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[[File:1621340804 heyfec.jpeg|thumb|Gregory Kheifets, ca. 1945, NKGB file photo.]]
[[File:1621340804 heyfec.jpeg|thumb|Gregory Kheifets, ca. 1945, NKGB file photo.]]
'''Grigory Kheifets''', also known as '''Grigori Kheifetz''' (1899-1981), was a Soviet intelligence officer, a lieutenant colonel of the NKVD-MGB. He was one of the principals in the Soviet nuclear espionage. From December 1941 until July 1944, he was the San Francisco Soviet intelligence station chief, or ''[[Rezident]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=John Earl Haynes, ‎Harvey Klehr |title=Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0300077711 |location=New Haven and London |pages=290 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Herken |first=Gregg |title=Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence and Edward Teller |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |year=2002 |isbn=978-0805065893 |location=New York |pages=90-93 |language=en}}</ref>
'''Grigory Kheifets''', also known as '''Grigori Kheifetz''' (1899-1981), was a Soviet intelligence officer, a lieutenant colonel of the NKVD-MGB. He was one of the principals in Soviet nuclear espionage. From December 1941 until July 1944, he was the San Francisco Soviet intelligence station chief or ''[[Rezident]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=John Earl Haynes, ‎Harvey Klehr |title=Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0300077711 |location=New Haven and London |pages=290 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Herken |first=Gregg |title=Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence and Edward Teller |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |year=2002 |isbn=978-0805065893 |location=New York |pages=90-93 |language=en}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Line 11: Line 11:


== San Francisco station ==
== San Francisco station ==
In October 1941, Kheifets was reinstated in NKVD, and from November 1941 was the NKVD station chief in San Francisco under the guise of the Soviet Vice Consul. There he launched work on intelligence support for the Soviet nuclear project. According to the former Soviet head of intelligence [[Pavel Sudoplatov]], Kheifets established confidential contact with the scientific director of the [[Manhattan Project]], [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jerrold Schecter and Leona Schecter |first= |title=Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History |publisher=Brassey's, Inc |year=2002 |isbn=1-57488-327-5 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=47–48, 50, 51, 56, 6179 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilder |first=Louisa |title=The Age of Entanglement: When Quantum Physics Was Reborn |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-9526-1 |location=New York |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, Alexander Vassiliev |first= |title=Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780300123906 |location=United States |pages=49–57 |language=en}}</ref>. In his attempts to recruit Oppenheimer he relied on two female agents, [[Elizabeth Zarubina]] and [[Louise Bransten]] rumored two be his lover<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stanley |first=Alessandra |date=2 October 2017 |title=The Communist Party’s Party People |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/opinion/the-communist-partys-party-people.html |url-status=live |website=NYTimes.com}}</ref>. However, the extent of Oppenheimer's cooperation with Kheifets later became the subject of much disagreement among historians.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerrold Schecter, Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken |first= |date=2003 |title=Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy? A Roundtable Discussion |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/was-oppenheimer-soviet-spy-roundtable-discussion |url-status=live |website=The Wilson Center}}</ref> The unsuccessful attempt to recruit Oppenheimer is known as the "[[Haakon Chevalier]] affair".<ref name=":5" />
In October 1941, Kheifets was reinstated in NKVD, and from November 1941 he was the NKVD station chief in San Francisco under the guise of the Soviet Vice Consul. There he launched work on intelligence support for the Soviet nuclear project. According to the former Soviet head of intelligence [[Pavel Sudoplatov]], Kheifets established confidential contact with [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], the scientific director of the [[Manhattan Project]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jerrold Schecter and Leona Schecter |first= |title=Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History |publisher=Brassey's, Inc |year=2002 |isbn=1-57488-327-5 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=47–48, 50, 51, 56, 6179 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilder |first=Louisa |title=The Age of Entanglement: When Quantum Physics Was Reborn |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-9526-1 |location=New York |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, Alexander Vassiliev |first= |title=Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780300123906 |location=United States |pages=49–57 |language=en}}</ref> In his attempts to recruit Oppenheimer he relied on two female agents, [[Elizabeth Zarubina]] and [[Louise Bransten]]; the latter was rumored two be his lover<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stanley |first=Alessandra |date=2 October 2017 |title=The Communist Party’s Party People |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/opinion/the-communist-partys-party-people.html |url-status=live |website=NYTimes.com}}</ref>. However, the extent of Oppenheimer's cooperation with Kheifets later became the subject of much disagreement among historians<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerrold Schecter, Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken |first= |date=2003 |title=Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy? A Roundtable Discussion |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/was-oppenheimer-soviet-spy-roundtable-discussion |url-status=live |website=The Wilson Center}}</ref>. The unsuccessful attempt to recruit Oppenheimer is known as the "[[Haakon Chevalier]] affair."<ref name=":5" />


