Mode of transport: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Different types of transportation such as air, water, and land transport}} |
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{{transport}} |
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'''Mode of transport''' is a term used to distinguish between different ways of transportation or transporting people or goods. The different modes of transport are [[aviation|air]], [[ship transport|water]], and [[land transport]], which includes [[rail transport|rails or railways]], [[road transport|road]] and [[off-road transport]]. Other modes also exist, including [[pipeline transport|pipeline]]s, [[cable transport]], and [[space transport]]. [[Human-powered transport]] and [[animal-powered transport]] are sometimes regarded as their own mode, but never fall into the other categories. In general, [[transportation]] is used for moving of people, animals, and other goods from one place to another. [[Means of transport]], on the other hand, refers to the transport facilities used to carry people or cargo according to the chosen mode (animal, vehicle, car, airplane, ship, truck, train and so on and so forth). Each mode of transport has a fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its own [[infrastructure]], [[vehicle]]s, transport operators and [[business operations|operations]]. |
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Isimo sokuthutha |
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==Animal-powered== |
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Isimo sokuthutha kuyinto enikezwe ukuhambisa abantu noma izinto ezahlukene ngamaphuzu esikhathini esiningi. Amaphuzu esikhathini esiningi okudinga ukuthutha ngabantu noma izinto kusuka ezimbalwa, namanzi, nezwe, okudingayo izikhuni noma amarailwe, amasekela nasekhaya, nokuphila kwamanye amanye eziningi, okudingayo izimpompo, ukuthutha ngamasekela eziningi, nokuthutha kwezindiza nasezulwini. Kuningi okuningi kaphela okudinga ukuhambisa ngendlela ezahlukene, kuhlanganisa izimpompo, ukuthutha ngamanzi ngokufaka izimpahla emanzini, nokuthutha ngespasi. Kukhona kanye nokuphila kwabantu kanye nemvunulo yokuphila kwezinkomo ezithutha. |
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{{Main|Animal-powered transport}} |
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Okumangalisayo |
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Animal-powered transport is the use of [[working animal]]s for the transport of people and/or goods. Humans may use some of the animals directly, use them as [[pack animal]]s for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in [[team]]s, to pull watercraft, [[sled]]s, or wheeled [[vehicle]]s. |
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Okuphila ngamandla wamazwe, okuphila ngamandla wezinkomo, kanye nokuphila ngamandla wezinkunzi ukuthi kube yindawo yokuthutha abantu noma izinto. Kungaba yindawo yokuphila kwabantu okunye noma kudlulela kuzo zonke izimo zokuthutha. Amaphuzu esikhathini esiningi abanzi ngamandla nangamananiwe kakhulu ngomqondo, futhi abanye abalanda ukuzithutha abantu noma izinto ezibukhoma ngenxa yamananiwe abo. |
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Umoya |
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Umoya wamakhanda entshisekelweni, owodwa ubhedeshi olutsha, kusuka ezinkatheni, kuzovikelwa ngokusebenzisa igiromitha esikhundleni esithandwa. Amakhanda entshisekelweni awazisebenziswa ukusuka kwezincwadi ezingaphansi kuya kuamakhanda entshisekelweni ezikhulu ezinhlangano zamalayisha nezomgwaqo zomlilo. Kuwo wonke umdlalo nezinga lapho kungekho emahhovisi ahlukile, izihlolakazi zina ngemikhawulo, kungenzeka nokwamabhulokheli. (Izinga ezahlukene zamakhanda entshisekelweni, njengama-autogyros kanye nezinkanyezi, ayiqiniseki lapho kungekho inkampani yemoya.) |
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Ukukhishwa komoya kuqhubeka ngokukhulu kulokhu okuyinhloko yezokuthuthukiswa kwezokuthuthukisa, Izinjini zasakazwa zikwenzeka ngokwemisebenzi yokufika ezikhishinweni zingagcwele ngobudlelwane bezokwakha impilo abantu. Okuwona ongakhetha ukuhamba kahle empeleni kanye nokuthola inyanga eziningi nezinye izikhathi ngezikhathi ezifanele, umkhankaso okhombisa inhloso yokuchazwa kwabadlali bomkhondo kanye nabagcizelela bakwethu kanye nabamhlophe kuwo wonke umthombo wemiphumela. Ukudla komoya kwenza khona ngokuphuma kwezinkonzo nekuhambisana kwalo, kuzokubandakanya kakhulu ngesivinini sesimo senhloko olunemithamo yehemisi nezinye zithuthukiso zomhlaba kumele zitholwe uma kubandakanya ngamaphuzu ezingakwazi ukuhambisana kwabafundi. IPCC yathembisa kwenza inqwaba enkulu ezingekho ezinye zokuthuthukiswa kwepulazini lokulanda kwezemidlalo, ngokuthi isizwe sesindiswe 2-4 ngosuku kungaba kube sekupheleni kwamaphuzu eziyimfushane ziqhubeke kwezindlela zokuhlola, ngenxa yezindlela ezikhona ezintshisekelweni nezinqubo zokuxhumanisa zokudlwengula ngaphansi. Izinga nezinkampani zokuhlola zomhlaba zigcina zicabange ngokuthi kubantu abaningi njengamanzi jikelele befika kwezemidlalo. Kwezinye izikhathi, abantu abaningi bayahamba ngezinkathi eziningi kanye nokuh |
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Ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu |
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Ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu, uhlelo lwezokuthuthukiswa okwamukela, kuyinto yokuphatha abantu noma izinto ngezinye izindlela ngokwelula kwabantu bokusebenza kwezemoto, ngokwethutha, nokungena emanzini. Imisebenzi yokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu kuyazinikela kwizwe elidala. |
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Kubalulekile ukuthi izinkampani zixhaswe ngokwelula kwabantu, bese ngokugcwele kwezemoto, ezilula ngokwelula kwabantu, kwezinye izikhathi zisukela ekugcineni ngokuba bezohlala zingene kwezinye izikhathi. Ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu kuyacelwa ngenxa yemisebenzi engaphansi kwezidingo, ukulala, ukuziphatha ngezifo, ukulima okuhle kwezindawo, kanye nokusindisa okwesibili, nakumazwe amanengiwe. |
