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'''Mária Telkes''' (December 12, 1900 – December 2, 1995) was a Hungarian-American biophysicist, scientist and inventor who worked on [[solar energy]] technologies.<ref name=NIHoF>{{cite web |title=NIHF Inductee Maria Telkes Invented Solar Power Storage |url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/maria-telkes |website=National Inventors Hall of Fame |access-date=14 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Prior to her time in the United States, Maria Telkes studied physical chemistry at the University of Budapest in 1920 and received her Ph.D. in 1924.
'''Mária Telkes''' (December 12, 1900 – December 2, 1995) was a Hungarian-American biophysicist, scientist and inventor who worked on [[solar energy]] technologies.<ref name=NIHoF>{{cite web |title=NIHF Inductee Maria Telkes Invented Solar Power Storage |url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/maria-telkes |website=National Inventors Hall of Fame |access-date=14 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Prior to her time in the United States, Mária Telkes studied physical chemistry at the University of Budapest in 1920 and received her Ph.D. in 1924.


She came to the United States in 1925 and eventually arrived at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where she focused on the practical uses of solar energy beginning in 1939. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=NIHF Inductee Maria Telkes Invented Solar Power Storage |url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/maria-telkes |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.invent.org |language=en}}</ref> While at MIT, Telkes created a method that used sodium sulphates to store energy from the sun.
She came to the United States in 1925 and eventually arrived at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where she focused on the practical uses of solar energy beginning in 1939. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=NIHF Inductee Maria Telkes Invented Solar Power Storage |url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/maria-telkes |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.invent.org |language=en}}</ref> While at MIT, Telkes created a method that used sodium sulphates to store energy from the sun.


During World War II, she developed a solar distillation device that was included in the military's emergency medical kits and which saved the lives of downed airmen and torpedoed sailors.<ref name="auto3"/> Telkes also created an invention that was a solar distiller that vaporized seawater, recondensing it into water that was drinkable.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Mária Telkes {{!}} American physical chemist and biophysicist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maria-Telkes |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Her goal was to create an innovation at a low cost for villagers in poor and arid regions. <ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |date=1996-08-13 |title=Maria Telkes, 95, an Innovator Of Varied Uses for Solar Power |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/13/us/maria-telkes-95-an-innovator-of-varied-uses-for-solar-power.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
During World War II, she developed a solar distillation device that was included in the military's emergency medical kits and which saved the lives of downed airmen and torpedoed sailors.<ref name="auto3"/> Telkes also created an invention that was a solar distiller that vaporized seawater, recondensing it into water that was drinkable.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Mária Telkes {{!}} American physical chemist and biophysicist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maria-Telkes |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Her goal was to create an innovation at a low cost for villagers in poor and arid regions. <ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |date=1996-08-13 |title=Maria Telkes, 95, an Innovator Of Varied Uses for Solar Power |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/13/us/maria-telkes-95-an-innovator-of-varied-uses-for-solar-power.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Telkes is considered one of the founders of solar thermal storage systems, earning her the nickname '''The Sun Queen'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Mária Telkes Became ’The Sun Queen’ {{!}} National Inventors Hall of Fame® |url=https://www.invent.org/blog/inventors/maria-telkes-the-sun-queen |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=www.invent.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Oakes">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Scientists|author-first=Elizabeth H. |author-last= Oakes|title=Maria Telkes|page=714|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4381-1882-6|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uPRB-OED1bcC |page=714}}}}</ref> After the war, Maria Telkes became an associate research professor at MIT.
Telkes is considered one of the founders of solar thermal storage systems, earning her the nickname '''The Sun Queen'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Mária Telkes Became ’The Sun Queen’ {{!}} National Inventors Hall of Fame® |url=https://www.invent.org/blog/inventors/maria-telkes-the-sun-queen |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=www.invent.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Oakes">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Scientists|author-first=Elizabeth H. |author-last= Oakes|title=Maria Telkes|page=714|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4381-1882-6|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uPRB-OED1bcC |page=714}}}}</ref> After the war, Mária Telkes became an associate research professor at MIT.