In November 1944, Kheifets was recalled to Moscow. Since December 1944, he has been a senior analyst and then headed a section in the 1st Directorate (intelligence) of the NKGB. Since May 1946, Kheifets served as head of Department "C" of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
In November 1944, Kheifets was recalled to Moscow. Since December 1944, he has been a senior analyst and then headed a section in the 1st Directorate (intelligence) of the NKGB. Since May 1946, Kheifets served as head of Department "C" of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
Line 17: Line 17:
==HUAC Hearings==
==HUAC Hearings==


During the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] hearings, the investigators invoked Heifetz's name several times probing his contacts in Hollywood<ref>{{Cite book |first= |title=Hearings Regarding the Communist Infiltration of the Motion Picture Industry : hearings before the United States House Committee on Un-American Activities, Eightieth Congress, first session, on Oct. 20-24, 27-30, 1947. |publisher=Legare Street Press |year=2022 |isbn=9781018598468 |pages=517 |language=en}}</ref>, including [[Bertolt Brecht]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=McLellan |first=Joseph |date=1979-04-08 |title=Bertolt Brecht by J. Edgar Hoover |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/04/08/bertolt-brecht-by-j-edgar-hoover/66b62916-bc2e-451f-9fb7-b56b67251949/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[Paul Robeson]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=US Congress |title=Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, March 12, 13 and 14, 1956 |year=1956 |location=Washington, DC |pages=4496-4497 |language=en}}</ref> and others.
During the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] hearings, the investigators invoked Heifetz's name several times, probing his contacts in Hollywood<ref>{{Cite book |first= |title=Hearings Regarding the Communist Infiltration of the Motion Picture Industry : hearings before the United States House Committee on Un-American Activities, Eightieth Congress, first session, on Oct. 20-24, 27-30, 1947. |publisher=Legare Street Press |year=2022 |isbn=9781018598468 |pages=517 |language=en}}</ref>, including [[Bertolt Brecht]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=McLellan |first=Joseph |date=1979-04-08 |title=Bertolt Brecht by J. Edgar Hoover |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/04/08/bertolt-brecht-by-j-edgar-hoover/66b62916-bc2e-451f-9fb7-b56b67251949/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[Paul Robeson]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=US Congress |title=Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, March 12, 13 and 14, 1956 |year=1956 |location=Washington, DC |pages=4496-4497 |language=en}}</ref> and others.


==California in the Crimea==
==California in the Crimea==
Line 23: Line 23:
In 1943 a world-famous actor of the Moscow Yiddish State Art Theater, [[Solomon Mikhoels]], together with the poet [[Itzik Feffer]], toured the United States on behalf of the Soviet [[Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee|Jewish Antifascist Committee]] (JAC). Their assignment was to raise money and convince American public opinion that Soviet [[anti-Semitism]] had been crushed due to [[Joseph Stalin]]'s policies. Kheifets coordinated the tour. Before their departure, [[NKVD]] Chief [[Lavrenti Beria]] instructed Mikhoels and Feffer to emphasize the outstanding contribution of Jews to science and culture in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=":2" />
In 1943 a world-famous actor of the Moscow Yiddish State Art Theater, [[Solomon Mikhoels]], together with the poet [[Itzik Feffer]], toured the United States on behalf of the Soviet [[Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee|Jewish Antifascist Committee]] (JAC). Their assignment was to raise money and convince American public opinion that Soviet [[anti-Semitism]] had been crushed due to [[Joseph Stalin]]'s policies. Kheifets coordinated the tour. Before their departure, [[NKVD]] Chief [[Lavrenti Beria]] instructed Mikhoels and Feffer to emphasize the outstanding contribution of Jews to science and culture in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=":2" />


In 1944 and the first half of 1945, Stalin developed a strategic plan to use the Jewish issue to bring in international investment to rebuild the war-torn Soviet Union and to influence the postwar realignment of power in the Middle East. To this end, the Soviet Union would set up a Jewish Soviet Republic in Crimea, dubbed "California in the Crimea," where survivors of the Holocaust would be resettled. The coordination and execution of the plan was entrusted to Kheifetz.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1947, he left the MGB and was appointed Deputy Executive Secretary of JAC in charge of international relations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
In 1944 and the first half of 1945, Stalin developed a strategic plan to use the Jewish issue to bring in international investment to rebuild the war-torn Soviet Union and to influence the postwar realignment of power in the Middle East. To this end, the Soviet Union would set up a Jewish Soviet Republic in Crimea, dubbed "California in the Crimea," aiming to resettle the survivors of the Holocaust. The coordination and execution of the plan was entrusted to Kheifetz<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />. In 1947, he left the MGB and was appointed Deputy Executive Secretary of JAC in charge of international relations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />


