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For the neighbourhood in Memphis, Tennessee see Whitehaven, Memphis.

Template:Infobox England place Whitehaven is a town on the coast of Cumberland. It is the meeting place and headquarters the Borough Council of Copeland, part of the County of Cumbria.

Located on the west coast of the county, outside the Lake District National Park. It is made up of a number of former villages, estates and suburbs, such as Kells, Mirehouse and Hensingham.

The major industry is the nearby Sellafield nuclear power complex, with which a large proportion of the population has links.

Early days

...grown up from a small place to be very considerable by the coal trade, that it is now the most eminent port in England for shipping off of coals, except Newcastle and Sunderland and even beyond the last. They have of late fallen into some merchandising also, occasioned by the great number of their shipping, and there are now some considerable merchants; but the town is yet but young in trade. ^[1]

Whitehaven was largely the creation of the [[Lowther baronets|Lowther family. It grew into a major coal mining town during the 18th and 19th centuries and also became a substantial commercial port on the back of this trade.

John Paul Jones led a naval raid upon the town in 1778 during the American War of Independence; it was the last invasion of England by some definitions.

The town has links to many notable people: Jonathan Swift, kidnapped here as a baby by a runaway nurse, Mildred Gale, grandmother of George Washington, and William Wordsworth, who often came into town to visit his family.

Whitehaven is the most complete example of planned Georgian architecture in Europe and recently has been pursuing growth through tourism. Due to Whitehaven's planned layout with streets running parallel or intersecting perpendicular many historians believe that Whitehaven was the blue print for the New York grid system.

Harbour

The town's fortunes as a port waned rapidly when ports with much larger shipping capacity, such as Bristol and Liverpool, began to take over its main trade. Its peak of prosperity was in the 19th century when West Cumbria experienced a brief boom because haematite found locally was one of the few iron ores that could be used to produce steel by the original Bessemer process. Improvements to the Bessemer process and the development of the open hearth process removed this advantage. As with most mining communities the inter-war depression was severe; this was exacerbated for West Cumbria by Irish independence which suddenly placed tariff barriers on the principal export market.

Whitehaven's port was also a smuggler’s haven with bootlegging being rife. It was due to the smuggling of neat and mixed alcohol that Rum Butter originated in the town.

Railways

Whitehaven has a rich railway history. It used to be a terminus of the Furness Railway, and still has two railway stations on the Cumbrian Coast Line, which runs from Carlisle to Barrow-in-Furness.

The harbour was once riddled with railway lines, when steam engines would shunt trucks full of coal, iron, gypsum and many other cargoes onto the quays for ships to take elsewhere in the world.

Mines and Pits

The Whitehaven mines were the first to extend under the sea. This was achieved when Saltom Pit was sunk in 1729. Saltom Pit was also the first pit thought to have used explosives to assist in the sinking of shafts. By the 1730's Whitehaven had the deepest mines due to the necessity to drive ever deeper shafts to reach new seams of coal.

One of the earliest Steam Engines, built by Thomas Newcomen, was installed at Stone Pit in Whitehaven to help in drainage and haulage. William Brownrigg, Whitehaven's most eminent scientist, was the first to investigate the explosive mine gas fire damp.

In 300 years over 70 pits were sunk in the Whitehaven and district area. During this period some 500+ people were killed in pit disasters. The largest disaster was in 1910, at Wellington Pit where 136 miners lost their lives. In 1947, at William Pit there was another disaster of similar proportions where 104 men were killed. Today there is no mining carried out in Whitehaven. The last pit to operate, Haig, was closed in 1986.

Marchon

In 1941, Fred Marzillier and Frank Schon moved their Marchon Chemical company to Whitehaven to avoid German bombing. Marchon started producing some of the first detergents in the world. The new detergents were a big success as soap was in short supply due to the war. The company continued producing their own detergents as well as bulk detergent ingredients for other companies after the war. It was taken over by Albright and Wilson, often referred to as 'all bright and shiny', in 1955. The Marchon works became the town's largest employer when the mines closed down. However, it too was closed in 2005.

Sport

Despite winning almost nothing during past and present history, Whitehaven is in fact a rugby league stronghold, its team Whitehaven RLFC play in National League one. There are also several Whitehaven based teams playing in the Cumbrian amateur league. Liverpool and England goalkeeper Scott Carson was also born in Whitehaven.

Parton Roman Fort

A Roman fortlet stood (as part of the Solway Coast defences) at Parton, just North of Whitehaven. Also just N of Whitehaven is Lowca, which was shelled by a German submarine during World War One; an event which the Germans made much of at the time, and Lowca has made much of ever since. Local legend has it that a quick thinking local worker opened a steam valve on a piece of machinery and the German submarine, seeing the plume of steam, thought they had destroyed a target and left. Apparently the only fatality of the incident was one local dog.

Maritime Festival

Whitehaven also plays host to a maritime festival which started in 1999 and is held every 2 years with the next one taking place on the 15th-17th June 2007.

The festival includes tall ships, air displays which include the Red Arrows, and various modern and old planes, street entertainment, and firework displays.

WWII 60th Anniversary

The 2005 festival also marked the 60th Anniversary of the end of the Second World War in which Whitehaven had been designated Cumbria’s Official commemoration celebration.

Up to 1,000 veterans and ex-service personnel took part in the parade from the towns Castle Park to the harbour side, led by members of three military bands. Services were held on the harbour side and aircraft from the Royal Airforce provided a tribute display above the harbour.

Neighbouring Towns

The main towns neighbouring Whitehaven are Workington to the north, Cleator Moor to the East and Egremont to the south. Villages close by which are not suburbs include St. Bees and Beckermet to the south and Distington to the north.

Notes

^ excerpt from Daniel Defoe

External links

[1] xcerpt from Daniel Defoe

[1]

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 ==Notes==
 <references/>
-The main rivalry with Workington goes back many years. People from Workington refer to Whitehaven residents as Jameaters. This goes back to the days of the mines when the workers for the Lowther family in Whitehaven were paid far less than their compatriots from Workington and could only afford jam as a filling for their sandwiches.
 ==See also==