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Njengoba abantu abaningi abangaba nokuphatha ngaphansi kwezindlela, inhlangano yemoto iyakwazi ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu ngezindawo ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenza nezimoto, njengamabhayisikili nezintsha. Imoto zokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu zifakwe ezithutha ezimbi noma kwezinye izinhlobo zemvelo, njengokuhambisa kwamakrobi ezamandla noma ukusuka emanzini. Imoto zokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu zikwazi futhi ukwakha ngokwezokuhambisa okudingayo, njengokwenza ezindlebeni zombombo nezamandla, ngokwenza ukuski nezamandla; futhi singakwazi ukugqoka indlela nezamandla zokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu. |
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Umhlaba |
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Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyafaka onke amathuluzi omphakathi akudingekayo ezokuthutha kwabantu, izinto kanye nemisebenzi. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyincwadi yokuqhubeka okwenza izinhlangano zethu zibe nesandla esikhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyidinga ekuthuthukiseni amadolobha abangamaphakathi. Lelikomhlaba lifakwe phansi kwamanye amathuluzi, izindlela zekugcina nokuhamba ngemoto. |
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Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyakwazi ukwamukela amanye amathuluzi ngezinye izindawo, kuzodingeka kwisakhiwo samadolobha aqobo, amakomiti, nemithombo. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyinkomba ephathwayo ephakeme ekupheleni kwenhloso yokusebenzisa, kanti futhi kuphathwa kakhulu ngokukhuliswa kwezindlu, inkampani nokwezokuhlala. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyadingeka ekugcineni kwezemvelo yomphakathi, kubalulekile ukuthi lingabizwa ngezimboni ezinhle kakhulu kwezemvelo. |
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Kuyisizwe sengathi sihamba ngaphandle, izinyathelo zethu zihamba ngezemoto kanye namatreni, ngokomhlaba wesihlanu. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyisizwe sengathi sihamba ngaphandle kakhulu. |
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Ukuphatha kwezinyathelo |
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Ukuphatha kwezinyathelo kuyinto yokubamba abangasebenzi kanye nabathengi ngendlela yamaphethini okwesibhakabhakeni ezithuthukiswa ngamaphethini, ezigcwele ezindleleni zezinyathelo, ezithandwayo njengase-railway noma railroad. Amaphethini ahambelana ngokubamba kwezikhala ezihlanganisiwe zithutha ezinyathelweni. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhala kuyavakasha ngokuphendukela kwezinyathelo. Uma kukhona abasebenzi abathathu kusebenza kwama-elekthrikhi, kwezinyathelo ezingaphakathi kwezikhala noma kusuka esitolo. Ngokunikezwa kokuphatha ezinyathelweni kufanele kube kukhona kwezikhala noma khona kwezinyathelweni ezikhulayo. Njengamanzi angahambelani ngokuphendukela kwezikhala ngaphandle kwamapavementi omphakathi, ukuphatha kwezinyathelo kuzohlala kuqondene ngokuphelele kunokunye okuphatha izitimela, kodwa kuyafana nokuphatha kwezikhulu noma izimari. |
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Izitimela zasezweni ziyinhlangano yezinyathelo ezitholakala phakathi kwamadolobha; isikhala esisemakhaya sesemakhaya noma esehlakalweni sokuhamba kuyaphatha izindawo zamadolobha ezitolo nasezindaweni ezinye. Ezinye izitimela zasemakhaya nezokusebenza zasezweni zikhokhelwe ngamanani asekelwe ekhaya noma ezindaweni zokuphela, kodwa okuphatha esifubeni esibalulekile noma kuzohlala ukuphatha ezintweni ezithathwe ngemikhawulo yokwakha izitimela, noma nokuzimisela kakhulu, kusuka ekupheleni kwezindawo zamadolobha. Izitimela zezothutha abathengi kuyaphathwa ngemifula yezinkampani, ngaphandle kokunikezwa kwamaphoyisa. Uma ngabe kutholakale izinkampani ezikhulu ngokuphatha kwezinyathelo, zikhe zibuye zisebenze kahle ngezinkampani zokuphatha izindlu eziningi kakhulu, ngaphandle kwamaphoyisa. |
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umgwaqo |
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==Air== |
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Umgwago siyindlela yokuhambisa abangane kanye nezinto zabo ngokwezindlela zokweleta, kukhona ongatholakala ngamandla angu- 'gravel', 'asphalt' noma 'concrete' kanye nesimo esinikeza ukuhamba emagumeni noma ngezimoto eziningi. |
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{{Main|Aviation|Environmental impact of aviation}} |
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Isikweletu esikhula kakhulu emhlabeni wokwakhiwa kuyona inganezimoto, inethozwa esabenza ngemotor yakhe. Ngonyaka ka-2002, kwakunamathimillion ama-591 okuwasekunene. |
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[[File:Airfrance.a318-100.f-guga.arp.jpg|thumb|[[Air France]] [[Airbus A318]] landing at [[London Heathrow Airport]]]] |
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Abasebenzisi abangaphezulu kwezwe lenkazimulo yinkampani zamabhizinisi, ama-lorri, ama-khaya, ama-bayisikili, ama-bayisikilini kanye ne-rickshaw, kudingeka zizakhamuzi ezitholakala kulo. Kwenzekeni, amalane abayisikili abacelwe ngokuphela kwezombusazwe abaningi, nezikhungo zokuhamba ngamabhasi ezinikeza izitayela ezikhoyo zokwakhiwa kwezinto ezitholakalayo ezisemaphandleni. |
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Amakhothakethe avumele ukwenzela zinkulungwane, kodwa ngeke azimele kakhulu ngokweluleka kwawo, kuyadingeka kakhulu kwamanye amakhombo, kwenzekeni zikhungo zokuhamba zezimbuzi zinikeza inkampani yokuphatha izinto zokwakhiwa kwezinto. |
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Amanzi |
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A [[fixed-wing aircraft]], typically [[airplane]], is a heavier-than-air flying vehicle, in which the special geometry of the wings generates lift and then lifts the whole vehicle. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large [[airliner]]s and military [[cargo aircraft]]. For short distances or in places without runways, [[helicopters]] can be operable.<ref>Cooper ''et al.'', 1998: 281</ref> (Other types of aircraft, like [[autogyros]] and [[airships]], are not a significant portion of air transport.) |