However, By 1948, Stalin lost interest in "California in the Crimea." JAC was disbanded in November of that year, followed by the [[Night of the Murdered Poets|arrest and execution of most of its members]].<ref name=":1" />
However, By 1948, Stalin lost interest in "California in the Crimea." JAC was disbanded in November of that year, followed by the [[Night of the Murdered Poets|arrest and execution of most of its members]].<ref name=":1" />

Revision as of 07:59, 2 December 2022

File:1621340804 heyfec.jpeg
Gregory Kheifets, ca. 1945, NKGB file photo.

Grigory Kheifets, also known as Grigori Kheifetz (1899-1981), was a Soviet intelligence officer, a lieutenant colonel of the NKVD-MGB. He was one of the principals in Soviet nuclear espionage. From December 1941 until July 1944, he was the San Francisco Soviet intelligence station chief or Rezident.[1][2]

Early life

Grigory Markovich (Girsh Mendelevich) Kheifets (Григорий Маркович Хейфец) was born on May 7, 1899, in Dvinsk, Latvia to tradesman Mendel Yankelevich Kheifets and Tsivya Abramovna Leyvy. The family soon moved to Riga where his father worked in a printing shop and was a prominent member of the Bund. Grigory joined the Bund in 1915. The same year the authorities banished the family from Riga. In 1917, Kheifets graduated from a vocational school in Bogorodsk, near Moscow. He studied politics and economics at Communist University. In 1919, he joined the Bolshevik party and, from 1919-1920, fought in the Red Army in the Russian Civil War on the Western Front and the Caucasus, where he was lightly injured in his arm.[3] After the war, he briefly served as secretary to Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya[4][5]

Career prior to WW2

In 1921 Kheifets joined Comintern as an agent of OMS under diplomatic cover. In 1924, he was OMS’s rezident in Latvia, posing as a Soviet consular agent, and from April 1925, in Constantinople under cover of Consul General. From 1927-1929, he was an OMS emissary in China, Germany, Austria, France, and other countries. While working illegally under the guise of a student from India, he received an engineering degree from Jena Polytechnic, Germany, where he established several underground cells. From April 1927, he was the OMS representative in Shanghai, and from 1928, in Berlin. In February 1929, he returned to Moscow to become Executive Secretary of the “Ogonyok” publishing house, then Managing Editor of the “Inventor” magazine. Since June 1931 - he has been on undercover assignments in France and the United States. Upon returning to the USSR in October 1935, he became the assistant section head of NKVD INO (intelligence).[3][5]

A surveillance photograph was taken by Manhattan Project security officials. On the right is Grigory Kheifets, the NKGB Resident in San Francisco from 1941 to July 1944. On the left is his successor, Gregory Kasparov. In between them is Martin Kamen, a chemist at the University of California, Berkeley's Radiation Lab. The photo is courtesy of the National Security Agency.

Since July 1936 - Kheifets was a rezident in Italy, where he recruited the young physicist Bruno Pontecorvo.[6] In the summer of 1938, he was recalled to Moscow, dismissed from NKVD, and appointed deputy chairman of VOKS.

San Francisco station

In October 1941, Kheifets was reinstated in NKVD, and from November 1941 he was the NKVD station chief in San Francisco under the guise of the Soviet Vice Consul. There he launched work on intelligence support for the Soviet nuclear project. According to the former Soviet head of intelligence Pavel Sudoplatov, Kheifets established confidential contact with J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific director of the Manhattan Project.[6][7][8][9] In his attempts to recruit Oppenheimer he relied on two female agents, Elizabeth Zarubina and Louise Bransten; the latter was rumored two be his lover[2][10]. However, the extent of Oppenheimer's cooperation with Kheifets later became the subject of much disagreement among historians[9][11]. The unsuccessful attempt to recruit Oppenheimer is known as the "Haakon Chevalier affair."[10]

In November 1944, Kheifets was recalled to Moscow. Since December 1944, he has been a senior analyst and then headed a section in the 1st Directorate (intelligence) of the NKGB. Since May 1946, Kheifets served as head of Department "C" of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR.[3][6]

HUAC Hearings

During the House Un-American Activities Committee hearings, the investigators invoked Heifetz's name several times, probing his contacts in Hollywood[12], including Bertolt Brecht,[13] Paul Robeson,[14] and others.