Built in 1948, the Dover House was in need of distributed air. In the 1940s she and her partner Eleanor Raymond, an architect, teamed up to create the first solar-heated house. They did this by using a chemical that crystalized and held the heat to then radiate it, keeping a constant temperature inside. <ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Maria Telkes {{!}} Lemelson |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/maria-telkes |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=lemelson.mit.edu}}</ref> They were highly successful in this as they kept a house in Massachusetts very warm throughout the brutal winter. In 1953 she received a $45,000 grant from the Ford Foundation to create a universal solar oven that could be adapted for people residing at all various latitudes and locations. This oven was used to help prepare several types of cuisines and was safe enough to be used by young children. She also built on this idea to develop a quicker way for farmers to dry off their crops. <ref name="auto2"/> This later advanced to develop materials that were durable enough for temperatures in space. <ref name="auto1"/>
Built in 1948, the Dover House was in need of distributed air. In the 1940s she and her partner Eleanor Raymond, an architect, teamed up to create the first solar-heated house. They did this by using a chemical that crystalized and held the heat to then radiate it, keeping a constant temperature inside. <ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Maria Telkes {{!}} Lemelson |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/maria-telkes |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=lemelson.mit.edu}}</ref> They were highly successful in this as they kept a house in Massachusetts very warm throughout the brutal winter. In 1953 she received a $45,000 grant from the Ford Foundation to create a universal solar oven that could be adapted for people residing at all various latitudes and locations. This oven was used to help prepare several types of cuisines and was safe enough to be used by young children. She also built on this idea to develop a quicker way for farmers to dry off their crops. <ref name="auto2"/> This later advanced to develop materials that were durable enough for temperatures in space. <ref name="auto1"/>
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==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Born in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], in 1900 to Aladar and Maria Laban de Telkes, Maria attended elementary and high school in Budapest. She then studied at the [[University of Budapest]], graduating with a B.A. in physical chemistry in 1920 and a PhD in 1924.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/telkes-maria|title=Telkes, Maria {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref>
Born in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], in 1900 to Aladar and Mária Laban de Telkes, Mária attended elementary and high school in Budapest. She then studied at the [[University of Budapest]], graduating with a B.A. in physical chemistry in 1920 and a PhD in 1924.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/telkes-maria|title=Telkes, Maria {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
Line 75: Line 75:
In 1964 she spoke at the first [[International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists]] in New York.<ref>[https://uihistories.library.illinois.edu/REPOSITORYCACHE/156/d5ne15BSVY0hV4ogbAmN6p592koYodSl607Z2in6km8aHI1y4S15vb3R58qwP34ra4tJ4nx1TJgHk55V7f17K3l8FSw6XNK5mjz39ERv2o9_3409.pdf First International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists. (program)]</ref>
In 1964 she spoke at the first [[International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists]] in New York.<ref>[https://uihistories.library.illinois.edu/REPOSITORYCACHE/156/d5ne15BSVY0hV4ogbAmN6p592koYodSl607Z2in6km8aHI1y4S15vb3R58qwP34ra4tJ4nx1TJgHk55V7f17K3l8FSw6XNK5mjz39ERv2o9_3409.pdf First International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists. (program)]</ref>


{{quote|“It is the things supposed to be impossible that interest me. I like to do things they say cannot be done.” Maria Telkes, 1942.<ref name="Rinde"/>}}
{{quote|“It is the things supposed to be impossible that interest me. I like to do things they say cannot be done.” Mária Telkes, 1942.<ref name="Rinde"/>}}


== Awards ==
== Awards ==

Revision as of 06:57, 12 December 2022

Mária Telkes
Telkes in 1956
Born(1900-12-12)12 December 1900
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
Died2 December 1995(1995-12-02) (aged 94)
Budapest, Hungary
Known forThermoelectricity
AwardsNational Inventors Hall of Fame
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsCleveland Clinic Foundation, Westinghouse, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, University of Delaware

Mária Telkes (December 12, 1900 – December 2, 1995) was a Hungarian-American biophysicist, scientist and inventor who worked on solar energy technologies.[1] Prior to her time in the United States, Mária Telkes studied physical chemistry at the University of Budapest in 1920 and received her Ph.D. in 1924.

She came to the United States in 1925 and eventually arrived at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where she focused on the practical uses of solar energy beginning in 1939. [2] While at MIT, Telkes created a method that used sodium sulphates to store energy from the sun.

During World War II, she developed a solar distillation device that was included in the military's emergency medical kits and which saved the lives of downed airmen and torpedoed sailors.[2] Telkes also created an invention that was a solar distiller that vaporized seawater, recondensing it into water that was drinkable.[3] Her goal was to create an innovation at a low cost for villagers in poor and arid regions. [4] Telkes is considered one of the founders of solar thermal storage systems, earning her the nickname The Sun Queen.[5][6] After the war, Mária Telkes became an associate research professor at MIT.

