Tlatoani: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox former monarchy |
{{Infobox former monarchy |
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| royal_title = {{Lang|nci|Tlahtoāni}} |
| royal_title = {{Lang|nci|Tlahtoāni}} |
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| realm = |
| realm = [[Aztec Empire]] |
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| coatofarms = Grabado de la Fundación de México.svg |
| coatofarms = Grabado de la Fundación de México.svg |
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| coatofarmssize = 100px |
| coatofarmssize = 100px |
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| coatofarmscaption = Sacred |
| coatofarmscaption = Sacred war emblem |
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| image = |
| image = |
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| caption = |
| caption = |
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| first_monarch = [[Acamapichtli]] |
| first_monarch = [[Acamapichtli]] |
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| last_monarch = [[Cuauhtémoc]] |
| last_monarch = [[Cuauhtémoc]] |
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| style = {{Lang|nci| |
| style = {{Lang|nci|Huēyi tlahtoāni}} |
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| residence = [[Tenochtitlan]] |
| residence = [[Tenochtitlan]] |
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| appointer = Council of Elders |
| appointer = Council of Elders |
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| pretender = |
| pretender = |
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'''''Tlatoani''''' ({{Lang-nci|tlahtoāni}} {{IPA-nah|t͡ɬaʔtoˈaːniˀ|pron|Tlajtoani.ogg}}, "one who speaks, ruler"; plural ''{{lang|nci|tlahtohqueh}}'' {{IPA-nah|t͡ɬaʔˈtoʔkeʔ|}}) is the [[Classical Nahuatl]] term for the ruler of an {{lang|nci|[[altepetl|āltepētl]]}}, a [[pre-Hispanic]] state. It is the noun form of the verb ''tlahtoa'' meaning "to speak, command, rule". It has thus been variously translated |
'''''Tlatoani''''' ({{Lang-nci|tlahtoāni}} {{IPA-nah|t͡ɬaʔtoˈaːniˀ|pron|Tlajtoani.ogg}}, "one who speaks, ruler"; plural ''{{lang|nci|tlahtohqueh}}'' {{IPA-nah|t͡ɬaʔˈtoʔkeʔ|}}) is the [[Classical Nahuatl]] term for the ruler of an {{lang|nci|[[altepetl|āltepētl]]}}, a [[pre-Hispanic]] state. It is the noun form of the verb ''tlahtoa'' meaning "to speak, command, rule". It has thus been variously translated into English as "king", "ruler", or "[[Speaker (politics)|speaker]]" in the political sense. Above a ''tlahtoāni'' was the ''huēyi tlahtoāni'', sometimes translated as "great speaker", though more usually as "[[emperor]]".<ref>Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p.3). See also the entry for [http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/tl/nahuatlTLAHTLI.html#TLAHTOANI "TLAHTOANI"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614183207/http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/tl/nahuatlTLAHTLI.html#TLAHTOANI|date=2007-06-14}}, in Wimmer (2006)</ref> A ''{{Lang|nci|cihuātlahtoāni}}'' ({{IPA-nah|siwaːt͡ɬaʔtoˈaːniˀ|-|Siwatlajtoani.ogg}}) is a female ruler, or [[queen regnant]].<ref>Schroeder (2007, pp.3–4). See also the entry for [http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/c/nahuatlCIHUAQ.html#CIHUATLAHTOANI "CIHUATLAHTOANI"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608090444/http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/c/nahuatlCIHUAQ.html#CIHUATLAHTOANI|date=2007-06-08}} in Wimmer (2006).</ref> |
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The term {{lang|nci|[[cuāuhtlahtoāni]]}} refers to "vice-leader".<ref>Schroeder (1991, p. 188).</ref> The leaders of the [[Mexica]] prior to their settlement are sometimes referred to as {{Lang|nci|cuāuhtlahtohqueh}}, as well as colonial rulers who were not descended from the ruling dynasty. |
The term {{lang|nci|[[cuāuhtlahtoāni]]}} refers to "vice-leader".<ref>Schroeder (1991, p. 188).</ref> The leaders of the [[Mexica]] prior to their settlement are sometimes referred to as {{Lang|nci|cuāuhtlahtohqueh}}, as well as colonial rulers who were not descended from the ruling dynasty. |
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Revision as of 08:49, 27 December 2023
| Tlahtoāni of Aztec Empire | |
|---|---|
 Sacred war emblem | |
| Details | |
| Style | Huēyi tlahtoāni |
| First monarch | Acamapichtli |
| Last monarch | Cuauhtémoc |
| Formation | c. 1376 |
| Abolition | 1521 |
| Residence | Tenochtitlan |
| Appointer | Council of Elders |
Tlatoani (Classical Nahuatl: tlahtoāni pronounced [t͡ɬaʔtoˈaːniˀ] , "one who speaks, ruler"; plural tlahtohqueh [t͡ɬaʔˈtoʔkeʔ]) is the Classical Nahuatl term for the ruler of an āltepētl, a pre-Hispanic state. It is the noun form of the verb tlahtoa meaning "to speak, command, rule". It has thus been variously translated into English as "king", "ruler", or "speaker" in the political sense. Above a tlahtoāni was the huēyi tlahtoāni, sometimes translated as "great speaker", though more usually as "emperor".[1] A cihuātlahtoāni (Nahuatl pronunciation: [siwaːt͡ɬaʔtoˈaːniˀ] ) is a female ruler, or queen regnant.[2]
The term cuāuhtlahtoāni refers to "vice-leader".[3] The leaders of the Mexica prior to their settlement are sometimes referred to as cuāuhtlahtohqueh, as well as colonial rulers who were not descended from the ruling dynasty.
