "Amazon activists mourn death of 'man of the hole', last of his tribe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ Rocha, Camilo; Ehlinger, Maija. "Last member of indigenous tribe dies in Brazil after resisting contact for decades". Cable News Network (CNN). Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ Milhorance, Flávia; Spigariol, André (29 August 2022). "One Man Dies, and an Entire Uncontacted Tribe Vanishes in Brazil". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reel, Monte (20 August 2010). "The Most Isolated Man on the Planet". Slate. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Watson, Fiona (2005). "The Last of His Tribe". Survival International. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Man in the Hole: lone survivor of Amazon tribe hunted by Brazilian ranchers". The Telegraph. 11 December 2009. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ Carroll, Rory (9 December 2009). "Amazon's 'man of the hole' attacked by unknown gunmen". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "'Man in the Hole', lone survivor of Amazon tribe massacre, escapes ranchers' bullets". Amazon Rainforest News. 11 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Amazon's 'man of the hole' attacked by unknown gunmen". Indian Country Today. 10 December 2009. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ Phillips, Dom (19 July 2018). "Footage of sole survivor of Amazon tribe emerges". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ Baker, Vicky (20 July 2018). "Last survivor: The story of the 'world's loneliest man'". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.

External links

Sole survivor' of tribe in Amazon builds houses in holes on YouTube (New Scientist)

[bbc-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Buschschlüter, Vanessa (29 August 2022). "Last member of indigenous tribe dies in Brazil after resisting contact for decades". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.

[apublica-2] Valente, Rubens (27 August 2022). "Símbolo da resistência dos indígenas isolados no país, "índio do buraco" é achado morto" [Symbol of the resistance of isolated indigenous people in the country, "Indian of the Hole", is found dead] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Agência Pública. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.

[Funai-3] "Nota de pesar – Índio Tanaru" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Fundação Nacional do Índio. 27 August 2022. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.

[Revealing-4] Scott, Wallace (31 August 2018). "Why Revealing Uncontacted Tribes May Help Save Them". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.

[5] Downie, Andrew (28 August 2022). "Amazon activists mourn death of 'man of the hole', last of his tribe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[6] Rocha, Camilo; Ehlinger, Maija. "Last member of indigenous tribe dies in Brazil after resisting contact for decades". Cable News Network (CNN). Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[7] Milhorance, Flávia; Spigariol, André (29 August 2022). "One Man Dies, and an Entire Uncontacted Tribe Vanishes in Brazil". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[slate-8] Reel, Monte (20 August 2010). "The Most Isolated Man on the Planet". Slate. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[survival_international-9] Watson, Fiona (2005). "The Last of His Tribe". Survival International. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[telegraph-10] "Man in the Hole: lone survivor of Amazon tribe hunted by Brazilian ranchers". The Telegraph. 11 December 2009. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[:0-11] Carroll, Rory (9 December 2009). "Amazon's 'man of the hole' attacked by unknown gunmen". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[:1-12] "'Man in the Hole', lone survivor of Amazon tribe massacre, escapes ranchers' bullets". Amazon Rainforest News. 11 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[:2-13] "Amazon's 'man of the hole' attacked by unknown gunmen". Indian Country Today. 10 December 2009. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[The_Guardian-14] Phillips, Dom (19 July 2018). "Footage of sole survivor of Amazon tribe emerges". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2018.

[15] Baker, Vicky (20 July 2018). "Last survivor: The story of the 'world's loneliest man'". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.