California in the Crimea

In 1943 a world-famous actor of the Moscow Yiddish State Art Theater, Solomon Mikhoels, together with the poet Itzik Feffer, toured the United States on behalf of the Soviet Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC). Their assignment was to raise money and convince American public opinion that Soviet anti-Semitism had been crushed due to Joseph Stalin's policies. Kheifets coordinated the tour. Before their departure, NKVD Chief Lavrenti Beria instructed Mikhoels and Feffer to emphasize the outstanding contribution of Jews to science and culture in the Soviet Union.[6]

In 1944 and the first half of 1945, Stalin developed a strategic plan to use the Jewish issue to bring in international investment to rebuild the war-torn Soviet Union and to influence the postwar realignment of power in the Middle East. To this end, the Soviet Union would set up a Jewish Soviet Republic in Crimea, dubbed "California in the Crimea," aiming to resettle the survivors of the Holocaust. The coordination and execution of the plan was entrusted to Kheifetz[4][6]. In 1947, he left the MGB and was appointed Deputy Executive Secretary of JAC in charge of international relations.[3][5]

However, By 1948, Stalin lost interest in "California in the Crimea." JAC was disbanded in November of that year, followed by the arrest and execution of most of its members.[4]

Arrest

On November 13, 1951, Heifetz was arrested in the JAC case. On February 2, 1953, he was sentenced to capital punishment. The sentence was stayed due to the death of Stalin, and the investigation resumed on April 23, 1953. On December 28, 1953, he was released and fully rehabilitated.[3][4][5] He died on retirement in Moscow in 1981.[3][5]

Family

• Wife - Maria Solomonovna Aleinikova (1900-1975), a graduate of Polotsk gymnasium for girls.

• Daughter - Cecilia Grigorievna Aleinikova-Kheifets (1922-2004), doctor-ophthalmologist, was married to the immunologist and virologist David Goldfarb[15] (1918-1990).

• Grandson - Alex Goldfarb (1947 - ), biochemist and activist.

• Granddaughter - Olga Goldfarb (1952 - ), pediatrician.

See also

References

  1. ^ John Earl Haynes, ‎Harvey Klehr (1999). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0300077711.
  2. ^ a b Herken, Gregg (2002). Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence and Edward Teller. New York: Henry Holt and Co. pp. 90–93. ISBN 978-0805065893.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Колесников, Юрий. СРЕДИ БОГОВ. Неизвестные страницы советской разведки (in Russian). ISBN 978-5-8041-0679-0.
  4. ^ a b c d Redlich, Shimon (1995). War, the Holocaust and Stalinism. Harwood Academic Publishers. pp. 88–89.
  5. ^ a b c d e Abramov, Vadim (2005). Jews in KGB (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza-EKSMO. ISBN 9785699137626.
  6. ^ a b c d e Sudoplatov, Pavel (1995). Special Tasks. United States: Little, Brown.
  7. ^ Jerrold Schecter and Leona Schecter (2002). Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, Inc. pp. 47–48, 50, 51, 56, 6179. ISBN 1-57488-327-5.
  8. ^ Gilder, Louisa (2009). The Age of Entanglement: When Quantum Physics Was Reborn. New York: Vintage Books. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4000-9526-1.
  9. ^ a b John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, Alexander Vassiliev (2009). Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America. United States: Yale University Press. pp. 49–57. ISBN 9780300123906.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Stanley, Alessandra (2 October 2017). "The Communist Party's Party People". NYTimes.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Jerrold Schecter, Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken (2003). "Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy? A Roundtable Discussion". The Wilson Center.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Hearings Regarding the Communist Infiltration of the Motion Picture Industry : hearings before the United States House Committee on Un-American Activities, Eightieth Congress, first session, on Oct. 20-24, 27-30, 1947. Legare Street Press. 2022. p. 517. ISBN 9781018598468.
  13. ^ McLellan, Joseph (1979-04-08). "Bertolt Brecht by J. Edgar Hoover". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
  14. ^ US Congress (1956). Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, March 12, 13 and 14, 1956. Washington, DC. pp. 4496–4497.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ "Гольдфарб, Давид Моисеевич", Википедия (in Russian), 2022-06-20, retrieved 2022-11-19
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