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Ukubhejwa kwezulu kuyindlela yokubheja okuyisisekelo lwenguwo, njengoba i-bart, isheli noma isayilibhoti, isebenza ngayo phakathi kwezinye izinto zezulu, njengoba isamawu, umfula, ibhuloho noma umfula. Uma ibhodwe noma ingxenye enkulu yokubheja i-samawu, ithi ingxenye elandelayo yamanzi, kuyaziwa njengomfula otholakala ukubhejwa ngalo. Ukubonisana kwamandla yokuthwala ngamanzi kuyawugcina umphakathi wezulu, futhi kuyenza inhloso yombhodi inguqulo ehloniphayo yemvelaphi, ukusebenzisa kanye nokubheka. Uma ibhodwe liyophelela kwezamanzi, ithi ingxenye yamanzi yelayo ibonisa isambulo esinjalo, lokhu kuyaziwa njengokufuyiswa kwezilwane. |
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Ngo-1800, amashayina wezulu angaphambili aqhubeka wangaphambili, ngenxa yokusebenzisa umshini wamanzi ukuvumela ukuvakasha umshini. Isitimu siqhunyuzwa ngokusebenzisa umlotha noma i-khola ukuze ushiye umshini. Manje, kubalulekile ukuthi izishidi ziningi zisebenzise indlela enkulu enomthelela eyisiphetho yamasonto esi-fuel ezivela eBhankela. Zokwazi umzamo, njengamabhulokisi, zisebenzisa ingozi yamanzi ukuze ishaye isitimu. Izinqubo zokudla noma zokufunda zihlelwe umoya, futhi kunezinye ezincane zisebenzisa izitimela ezincane zokuhamba noma izikhwepha zokuthwala inombolo yezisulu kahle, noma njengamabhedi-jet, i-inboard water jet. Kumaqhubeke anise ngamaphethini angaphansi, izihlabathi zihambelana nge- hovercraft zingaphumeliwe ngamanzi ngokusebenzisa amafemu okushayela. |
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Noma kushesha, ukubhejwa kwesamawu okudinga ubungakanani bokubonakala kuyindlela efanele yokubheja amakhulu okhokhayo okungatholakala. Imikhumbi yokusebenza, eminyakeni engu-35,000, yashelela 7.4 billion tons yezinto zokudla ngo-2007. Ukubhejwa ngamanzi kungcono kakhulu kwenza okuhle kakhulu kulokusebenza amehlo kulokhu okwesibili kwamanzi ngok |
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indlela enye yokuthuthukisa |
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Air transport is the fastest method of transport, Commercial jets reach speeds of up to {{convert|955|km/h|mph}} and a considerably higher ground speed if there is a [[jet stream]] tailwind, while piston-powered general aviation aircraft may reach up to {{convert|555|km/h|mph}} or more. This celerity comes with higher cost and energy use,<ref name="guardian.co.uk">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8477508 Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to the US]. ''The Guardian.'' April 28, 2009.</ref> and [[Environmental impact of aviation|aviation's impacts to the environment]] and particularly the global climate require consideration when comparing modes of transportation.<ref>[http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_aviation/documents/divisionhomepage/029650.hcsp ''The Future of Air Transport White Paper'' (2009), HMSO] "The aviation industry is encouraged to take account of, and where appropriate reduce, its contribution to global warming...The impact of aviation on climate change is increased over that of direct CO<sub >2</sub> emissions alone by some of the other emissions released and their specific effects at altitude".</ref> The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates a commercial jet's flight to have some 2-4 times the effect on the climate than if the same CO<sub >2</sub> emissions were made at ground level, because of different atmospheric chemistry and [[radiative forcing]] effects at the higher altitude.<ref name="IPCC">[http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/index.htm IPCC, ''Aviation and the Global Atmosphere: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' (2000), Cambridge University Press]</ref> U.S. airlines alone burned about 16.2 billion gallons of fuel during the twelve months between October 2013 and September 2014.<ref>[http://www.chron.com/news/texas/article/Why-airfare-keeps-rising-despite-lower-oil-prices-5898333.php Why airfare keeps rising despite lower oil prices] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120120619/http://www.chron.com/news/texas/article/Why-airfare-keeps-rising-despite-lower-oil-prices-5898333.php |date=2014-11-20 }}, by Scott Mayerowitz, Assoc. Press Airlines Writer. Houston Chron., November 17, 2014.</ref> WHO estimates that globally as many as 500,000 people at a time are on planes.<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/> The global trend has been for increasing numbers of people to travel by air, and individually to do so with increasing frequency and over longer distances, a dilemma that has the attention of climate scientists and other researchers,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=S. |last2=Higham |first2=J. |last3=Cavaliere |first3=C. |year=2011 |title=Binge flying: Behavioural addiction and climate change |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=1070–1089 |doi=10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.013 |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/239157/3/Cohen%2CHigham%26Cavaliere.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=S. A. |last2=Higham |first2=J. E. |year=2011 |title=Eyes wide shut? UK consumer perceptions on aviation climate impacts and travel decisions to New Zealand |journal=Current Issues in Tourism |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=323–335 |doi=10.1080/13683501003653387 |s2cid=154791383 |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/239161/1/Cohen___Higham_CIT_Eyes_wide_shut_1_.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=K. |last2=Bows |first2=A. |year=2008 |title=Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1882 |pages=3863–3882 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2008.0138 |pmid=18757271 |bibcode=2008RSPTA.366.3863A |s2cid=8242255 }}</ref> the press,<ref>Jenkins S. (2009). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/dec/22/blame-for-winter-travel-chaos/ Hypermobility is now the opium of the people, an obsession that wrecks communities and planet]. The Guardian. 22 Dec. 2009.</ref><ref>Rosenthal E. (2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/24/kick-addiction-flying/ Can we kick our addiction to flying?] Guardian, UK. 24 May 2010.</ref> and the World Wide Web.<ref>Internet search for [https://www.google.com/search?&q=travel+addiction travel addiction].</ref> The issue of impacts from frequent travel, particularly by air because of the long distances that are easily covered in one or a few days, is called [[Hypermobility (travel)|hypermobility]] and has been a topic of research and governmental concern for many years. |