Built in 1948, the Dover House was in need of distributed air. In the 1940s she and her partner Eleanor Raymond, an architect, teamed up to create the first solar-heated house. They did this by using a chemical that crystalized and held the heat to then radiate it, keeping a constant temperature inside. [4][7] They were highly successful in this as they kept a house in Massachusetts very warm throughout the brutal winter. In 1953 she received a $45,000 grant from the Ford Foundation to create a universal solar oven that could be adapted for people residing at all various latitudes and locations. This oven was used to help prepare several types of cuisines and was safe enough to be used by young children. She also built on this idea to develop a quicker way for farmers to dry off their crops. [7] This later advanced to develop materials that were durable enough for temperatures in space. [3]

In 1952, Telkes became the first recipient of the Society of Women Engineers Achievement Award and 1977 she was awarded a lifetime achievement award from the National Academy of Sciences Building Research Advisory Board. This was for the solar-heated building technology she dedicated her time to.[3]

Telkes was a prolific inventor of practical thermal devices, including a miniature desalination unit (solar still) for use on lifeboats, which used solar power and condensation to collect potable water. The device saved the lives of airmen and sailors who would have been without water when abandoned at sea.[1] Over the course of her career, Telkes earned more than 20 patents, including one for a functional solar oven, and continued to develop these solar-energy based applications.[8][9][10]

Early life and education

Born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1900 to Aladar and Mária Laban de Telkes, Mária attended elementary and high school in Budapest. She then studied at the University of Budapest, graduating with a B.A. in physical chemistry in 1920 and a PhD in 1924.[11]

Career

When Telkes moved to the United States in 1924,[12] she visited a relative who was the Hungarian consul in Cleveland, Ohio. There, she was hired to work in at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation to investigate the energy produced by living organisms. Telkes did some research while working at the foundation, and under the leadership of George Washington Crile, they invented a photoelectric mechanism that could record brain waves.[12] They also worked together to write a book called Phenomenon of Life.[11]

Telkes next worked as a biophysicist at Westinghouse. She developed metal alloys for thermocouples to convert heat into electricity.[12]

She wrote to Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) about working in its new solar energy program. She was hired in 1939, staying until 1953.[12]

Desalination

During World War II, the United States government, noting Telkes's expertise, recruited her to serve as a civilian advisor to the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD).[11] There, she developed a solar-powered water desalination machine, completing a prototype in 1942.[12] It came to be one of her most notable inventions because it helped soldiers get clean water in difficult situations and also helped solve water problems in the US Virgin Islands.[13] However, its initial deployment was delayed until the end of the war because Hoyt C. Hottel repeatedly re-negotiated its manufacturing contracts.[12]

Telkes identified solar heat storage as the most critical problem facing designers of a workable solar-heated house. One of her specialties was phase-change materials, that absorb or release heat when they change from solid to liquid. She hoped to use phase-change materials like molten salts for storing thermal energy in active heating systems. One of her materials of choice was Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate).[12]

Hottel, as chairman of the solar energy fund at MIT, originally supported Telkes's approach. He wrote that “Dr. Telkes’ contribution may make a big difference in the outcome of our project”.[12] However, he was both less interested in and more skeptical about solar power, compared to Telkes. Telkes, like the project's funder Godfrey Lowell Cabot, was a "fervent believer in solar energy".[12] There were personality clashes between Hottel and Telkes, who was both assertive and the only woman on the MIT team.[12]

In 1946, the group tried to use Glauber’s salt in the design of their second solar house. Hottel and others blamed Telkes for problems with the material. In spite of support from university president Karl Compton, Telkes was reassigned to the metallurgy department, where she continued her work on thermocouples. Although she was no longer involved in the MIT solar fund, Cabot would have liked her to return. He encouraged her to continue working on the problem independently.[12]

Dover Sun House

In 1948, Telkes started working on the Dover Sun House; she teamed up with architect Eleanor Raymond, with the project financed by philanthropist and sculptor Amelia Peabody.[14] The system was designed so that Glauber's salt would melt in the sun, trap the heat and then release it as it cooled and hardened.[12]

The system worked with the sunlight passing through glass windows, which would heat the air inside the glass. This heated air then passed through a metal sheet into another air space. From there, fans moved the air to a storage compartment filled with the salt (sodium sulfate). These compartments were in between the walls, heating the house as the salt cooled.[14][10]

For the first two years the house was successful, receiving tremendous publicity and drawing crowds of visitors. Popular Science hailed it as perhaps more important, scientifically, than the atom bomb. By the third winter, there were problems with the Glauber’s salt: it had stratified into layers of liquid and solid, and its containers were corroded and leaking. The owners removed the solar heating system from their house.[12]