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 The '''Man of the Hole''' ({{Lang-pt|índio do buraco|lit=Indian of the Hole|link=no}}; {{Circa|1960s}} – {{Circa|July 2022}}),<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last1=Buschschlüter |first1=Vanessa |date=29 August 2022 |title=Last member of indigenous tribe dies in Brazil after resisting contact for decades |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62712318 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC) |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829094851/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62712318 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="apublica" /> or the '''Tanaru Indian''' ({{Lang-pt|Índio Tanaru|link=no}}),<ref name="Funai">{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Nota de pesar – Índio Tanaru |url=https://www.gov.br/funai/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2022-02/nota-de-pesar-indio-tanaru |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=[[Fundação Nacional do Índio]] |language=pt-BR |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829075730/https://www.gov.br/funai/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2022-02/nota-de-pesar-indio-tanaru |url-status=live }}</ref> was an [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous person]] who lived alone in the [[Amazon rainforest]] in [[Rondônia]], Brazil. He was the sole inhabitant of the '''Tanaru Indigenous Territory''', a protected [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|indigenous territory]] demarcated by the Brazilian government in 2007.
-It is not known what language the Man of the Hole spoke, what his people were called, or what his name was. He was the last surviving member of his people following [[Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil|their genocide]] by Brazilian settlers in the 1970s–1990s and lived alone from the mid-1990s until his death in 2022. From 1996, the Brazilian [[Fundação Nacional do Índio]] (FUNAI) monitored and occasionally interacted with the man from a distance, but he otherwise chose to [[Uncontacted peoples|remain isolated]]. Living primarily by [[hunting and gathering]] and moving frequently, he left behind a deep hole of unknown purpose in each of his homes, giving rise to his nickname. The Man in the Hole survived a further attack by an armed rancher in 2008 and in 2018 attracted international attention when FUNAI released a video of him to raise awareness about the threats faced by uncontacted peoples in Brazil. He was found dead in his home in August 2022.
+It is not known what language the Man of the Hole spoke, what his people were called, or what his name was. He was the last surviving member of his people following [[Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil|their genocide]] by Brazilian settlers in the 1970s–1990s and lived alone from the mid-1990s until his death in 2022. From 1996, the Brazilian [[Fundação Nacional do Índio]] (FUNAI) monitored and occasionally interacted with the man from a distance, but he otherwise chose to [[Uncontacted peoples|remain isolated]]. Living primarily by [[hunting and gathering]] and moving frequently, he left behind a deep hole of unknown purpose in each of his homes, giving rise to his nickname. The Man of the Hole survived a further attack by an armed rancher in 2008 and in 2018 attracted international attention when FUNAI released a video of him to raise awareness about the threats faced by uncontacted peoples in Brazil. He was found dead in his home in August 2022.
 ==Genocide==
-The Man of the Hole was not a voluntary [[recluse]];<ref name="Revealing">{{Cite magazine |last1=Scott |first1=Wallace |date=31 August 2018 |title=Why Revealing Uncontacted Tribes May Help Save Them |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture-exploration/2018/08/brazil-uncontacted-tribe-indigenous-people-amazon-video/ |url-status=dead |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901085416/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture-exploration/2018/08/brazil-uncontacted-tribe-indigenous-people-amazon-video/ |archive-date=1 September 2018 |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> he was forced to live alone after his people were destroyed in the ongoing [[genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil]].<ref name="apublica" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Downie |first1=Andrew |date=2022-08-28 |title=Amazon activists mourn death of 'man of the hole', last of his tribe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/28/amazon-activists-mourn-death-of-man-of-the-hole-last-of-his-tribe |access-date=2022-08-30 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829072342/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/28/amazon-activists-mourn-death-of-man-of-the-hole-last-of-his-tribe |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Camilo |last1=Rocha |first2=Maija |last2=Ehlinger |title=Last member of indigenous tribe dies in Brazil after resisting contact for decades |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/28/americas/brazil-indigenous-man-in-the-hole-death-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |publisher=[[Cable News Network]] (CNN) |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829083556/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/28/americas/brazil-indigenous-man-in-the-hole-death-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Milhorance |first=Flávia |last2=Spigariol |first2=André |date=2022-08-29 |title=One Man Dies, and an Entire Uncontacted Tribe Vanishes in Brazil |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/americas/man-of-the-hole-death-brazil.