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Micromobility nguhambo oluyisisekelo lwezimoto ezincane zokwanele ziqhubekayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ngenkathi zibhekene neziphathimandla zizilondolozi (Pipeline transport), zikhokhelwa ngokusemthethweni uma kudingeka kuba liqoqo neligazi, kodwa ngamabhonakhalazi engaphansi kwesibili kunalokho, lapho uhlu lwezitanki lukhishwa ngomoya wokugcina. Izindleko ezifanele zivela ngaphansi kwemizekeliso yabagci, amanzi eemikhiqizo, kanye namanzi amakhulu. Kunezimo ezahlukene ezifanele zokwenza njalo njengokucindezelwa kwamakhompyutha ezifishane, amanzi angaphansi kwebhaya kanye ne-Gas. Izikhala zebhizinisi zidinga ukuqasha ngokwezindleko ezinye ngokwezinye, kanti izimoto ezifutshane zibeka ukhetho kwezobuchwepheshe emaphandleni ahlobene. |
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==Human powered== |
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Cable transport ngehlukene kakhulu, ngokuba izimoto ziqhubeka ngamabhulokhi ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yazo. Okuyinhloko, kukhona izindlela ezahlukene zokuhamba, okungukuphela ukuphatha kwesikhashana, amabhulokhi aphansi kanye ne-escalator nasesithunyelwe, kungaba yindawo emisiweyo yokuxhumana (conveyor transport). |
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{{Main|Human-powered transport}} |
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Uhamba phakathi kwemvula (Space transport) kuyobe kugcizelelwe ngokuhambisana kweziqhamo neziqhubekayo ezincane ngaphandle kwesiphetho sokuhlala. Kukhona izimo eziningi zokuthi zibeka kubantu ukuthi bathumelele kubanye abantu ngokwezokuthutha, kodwa kuzohlanganiswa kakhulu ngokukhethwa kwezinga lezindlela ezithuthukisa ezenziwe kwezemidlalo nezimali (Economics). |
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[[File:Sherpa carrying woods.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Human-powered transport]] remains common in developing countries.]] |
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Uhamba phakathi kwendawo engaholeliweyo yezulu (UAV transport) kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izinsimbi ezahlukene zakithi, ngaphandle kwamaphulo angaphansi. Okuyinhloko, uhlelo lwe-medicine lwezindawo ezifutshane kuqhubekile ngokusebenzisa i-drone ephendula kwi-American based start-up ngolunye uhlangothi owenzelwa yiZipline. Amazon.com nakwelinye izindlu zezokuthutha zifuna ukuthola ukusebenza kwama-drones asezipheleni zezwekazi. Lezi zindlela zizoba zicacile futhi. |
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Human powered transport, a form of [[sustainable transportation]], is the transport of people and/or goods using [[human]] muscle-power, in the form of [[walking]], [[running]] and [[human swimming|swimming]]. Modern [[technology]] has allowed [[machine]]s to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, [[leisure]], [[physical exercise]], and [[environmentalism]]; it is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. |
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Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when using the human power with vehicles, such as [[bicycle]]s and [[inline skates]]. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by [[watercraft rowing]] and [[skiing]]; even the air can be entered with [[human-powered aircraft]]. |
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==Land== |
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{{Main|Ground transportation}} |
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{{See also|Off-road transport }} |
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Land transport covers all land-based transportation systems that provide for the movement of people, goods and services. Land transport plays a vital role in linking communities to each other. Land transport is a key factor in [[urban planning]]. It consists of 2 kinds, rail and road. |
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===Rail=== |
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{{Main|Rail transport}} |
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[[File:ICE1 Schellenberg.jpg|thumb|German [[ICE 1]] on the Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway]] |
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[[Rail transport]] is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on [[track (rail transport)|rail track]], known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to railroad train [[consist]]s of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a [[locomotive]], that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by [[steam locomotive|steam]], [[diesel locomotive|diesel]] or by [[electric locomotive|electricity]] supplied by [[railway electrification system|trackside systems]]. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a [[multiple unit]]. Also, a train can be powered by [[horsecar|horses]], [[funicular|cables]], gravity, [[pneumatics]] and [[gas turbine]]s. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more [[Energy conversion efficiency|energy efficient]], though not as efficient as ships. |