In 1953 George Russell Harrison, Dean of Science at MIT, called for a review of the solar fund at MIT, due to concerns about its lack of productivity. The resulting report tended to promote Hottel's views and disparaged both Cabot and Telkes. Telkes was fired by MIT in 1953 after the report came out.[12]

Solar-powered oven

As of 1953, Telkes moved to the New York University College of Engineering where she continued to work on solar energy research. Telkes received a grant from the Ford Foundation of $45,000 to develop a solar-powered oven so people who lack the technology around the world be able to heat things.[9] The criteria for this project was that the oven needed to be able to get as high as 350 degrees, and needed to be easy to use. The result was an innovation that worked even better than anticipated. It was useful for tribal Indian usage in remote reservations. There were extra safety features so that children could use them. While she invented the solar oven, she also discovered a better way for farmers to dry their crops using the same technology. This technology was extremely important for society as a whole and is still used today.[15]

Telkes spent several years in industry, as director of solar energy at the Curtiss-Wright Company; working on materials for use in extreme conditions such as space at Cryo-Therm (1961-1963); and again as director of solar energy at Melpar, Inc. (1963-1969).[9][16] As part of her work at Cryo-Therm she helped to develop materials for use in the Apollo and Polaris missions.[6]

In 1969 Telkes joined the Institute of Energy Conversion at the University of Delaware.[9] She began to study electricity-generating photovoltaic cells. In 1971 she helped to build the first house to generate both heat and electricity from the sun.[12]

In 1981 she helped the US Department of Energy to develop and build the first fully solar-powered home, Carlisle House in Carlisle, Massachusetts.[17]

In 1964 she spoke at the first International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists in New York.[18]

“It is the things supposed to be impossible that interest me. I like to do things they say cannot be done.” Mária Telkes, 1942.[12]

Awards

Telkes received multiple awards for her work.[9]

  • 1945 – OSRD Certificate of Merit for the Desalination Unit[11]
  • 1952 – Inaugural Society of Women Engineers Achievement Award[9]
  • 1977 – Charles Greeley Abbot Award, American Solar Energy Society[9]
  • 2012 – Induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame
  • 2022 – Google Doodle on her 122nd birth anniversary[19]

Papers

Telkes' papers are in the collections of the Arizona State University Library, Design and the Arts Special Collections, in Tempe, Arizona.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b "NIHF Inductee Maria Telkes Invented Solar Power Storage". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b "NIHF Inductee Maria Telkes Invented Solar Power Storage". www.invent.org. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  3. ^ a b c "Mária Telkes | American physical chemist and biophysicist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  4. ^ a b Saxon, Wolfgang (1996-08-13). "Maria Telkes, 95, an Innovator Of Varied Uses for Solar Power". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  5. ^ "How Mária Telkes Became 'The Sun Queen' | National Inventors Hall of Fame®". www.invent.org. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  6. ^ a b Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). "Maria Telkes". Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Infobase Publishing. p. 714. ISBN 978-1-4381-1882-6.
  7. ^ a b "Maria Telkes | Lemelson". lemelson.mit.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  8. ^ Weerts, Gwen (1 July 2021). "Mária Telkes: All hail the Sun Queen". SPIE - The International Society of Optics and Photonics. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Maria Telkes | Lemelson-MIT Program". lemelson.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  10. ^ a b Conocimiento, Ventana al (30 November 2018). "Mária Telkes the Sun Queen". OpenMind. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d "Telkes, Maria | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Rinde, Meir (July 14, 2020). "The Sun Queen and the Skeptic: Building the World's First Solar Houses". Distillations. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  13. ^ "Mária Telkes | American physical chemist and biophysicist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  14. ^ a b Guerra, Tiffany (2016-04-24). "Year of Women in History: Maria Telkes, Chemist and Inventor". Year of Women in History. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  15. ^ "Dr. Mária Telkes: A Bright Inventor". Future Science Leaders: Discover - Surrey Session. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  16. ^ "Contribution of Dr. Maria Telkes" (PDF). Proceedings of the First International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists. 1964. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  17. ^ "Earth and Sun Science Resources - FOSS® Next Generation™". www.deltaeducation.com. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  18. ^ First International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists. (program)
  19. ^ Celebrating Mária Telkes, retrieved 2022-12-11
  20. ^ "Preliminary Inventory of the Maria Telkes Papers 1893-2000 (Bulk 1950s-1980s) Telkes, (Maria) Papers". Arizona State University Library Archives. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
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