The ruler's lands were called tlahtohcātlālli [t͡ɬaʔtoʔkaːˈt͡ɬaːlːiˀ] , while his house was called tlahtohcācalli [t͡ɬaʔtoʔkaːˈkalːiˀ] [4].
The city-states of the Aztec Empire each had their own tlahtoāni, or leader. He would be the high priest and military leader for his city-state and would be considered its commander-in-chief. The tlahtoāni was the ultimate owner of all land in his city-state and received tribute, oversaw markets and temples, led the military, and resolved judicial disputes.[5] He would often be a descendant of the royal family, but in some cases, he would be elected.[6] Since the tlahtoāni was allowed to have several wives, his legacy would be easily maintained. After being established as the tlahtoāni, he would reign for life. The tlahtoāni was chosen by a council of elders, nobles, and priests, which would select from a pool of four candidates.
Commanding hierarchy
The cihuācōātl was the second in command after the tlahtoāni, was a member of the nobility, served as the supreme judge for the court system, appointed all lower court judges, and handled the financial affairs of the āltepētl.[5]
Tlahtoāni during times of war
During times of war, the tlahtoāni would be in charge of creating battle plans, and making strategies for his army. He would draft these plans after receiving information from various scouts, messengers, and spies who were sent out to an enemy āltepētl (city-state). Detailed information was presented to him from those reports to be able to construct a layout of the enemy. This was essential because this ensured the safety and success of each battle.
These layouts would be heavily detailed from city structures to surrounding area. The tlahtoāni would be the most informed about any conflict and would be the primary decision maker during war.[7]
He would also be in charge of gaining support from allied rulers by sending gifts and emissaries from his city-state. During warfare the tlahtoāni would be informed immediately of deaths and captures of his warriors. He would also be in charge of informing his citizens about fallen or captive warriors, and would present gifts to the successful ones.
Tlatoque of Tenochtitlan
There were eleven tlatoque of Tenochtitlan. Beginning with Itzcoatl, the tlahtoāni of Tenochtitlan was also the hueyi tlahtoani of the Aztec Empire.
- Acamapichtli: 1376–1395
- Huitzilihuitl: 1395–1417
- Chimalpopoca: 1417–1427
- Itzcoatl: 1427–1440
- Moctezuma I: 1440–1469
- Axayacatl: 1469–1481
- Tizoc: 1481–1486
- Ahuitzotl: 1486–1502
- Moctezuma II: 1502–1520
- Cuitláhuac: 1520
- Cuauhtémoc: 1520–1521
See also
References
- ^ Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p.3). See also the entry for "TLAHTOANI" Archived 2007-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, in Wimmer (2006)
- ^ Schroeder (2007, pp.3–4). See also the entry for "CIHUATLAHTOANI" Archived 2007-06-08 at the Wayback Machine in Wimmer (2006).
- ^ Schroeder (1991, p. 188).
- ^ Nahuatl dictionary (1997). Wired humanities project. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from link
- ^ a b "Aztec Political Structure". Tarlton Law Library. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ "pre-Columbian civilizations". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016-11-22. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
- ^ "Aztec and Maya Law". Tarlton Law Library. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
Sources
- Berdan, Frances F.; Richard E. Blanton; Elizabeth Hill Boone; Mary G. Hodge; Michael E. Smith; Emily Umberger (1996). Aztec Imperial Strategies. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0-88402-211-0. OCLC 27035231.
- Gibson, Charles (1964). The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810 (Reprinted 1976 ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0196-2. OCLC 190295.
- Lockhart, James (2001). Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts. UCLA Latin American studies, vol. 88; Nahuatl studies series, no. 6. Stanford and Los Angeles: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications. ISBN 0-8047-4282-0. OCLC 46858459. (in English and Nahuatl languages)
- Schroeder, Susan (1991). Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1182-9. OCLC 21976206.
- Schroeder, Susan (2007). "The Annals of Chimalpahin" (PDF). In James Lockhart; Lisa Sousa; Stephanie Wood (eds.). Sources and Methods for the Study of Postconquest Mesoamerican Ethnohistory (PDF e-book online publication) (Provisional version ed.). Eugene: University of Oregon Wired Humanities Project. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- Wimmer, Alexis (2006). "Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique" (online version, incorporating reproductions from Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine [1885], by Rémi Siméon). (in French and Nahuatl languages)
Further reading
- Carrasco, David. Daily Life of The Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. [ISBN missing]
- Sahagun, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated and edited by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. 13 vols. Santa Fe: School of American Research, and University of Utah, 1950–1982.
- Somervill, Barbara A. Great Empires of the Past: Empire of the Aztecs. New York: Chelsa House, 2010. [ISBN missing]