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[[Inter-city rail|Intercity trains]] are long-haul services connecting cities;<ref>Cooper ''et al.'', 1998: 279</ref> modern [[high-speed rail]] is capable of speeds up to {{convert|430|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, but this requires a specially built track. [[Regional rail|Regional]] and [[commuter rail|commuter]] trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity [[tram]]ways and [[rapid transit]]s, often making up the backbone of a city's [[public transport]]. Freight trains traditionally used [[box car]]s, requiring manual loading and unloading of the [[cargo]]. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains. |
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===Road=== |
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{{Main|Road transport}} |
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[[File:I-80 Eastshore Fwy.jpg|thumb|Traffic on the [[Eastshore Freeway]] (Interstate 80) near [[Berkeley, California]], United States]] |
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[[File:Minneapolis Critical Mass August 29, 2008 (2812714739).jpg|thumb|Bus, [[car]]s and bicycles]] |
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[[File:Chowringhee Square, Calcutta in 1945.jpg|thumb|Trams, lorries, cars, bicycles and rickshaws, 1945]] |
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A road is an identifiable route of travel, usually surfaced with gravel, asphalt or concrete, and supporting land passage by foot or by a number of vehicles. |
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The most common road vehicle in the developed world is the [[automobile]], a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own [[car engine|motor]]. As of 2002, there were 591 million automobiles worldwide.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}} Other users of roads include [[motorcycle]]s, [[bus]]es, [[trucks]], [[bicycle]]s and [[pedestrians]], and special provisions are sometimes made for each of these. For example, [[bus lane]]s give priority for public transport, and [[Cycling infrastructure|cycle lanes]] provide special areas of road for bicycles to use. |
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Automobiles offer high flexibility, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of [[noise pollution|noise]] and [[air pollution]] in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.<ref>Cooper ''et al.'', 1998: 278</ref> Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. |
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==Water== |
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{{Main|Ship transport}} |
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[[File:Jadrolinija supetar ferry.JPG|thumb|[[Roll-on/roll-off|Car ferry]] in [[Split, Croatia]]]] |
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Water transport is the process of transport that a [[watercraft]], such as a bart, ship or sailboat, makes over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal, or river. If a boat or other vessel can successfully pass through a waterway it is known as a navigable waterway. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. When a boat is floating on the water the hull of the boat is pushing aside water where the hull now is, this is known as displacement. |
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In the 1800s, the first [[steamboat]]s were developed, using a [[steam engine]] to drive a [[paddle wheel]] or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now, most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called [[bunker fuel]]. Some ships, such as [[submarine]]s, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use [[internal combustion engine]]s to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, [[hovercraft]] are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. |
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Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.<ref>[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] 2007, p. ''x'' and p. 32.</ref> Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental [[shipping]];<ref>Stopford, 1997: 4–6</ref> [[short sea shipping]] and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.<ref>Stopford, 1997: 8–9</ref><ref>Cooper ''et al.'', 1998: 280</ref> |
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==Other modes== |
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[[Micromobility]] is the collective name for small electric powered vehicles. |
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[[File:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Luca Galuzzi 2005.jpg|thumb|The [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]] conveys [[crude oil]] from the [[Prudhoe Bay Oil Field]] to [[Valdez, Alaska]]]] |
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[[Pipeline transport]] sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but [[pneumatic tube]]s can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For example, liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas. |
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[[Cable transport]] is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include [[aerial tramway]], [[elevator]]s, [[escalator]] and [[ski lift]]s; some of these are also categorized as [[conveyor belt|conveyor]] transport. |
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[[Spaceflight|Space transport]] is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a [[spacecraft]]. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, people have landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System. |
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[[Unmanned aerial vehicle]] transport (drone transport) is being used for medicine transportation in least developed countries with inadequate infrastructure by an American based start-up Zipline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://flyzipline.com/|title=Zipline - Lifesaving Deliveries by Drone|website=flyzipline.com|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> [[Amazon.com]] and other transportation companies are currently testing the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in parcel delivery. This method will allow short-range small-parcel delivery in a short time frame. |
