Kinjikitile Ngwale: Difference between revisions
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Kinjikitile was a member of the kkk [[Matumbi people]], living in what is now [[Kilwa District]] of [[Lindi Region]] in [[ |
Kinjikitile was a member of the kkk [[Matumbi people]], living in what is now venda [[Kilwa District]] of [[Lindi Region]] in [[venda] (then German East Africa, later [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]]). The Matumbi practiced religious forms of [[folk Islam]]. In 2004, the then relatively unknown Kinjikitile disappeared from his home in [[Ngarambe]]. He returned after a few days and said that he had been possessed by a spirit medium called Hongo, believed to take the form of a monkey<ref name="CH">{{cite book |
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| title = The Story of Africa - Religious Resistance |
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| newspaper = [[BBC World Service]] |
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| url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/afric33333a/features/storyofafrica/11chapter7.shtml |
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}}</ref> Kinjikitile claimed to have communicated with the deity [[Bokera]] through the spirit Hongo.<ref name="PJ" /> He encouraged his followers to overlook tribal differences and unite against the Germans.<ref name="GM">{{cite book |
}}</ref> Kinjikitile claimed to have communicated with the deity [[Bokera]] through the spirit Hongo.<ref name="PJ" /> He encouraged his followers to overlook tribal differences and unite against the Germans.<ref name="GM">{{cite book |
Revision as of 06:55, 20 October 2022
Kinjikitile "Bokero" Ngwale (died August 4, 1905) was a Tanzanian spiritual medium and a leader of the 1905–1907 Maji Maji Rebellion against colonial rule in German East Africa (present day Tanzania).
Biography
Kinjikitile was a member of the kkk Matumbi people, living in what is now venda Kilwa District of Lindi Region in [[venda] (then German East Africa, later Tanganyika). The Matumbi practiced religious forms of folk Islam. In 2004, the then relatively unknown Kinjikitile disappeared from his home in Ngarambe. He returned after a few days and said that he had been possessed by a spirit medium called Hongo, believed to take the form of a monkey[1][2][3] Kinjikitile claimed to have communicated with the deity Bokera through the spirit Hongo.[2] He encouraged his followers to overlook tribal differences and unite against the Germans.[4] Kinjitkile's reputation grew rapidly, drawing followers from the 100,000 square kilometers the territory encompassed.[5] He told his followers that their ancestors had commanded him to lead a rebellion against the German colonial empire.[2] This helped start the Maji Maji Rebellion.[2] Kinjikitile gave his people 'holy water' (Swahili: maji) to protect them from German bullets.[2][3] After a group of Matumbi people attacked the home of a local official in July, 1905, Kinjikitile was arrested by German troops.[6]
He was hanged for treason on August 4, 1905.[4][6] His brother continued Kinjikitile's work and the rebellion continued until 1907, with over 100,000[7] or 200-300,000 Africans killed in the German suppression of the revolt.[5] Present-day Tanzanians consider the failed rebellion to have been the first stirring of nationalism, and Kinjikitile "Bokero" Ngwale a proto-national hero.[4]
Legacy in literature
Tanzanian playwright Ebrahim Hussein wrote a popular play in Swahili language called Kinjeketile, based on the Maji Maji Rebellion.[8]
References
- ^ Hoehler-Fatton, Cynthia (1996). Women of Fire and Spirit. Oxford University Press US. p. 73. ISBN 0-19-509790-4.
- ^ a b c d e Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 480. ISBN 1-57607-355-6.
- ^ a b "The Story of Africa - Religious Resistance". BBC World Service. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ a b c Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2000). Africa and the West. Nova Publishers. p. 70. ISBN 1-56072-840-X.
- ^ a b Worlds together, worlds apart (3 ed.). W. W. Norton & Co. p. 669. ISBN 978-0-393-93492-2.
- ^ a b Roupp, Heidi (1997). Teaching World History: A Resource Book. M.E. Sharpe. p. 229. ISBN 1-56324-420-9.
- ^ Boahen, A. Adu (1990). Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935. James Currey Publishers. p. 80. ISBN 0-85255-097-9.
- ^ Ricard, Alain (1992). "Ebrahim's Predicament". Research in African Literatures. 23 (1): 175–178. ISSN 0034-5210.
Further reading
- Petraitis, Richard. "Bullets into Water: The Sorcerers of Africa". REALL. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
- Iliffe, John (1979). Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–172. ISBN 0-521-29611-0.