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830132242/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/americas/man-of-the-hole-death-brazil.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority of his people are believed to have been killed by Brazilian settlers in the 1970s,<ref name="bbc" /> around the same time that nearby peoples such as the [[Akuntsu]] and [[Kanoê]] experienced similar massacres.<ref name="slate">{{Cite magazine |last=Reel |first=Monte |author-link=Monte Reel |date=20 August 2010 |title=The Most Isolated Man on the Planet |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/dispatches/2010/08/the_most_isolated_man_on_the_planet.single.html |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721133034/https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/dispatches/2010/08/the_most_isolated_man_on_the_planet.single.html |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> The remaining survivors, apart from the Man in the Hole, were killed in attack by illegal miners in 1995.<ref name="bbc" /> FUNAI later discovered the remains of their village, which had been bulldozed in 1996.<ref name="slate" /> They had [[Uncontacted peoples|remained isolated]] up until this point, so it is not known what they were called, what language they spoke, or what the Man in the Hole's name was.<ref name="survival international">{{Cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Fiona |year=2005 |title=The Last of His Tribe |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/articles/3105-the-last-of-his-tribe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162212/https://www.survivalinternational.org/articles/3105-the-last-of-his-tribe |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=[[Survival International]]}}</ref>
+The Man of the Hole was not a voluntary [[recluse]];<ref name="Revealing">{{Cite magazine |last1=Scott |first1=Wallace |date=31 August 2018 |title=Why Revealing Uncontacted Tribes May Help Save Them |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture-exploration/2018/08/brazil-uncontacted-tribe-indigenous-people-amazon-video/ |url-status=dead |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901085416/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture-exploration/2018/08/brazil-uncontacted-tribe-indigenous-people-amazon-video/ |archive-date=1 September 2018 |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> he was forced to live alone after his people were destroyed in the ongoing [[genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil]].<ref name="apublica" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Downie |first1=Andrew |date=2022-08-28 |title=Amazon activists mourn death of 'man of the hole', last of his tribe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/28/amazon-activists-mourn-death-of-man-of-the-hole-last-of-his-tribe |access-date=2022-08-30 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829072342/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/28/amazon-activists-mourn-death-of-man-of-the-hole-last-of-his-tribe |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Camilo |last1=Rocha |first2=Maija |last2=Ehlinger |title=Last member of indigenous tribe dies in Brazil after resisting contact for decades |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/28/americas/brazil-indigenous-man-in-the-hole-death-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |publisher=[[Cable News Network]] (CNN) |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829083556/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/28/americas/brazil-indigenous-man-in-the-hole-death-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Milhorance |first=Flávia |last2=Spigariol |first2=André |date=2022-08-29 |title=One Man Dies, and an Entire Uncontacted Tribe Vanishes in Brazil |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/americas/man-of-the-hole-death-brazil.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830132242/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/americas/man-of-the-hole-death-brazil.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority of his people are believed to have been killed by Brazilian settlers in the 1970s,<ref name="bbc" /> around the same time that nearby peoples such as the [[Akuntsu]] and [[Kanoê]] experienced similar massacres.<ref name="slate">{{Cite magazine |last=Reel |first=Monte |author-link=Monte Reel |date=20 August 2010 |title=The Most Isolated Man on the Planet |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/dispatches/2010/08/the_most_isolated_man_on_the_planet.single.html |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721133034/https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/dispatches/2010/08/the_most_isolated_man_on_the_planet.single.html |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> The remaining survivors, apart from the Man of the Hole, were killed in attack by illegal miners in 1995.<ref name="bbc" /> FUNAI later discovered the remains of their village, which had been bulldozed in 1996.<ref name="slate" /> They had [[Uncontacted peoples|remained isolated]] up until this point, so it is not known what they were called, what language they spoke, or what the Man of the Hole's name was.<ref name="survival international">{{Cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Fiona |year=2005 |title=The Last of His Tribe |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/articles/3105-the-last-of-his-tribe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162212/https://www.survivalinternational.org/articles/3105-the-last-of-his-tribe |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=[[Survival International]]}}</ref>
 == Later life ==