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==Components of a mode of transport== |
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A transport mode is a combination of the following: |
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*[[Transportation infrastructure]]: [[thoroughfare]]s, [[transport network|network]]s, [[transport hub|hubs]] ([[Train station|stations]], [[Bus terminus|bus terminals]], [[airport terminal]]s), etc. |
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*[[Vehicle]]s and [[container (cargo)|container]]s: [[motor vehicle]]s, [[automobile]]s, [[motorcycle]]s, [[truck]]s, [[wagon]]s, [[train]]s, [[ship]]s, and [[aircraft]] |
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*A stationary or mobile workforce |
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*Propulsion system and power supply ([[traction (engineering)|traction]]) |
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*[[Business operations|Operation]]s: driving, management, traffic signals, [[railway signalling]], [[air traffic control]], etc. |
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==Comparison of the transport mode by distance travelled== |
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{{update section|date=November 2020}} |
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Worldwide, the most widely used modes for passenger transport are the Automobile (16,000 bn passenger km), followed by Buses (7,000), Air (2,800), Railways (1,900), and Urban Rail (250).<ref name="uni-mannheim.de">{{Cite web |url=http://www.uni-mannheim.de/edz/pdf/2000/transstat.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-05-26 |archive-date=2010-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011081105/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/edz/pdf/2000/transstat.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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The most widely used modes for freight transport are Sea (40,000 bn ton km), followed by Road (7,000), Railways (6,500), Oil pipelines (2,000) and Inland Navigation (1,500).<ref name="uni-mannheim.de"/> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! || EU 15 || USA || Japan || World |
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|- |
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|GDP (PPP) per capita (€) || 19,000 || 28,600 || 26,000 || 7500 |
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|- |
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| colspan=5 | Passenger km per capita<ref name="uni-mannheim.de"/> |
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|- |
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|Private car || 10,100 || 33,200 || 6,200 || 2,700 |
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|- |
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|Bus/ coach || 1,050 || 150 || 740 || 1,200 |
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|- |
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|Railway || 750 || 78 || 2,900 || 32 |
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|- |
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|Air (domestic except World) || 860 || 2,800 || 580 || 480 |
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|} |
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== See also == |
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* [[Modal share]] |
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* [[Car ownership]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mode of transport}} |
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[[Category:Transport by mode| ]] |
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Revision as of 17:03, 7 May 2023
Isimo sokuthutha Isimo sokuthutha kuyinto enikezwe ukuhambisa abantu noma izinto ezahlukene ngamaphuzu esikhathini esiningi. Amaphuzu esikhathini esiningi okudinga ukuthutha ngabantu noma izinto kusuka ezimbalwa, namanzi, nezwe, okudingayo izikhuni noma amarailwe, amasekela nasekhaya, nokuphila kwamanye amanye eziningi, okudingayo izimpompo, ukuthutha ngamasekela eziningi, nokuthutha kwezindiza nasezulwini. Kuningi okuningi kaphela okudinga ukuhambisa ngendlela ezahlukene, kuhlanganisa izimpompo, ukuthutha ngamanzi ngokufaka izimpahla emanzini, nokuthutha ngespasi. Kukhona kanye nokuphila kwabantu kanye nemvunulo yokuphila kwezinkomo ezithutha. Okumangalisayo Okuphila ngamandla wamazwe, okuphila ngamandla wezinkomo, kanye nokuphila ngamandla wezinkunzi ukuthi kube yindawo yokuthutha abantu noma izinto. Kungaba yindawo yokuphila kwabantu okunye noma kudlulela kuzo zonke izimo zokuthutha. Amaphuzu esikhathini esiningi abanzi ngamandla nangamananiwe kakhulu ngomqondo, futhi abanye abalanda ukuzithutha abantu noma izinto ezibukhoma ngenxa yamananiwe abo. Umoya Umoya wamakhanda entshisekelweni, owodwa ubhedeshi olutsha, kusuka ezinkatheni, kuzovikelwa ngokusebenzisa igiromitha esikhundleni esithandwa. Amakhanda entshisekelweni awazisebenziswa ukusuka kwezincwadi ezingaphansi kuya kuamakhanda entshisekelweni ezikhulu ezinhlangano zamalayisha nezomgwaqo zomlilo. Kuwo wonke umdlalo nezinga lapho kungekho emahhovisi ahlukile, izihlolakazi zina ngemikhawulo, kungenzeka nokwamabhulokheli. (Izinga ezahlukene zamakhanda entshisekelweni, njengama-autogyros kanye nezinkanyezi, ayiqiniseki lapho kungekho inkampani yemoya.) Ukukhishwa komoya kuqhubeka ngokukhulu kulokhu okuyinhloko yezokuthuthukiswa kwezokuthuthukisa, Izinjini zasakazwa zikwenzeka ngokwemisebenzi yokufika ezikhishinweni zingagcwele ngobudlelwane bezokwakha impilo abantu. Okuwona ongakhetha ukuhamba kahle empeleni kanye nokuthola inyanga eziningi nezinye izikhathi ngezikhathi ezifanele, umkhankaso okhombisa inhloso yokuchazwa kwabadlali bomkhondo kanye nabagcizelela bakwethu kanye nabamhlophe kuwo wonke umthombo wemiphumela. Ukudla komoya kwenza khona ngokuphuma kwezinkonzo nekuhambisana kwalo, kuzokubandakanya kakhulu ngesivinini