Exerkine: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Signaling molecules induced by exercise that mediate its systemic effects}} |
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An exerkine is a signaling molecule |
An '''exerkine''' is a signaling molecule released in response to exercise that helps mediate systemic adaptations to exercise.<ref name="Safdar et al., 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Safdar |first1=A |last2=Saleem |first2=A |last3=Tarnopolsky |first3=MA |title=The potential of endurance exercise-derived exosomes to treat metabolic diseases. |journal=Nature reviews. Endocrinology |date=September 2016 |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=504-17 |doi=10.1038/nrendo.2016.76 |pmid=27230949}}</ref> Exerkines come in many forms, including hormones, metabolites, proteins and nucleic acids; are synthesized and secreted from a broad variety of tissues and cell types; and exert their effects through endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine pathways.<ref name="Chow et al., 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Chow |first1=LS |last2=Gerszten |first2=RE |last3=Taylor |first3=JM |last4=Pedersen |first4=BK |last5=van Praag |first5=H |last6=Trappe |first6=S |last7=Febbraio |first7=MA |last8=Galis |first8=ZS |last9=Gao |first9=Y |last10=Haus |first10=JM |last11=Lanza |first11=IR |last12=Lavie |first12=CJ |last13=Lee |first13=CH |last14=Lucia |first14=A |last15=Moro |first15=C |last16=Pandey |first16=A |last17=Robbins |first17=JM |last18=Stanford |first18=KI |last19=Thackray |first19=AE |last20=Villeda |first20=S |last21=Watt |first21=MJ |last22=Xia |first22=A |last23=Zierath |first23=JR |last24=Goodpaster |first24=BH |last25=Snyder |first25=MP |title=Exerkines in health, resilience and disease. |journal=Nature reviews. Endocrinology |date=May 2022 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=273-289 |doi=10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2 |pmid=35304603}}</ref> These effects are thought to underly much of the health benefits of exercise in terms of enhanced resilience, healthspan and longevity.<ref name="Safdar et al., 2016" /><ref name="Chow et al., 2022" /> |
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The study of exerkines is the focus of the field of exercise endocrinology.<ref name="Hackney and Elliott-Sale, 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Hackney |first1=AC |last2=Elliott-Sale |first2=KJ |title=Exercise Endocrinology: "What Comes Next?". |journal=Endocrines |date=September 2021 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=167-170 |doi=10.3390/endocrines2030017 |pmid=34308413}}</ref> Though the existence of exerkines had been speculated about as early as the 1960's,<ref name="Goldstein, 1961">{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=MS |title=Humoral nature of the hypoglycemic factor of muscular work. |journal=Diabetes |date=May 1961 |volume=10 |pages=232-4 |doi=10.2337/diab.10.3.232 |pmid=13706674}}</ref> the identification of the first exerkine, IL-6, which is secreted from contracting muscles, didn't occur until 2000.<ref name="Steensberg et al., 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Steensberg |first1=A |last2=van Hall |first2=G |last3=Osada |first3=T |last4=Sacchetti |first4=M |last5=Saltin |first5=B |last6=Klarlund Pedersen |first6=B |title=Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6. |journal=The Journal of physiology |date=15 November 2000 |volume=529 Pt 1 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=237-42 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00237.x |pmid=11080265}}</ref> In 2012 a new exerkine, irisin, was discovered and found to be involved in the regulation of energy expenditure,<ref name="Bostrom et al., 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Boström |first1=P |last2=Wu |first2=J |last3=Jedrychowski |first3=MP |last4=Korde |first4=A |last5=Ye |first5=L |last6=Lo |first6=JC |last7=Rasbach |first7=KA |last8=Boström |first8=EA |last9=Choi |first9=JH |last10=Long |first10=JZ |last11=Kajimura |first11=S |last12=Zingaretti |first12=MC |last13=Vind |first13=BF |last14=Tu |first14=H |last15=Cinti |first15=S |last16=Højlund |first16=K |last17=Gygi |first17=SP |last18=Spiegelman |first18=BM |title=A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. |journal=Nature |date=11 January 2012 |volume=481 |issue=7382 |pages=463-8 |doi=10.1038/nature10777 |pmid=22237023}}</ref> attracting significant attention to the field. To date many thousands of exerkines have been identified.