sesimo senhloko olunemithamo yehemisi nezinye zithuthukiso zomhlaba kumele zitholwe uma kubandakanya ngamaphuzu ezingakwazi ukuhambisana kwabafundi. IPCC yathembisa kwenza inqwaba enkulu ezingekho ezinye zokuthuthukiswa kwepulazini lokulanda kwezemidlalo, ngokuthi isizwe sesindiswe 2-4 ngosuku kungaba kube sekupheleni kwamaphuzu eziyimfushane ziqhubeke kwezindlela zokuhlola, ngenxa yezindlela ezikhona ezintshisekelweni nezinqubo zokuxhumanisa zokudlwengula ngaphansi. Izinga nezinkampani zokuhlola zomhlaba zigcina zicabange ngokuthi kubantu abaningi njengamanzi jikelele befika kwezemidlalo. Kwezinye izikhathi, abantu abaningi bayahamba ngezinkathi eziningi kanye nokuh Ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu Ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu, uhlelo lwezokuthuthukiswa okwamukela, kuyinto yokuphatha abantu noma izinto ngezinye izindlela ngokwelula kwabantu bokusebenza kwezemoto, ngokwethutha, nokungena emanzini. Imisebenzi yokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu kuyazinikela kwizwe elidala. Kubalulekile ukuthi izinkampani zixhaswe ngokwelula kwabantu, bese ngokugcwele kwezemoto, ezilula ngokwelula kwabantu, kwezinye izikhathi zisukela ekugcineni ngokuba bezohlala zingene kwezinye izikhathi. Ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu kuyacelwa ngenxa yemisebenzi engaphansi kwezidingo, ukulala, ukuziphatha ngezifo, ukulima okuhle kwezindawo, kanye nokusindisa okwesibili, nakumazwe amanengiwe. Njengoba abantu abaningi abangaba nokuphatha ngaphansi kwezindlela, inhlangano yemoto iyakwazi ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu ngezindawo ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenza nezimoto, njengamabhayisikili nezintsha. Imoto zokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu zifakwe ezithutha ezimbi noma kwezinye izinhlobo zemvelo, njengokuhambisa kwamakrobi ezamandla noma ukusuka emanzini. Imoto zokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu zikwazi futhi ukwakha ngokwezokuhambisa okudingayo, njengokwenza ezindlebeni zombombo nezamandla, ngokwenza ukuski nezamandla; futhi singakwazi ukugqoka indlela nezamandla zokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu. Umhlaba Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyafaka onke amathuluzi omphakathi akudingekayo ezokuthutha kwabantu, izinto kanye nemisebenzi. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyincwadi yokuqhubeka okwenza izinhlangano zethu zibe nesandla esikhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyidinga ekuthuthukiseni amadolobha abangamaphakathi. Lelikomhlaba lifakwe phansi kwamanye amathuluzi, izindlela zekugcina nokuhamba ngemoto. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyakwazi ukwamukela amanye amathuluzi ngezinye izindawo, kuzodingeka kwisakhiwo samadolobha aqobo, amakomiti, nemithombo. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyinkomba ephathwayo ephakeme ekupheleni kwenhloso yokusebenzisa, kanti futhi kuphathwa kakhulu ngokukhuliswa kwezindlu, inkampani nokwezokuhlala. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyadingeka ekugcineni kwezemvelo yomphakathi, kubalulekile ukuthi lingabizwa ngezimboni ezinhle kakhulu kwezemvelo. Kuyisizwe sengathi sihamba ngaphandle, izinyathelo zethu zihamba ngezemoto kanye namatreni, ngokomhlaba wesihlanu. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyisizwe sengathi sihamba ngaphandle kakhulu. Ukuphatha kwezinyathelo Ukuphatha kwezinyathelo kuyinto yokubamba abangasebenzi kanye nabathengi ngendlela yamaphethini okwesibhakabhakeni ezithuthukiswa ngamaphethini, ezigcwele ezindleleni zezinyathelo, ezithandwayo njengase-railway noma railroad. Amaphethini ahambelana ngokubamba kwezikhala ezihlanganisiwe zithutha ezinyathelweni. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhala kuyavakasha ngokuphendukela kwezinyathelo. Uma kukhona abasebenzi abathathu kusebenza kwama-elekthrikhi, kwezinyathelo ezingaphakathi kwezikhala noma kusuka esitolo. Ngokunikezwa kokuphatha ezinyathelweni kufanele kube kukhona kwezikhala noma khona kwezinyathelweni ezikhulayo. Njengamanzi angahambelani ngokuphendukela kwezikhala ngaphandle kwamapavementi omphakathi, ukuphatha kwezinyathelo kuzohlala kuqondene ngokuphelele kunokunye okuphatha izitimela, kodwa kuyafana nokuphatha kwezikhulu noma izimari. Izitimela zasezweni ziyinhlangano yezinyathelo ezitholakala phakathi kwamadolobha; isikhala esisemakhaya sesemakhaya noma esehlakalweni sokuhamba kuyaphatha izindawo zamadolobha ezitolo nasezindaweni ezinye. Ezinye izitimela zasemakhaya nezokusebenza zasezweni zikhokhelwe ngamanani asekelwe ekhaya noma ezindaweni zokuphela, kodwa okuphatha esifubeni esibalulekile noma kuzohlala ukuphatha ezintweni ezithathwe ngemikhawulo yokwakha izitimela, noma nokuzimisela kakhulu, kusuka ekupheleni kwezindawo zamadolobha. Izitimela zezothutha abathengi kuyaphathwa ngemifula yezinkampani, ngaphandle kokunikezwa kwamaphoyisa. Uma ngabe kutholakale izinkampani ezikhulu ngokuphatha kwezinyathelo, zikhe zibuye zisebenze kahle ngezinkampani zokuphatha izindlu eziningi kakhulu, ngaphandle kwamaphoyisa.
umgwaqo Umgwago siyindlela yokuhambisa abangane kanye nezinto zabo ngokwezindlela zokweleta, kukhona ongatholakala ngamandla angu- 'gravel', 'asphalt' noma 'concrete' kanye nesimo esinikeza ukuhamba emagumeni noma ngezimoto eziningi. Isikweletu esikhula kakhulu emhlabeni wokwakhiwa kuyona inganezimoto, inethozwa esabenza ngemotor yakhe. Ngonyaka ka-2002, kwakunamathimillion ama-591 okuwasekunene. Abasebenzisi abangaphezulu kwezwe lenkazimulo yinkampani zamabhizinisi, ama-lorri, ama-khaya, ama-bayisikili, ama-bayisikilini kanye ne-rickshaw, kudingeka zizakhamuzi ezitholakala kulo. Kwenzekeni, amalane abayisikili abacelwe ngokuphela kwezombusazwe abaningi, nezikhungo zokuhamba ngamabhasi ezinikeza izitayela ezikhoyo zokwakhiwa kwezinto ezitholakalayo ezisemaphandleni. Amakhothakethe avumele ukwenzela zinkulungwane, kodwa ngeke azimele kakhulu ngokweluleka kwawo, kuyadingeka kakhulu kwamanye amakhombo, kwenzekeni zikhungo zokuhamba zezimbuzi zinikeza inkampani yokuphatha izinto zokwakhiwa kwezinto.
Amanzi Ukubhejwa kwezulu kuyindlela yokubheja okuyisisekelo lwenguwo, njengoba i-bart, isheli noma isayilibhoti, isebenza ngayo phakathi kwezinye izinto zezulu, njengoba isamawu, umfula, ibhuloho noma umfula. Uma ibhodwe noma ingxenye enkulu yokubheja i-samawu, ithi ingxenye elandelayo yamanzi, kuyaziwa njengomfula otholakala ukubhejwa ngalo. Ukubonisana kwamandla yokuthwala ngamanzi kuyawugcina umphakathi wezulu, futhi kuyenza inhloso yombhodi inguqulo ehloniphayo yemvelaphi, ukusebenzisa kanye nokubheka. Uma ibhodwe liyophelela kwezamanzi, ithi ingxenye yamanzi yelayo ibonisa isambulo esinjalo, lokhu kuyaziwa njengokufuyiswa kwezilwane. Ngo-1800, amashayina wezulu angaphambili aqhubeka wangaphambili, ngenxa yokusebenzisa umshini wamanzi ukuvumela ukuvakasha umshini. Isitimu siqhunyuzwa ngokusebenzisa umlotha noma i-khola ukuze ushiye umshini. Manje, kubalulekile ukuthi izishidi ziningi zisebenzise indlela enkulu enomthelela eyisiphetho yamasonto esi-fuel ezivela eBhankela. Zokwazi umzamo, njengamabhulokisi, zisebenzisa ingozi yamanzi ukuze ishaye isitimu. Izinqubo zokudla noma zokufunda zihlelwe umoya, futhi kunezinye ezincane zisebenzisa izitimela ezincane zokuhamba noma izikhwepha zokuthwala inombolo yezisulu kahle, noma njengamabhedi-jet, i-inboard water jet. Kumaqhubeke anise ngamaphethini angaphansi, izihlabathi zihambelana nge- hovercraft zingaphumeliwe ngamanzi ngokusebenzisa amafemu okushayela. Noma kushesha, ukubhejwa kwesamawu okudinga ubungakanani bokubonakala kuyindlela efanele yokubheja amakhulu okhokhayo okungatholakala. Imikhumbi yokusebenza, eminyakeni engu-35,000, yashelela 7.4 billion tons yezinto zokudla ngo-2007. Ukubhejwa ngamanzi kungcono kakhulu kwenza okuhle kakhulu kulokusebenza amehlo kulokhu okwesibili kwamanzi ngok
indlela enye yokuthuthukisa
Micromobility nguhambo oluyisisekelo lwezimoto ezincane zokwanele ziqhubekayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ngenkathi zibhekene neziphathimandla zizilondolozi (Pipeline transport), zikhokhelwa ngokusemthethweni uma kudingeka kuba liqoqo neligazi, kodwa ngamabhonakhalazi engaphansi kwesibili kunalokho, lapho uhlu lwezitanki lukhishwa ngomoya wokugcina. Izindleko ezifanele zivela ngaphansi kwemizekeliso yabagci, amanzi eemikhiqizo, kanye namanzi amakhulu. Kunezimo ezahlukene ezifanele zokwenza njalo njengokucindezelwa kwamakhompyutha ezifishane, amanzi angaphansi kwebhaya kanye ne-Gas. Izikhala zebhizinisi zidinga ukuqasha ngokwezindleko ezinye ngokwezinye, kanti izimoto ezifutshane zibeka ukhetho kwezobuchwepheshe emaphandleni ahlobene. Cable transport ngehlukene kakhulu, ngokuba izimoto ziqhubeka ngamabhulokhi ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yazo. Okuyinhloko, kukhona izindlela ezahlukene zokuhamba, okungukuphela ukuphatha kwesikhashana, amabhulokhi aphansi kanye ne-escalator nasesithunyelwe, kungaba yindawo emisiweyo yokuxhumana (conveyor transport). Uhamba phakathi kwemvula (Space transport) kuyobe kugcizelelwe ngokuhambisana kweziqhamo neziqhubekayo ezincane ngaphandle kwesiphetho sokuhlala. Kukhona izimo eziningi zokuthi zibeka kubantu ukuthi bathumelele kubanye abantu ngokwezokuthutha, kodwa kuzohlanganiswa kakhulu ngokukhethwa kwezinga lezindlela ezithuthukisa ezenziwe kwezemidlalo nezimali (Economics). Uhamba phakathi kwendawo engaholeliweyo yezulu (UAV transport) kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izinsimbi ezahlukene zakithi, ngaphandle kwamaphulo angaphansi. Okuyinhloko, uhlelo lwe-medicine lwezindawo ezifutshane kuqhubekile ngokusebenzisa i-drone ephendula kwi-American based start-up ngolunye uhlangothi owenzelwa yiZipline. Amazon.com nakwelinye izindlu zezokuthutha zifuna ukuthola ukusebenza kwama-drones asezipheleni zezwekazi. Lezi zindlela zizoba zicacile futhi.