<ref name="Contrepois et al., Cell 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Contrepois |first1=K |last2=Wu |first2=S |last3=Moneghetti |first3=KJ |last4=Hornburg |first4=D |last5=Ahadi |first5=S |last6=Tsai |first6=MS |last7=Metwally |first7=AA |last8=Wei |first8=E |last9=Lee-McMullen |first9=B |last10=Quijada |first10=JV |last11=Chen |first11=S |last12=Christle |first12=JW |last13=Ellenberger |first13=M |last14=Balliu |first14=B |last15=Taylor |first15=S |last16=Durrant |first16=MG |last17=Knowles |first17=DA |last18=Choudhry |first18=H |last19=Ashland |first19=M |last20=Bahmani |first20=A |last21=Enslen |first21=B |last22=Amsallem |first22=M |last23=Kobayashi |first23=Y |last24=Avina |first24=M |last25=Perelman |first25=D |last26=Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose |first26=SM |last27=Zhou |first27=W |last28=Ashley |first28=EA |last29=Montgomery |first29=SB |last30=Chaib |first30=H |last31=Haddad |first31=F |last32=Snyder |first32=MP |title=Molecular Choreography of Acute Exercise. |journal=Cell |date=28 May 2020 |volume=181 |issue=5 |pages=1112-1130.e16 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.043 |pmid=32470399}}</ref> Research is ongoing to understand how they function individually and in concert. |
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==Etymology== |
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The word 'exerkine' was coined in 2016 by Mark Tarnopolsky and colleagues, based on a combination of the beginning of 'exercise' and [[Ancient Greek]] κίνησις (kínēsis, “movement”).<ref name="Safdar et al., 2016" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 05:57, 1 January 2024
An exerkine is a signaling molecule released in response to exercise that helps mediate systemic adaptations to exercise.[1] Exerkines come in many forms, including hormones, metabolites, proteins and nucleic acids; are synthesized and secreted from a broad variety of tissues and cell types; and exert their effects through endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine pathways.[2] These effects are thought to underly much of the health benefits of exercise in terms of enhanced resilience, healthspan and longevity.[1][2]
The study of exerkines is the focus of the field of exercise endocrinology.[3] Though the existence of exerkines had been speculated about as early as the 1960's,[4] the identification of the first exerkine, IL-6, which is secreted from contracting muscles, didn't occur until 2000.[5] In 2012 a new exerkine, irisin, was discovered and found to be involved in the regulation of energy expenditure,[6] attracting significant attention to the field. To date many thousands of exerkines have been identified.[7] Research is ongoing to understand how they function individually and in concert.
Etymology
The word 'exerkine' was coined in 2016 by Mark Tarnopolsky and colleagues, based on a combination of the beginning of 'exercise' and Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “movement”).[1]
References
- ^ a b c Safdar, A; Saleem, A; Tarnopolsky, MA (September 2016). "The potential of endurance exercise-derived exosomes to treat metabolic diseases". Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 12 (9): 504–17. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.76. PMID 27230949.
- ^ a b Chow, LS; Gerszten, RE; Taylor, JM; Pedersen, BK; van Praag, H; Trappe, S; Febbraio, MA; Galis, ZS; Gao, Y; Haus, JM; Lanza, IR; Lavie, CJ; Lee, CH; Lucia, A; Moro, C; Pandey, A; Robbins, JM; Stanford, KI; Thackray, AE; Villeda, S; Watt, MJ; Xia, A; Zierath, JR; Goodpaster, BH; Snyder, MP (May 2022). "Exerkines in health, resilience and disease". Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 18 (5): 273–289. doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2. PMID 35304603.
- ^ Hackney, AC; Elliott-Sale, KJ (September 2021). "Exercise Endocrinology: "What Comes Next?"". Endocrines. 2 (3): 167–170. doi:10.3390/endocrines2030017. PMID 34308413.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Goldstein, MS (May 1961). "Humoral nature of the hypoglycemic factor of muscular work". Diabetes. 10: 232–4. doi:10.2337/diab.10.3.232. PMID 13706674.
- ^ Steensberg, A; van Hall, G; Osada, T; Sacchetti, M; Saltin, B; Klarlund Pedersen, B (15 November 2000). "Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6". The Journal of physiology. 529 Pt 1 (Pt 1): 237–42. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00237.x. PMID 11080265.
- ^ Boström, P; Wu, J; Jedrychowski, MP; Korde, A; Ye, L; Lo, JC; Rasbach, KA; Boström, EA; Choi, JH; Long, JZ; Kajimura, S; Zingaretti, MC; Vind, BF; Tu, H; Cinti, S; Højlund, K; Gygi, SP; Spiegelman, BM (11 January 2012). "A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis". Nature. 481 (7382): 463–8. doi:10.1038/nature10777. PMID 22237023.
- ^ Contrepois, K; Wu, S; Moneghetti, KJ; Hornburg, D; Ahadi, S; Tsai, MS; Metwally, AA; Wei, E; Lee-McMullen, B; Quijada, JV; Chen, S; Christle, JW; Ellenberger, M; Balliu, B; Taylor, S; Durrant, MG; Knowles, DA; Choudhry, H; Ashland, M; Bahmani, A; Enslen, B; Amsallem, M; Kobayashi, Y; Avina, M; Perelman, D; Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose, SM; Zhou, W; Ashley, EA; Montgomery, SB; Chaib, H; Haddad, F; Snyder, MP (28 May 2020). "Molecular Choreography of Acute Exercise". Cell. 181 (5): 1112-1130.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.043. PMID 32470399.