Rampa Rebellion of 1922: Difference between revisions
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The Rampa administrative area, situated in the hills of what are now the [[Alluri Sitarama Raju district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], comprised around {{convert|700|sqmi|sqkm}} and had a mostly [[tribal]] population of approximately 28,000. They had traditionally been able to support their food requirements through the use, in particular, of the [[Podu (agriculture)|podu system]], whereby each year some areas of jungle forest were [[shifting cultivation|burned to clear land for cultivation]].<ref name="Murali">{{cite book |first=Atlury |last=Murali |chapter=Tribal Armed Rebellion of 1922-1924 in the Madras Presidency: A Study of Causation as Colonial Legitimation |title=Savage Attack: Tribal Insurgency in India |editor-first=Crispin |editor-last=Bates |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-35158-744-0}}</ref> |
The Rampa administrative area, situated in the hills of what are now the [[Alluri Sitarama Raju district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], comprised around {{convert|700|sqmi|sqkm}} and had a mostly [[tribal]] population of approximately 28,000. They had traditionally been able to support their food requirements through the use, in particular, of the [[Podu (agriculture)|podu system]], whereby each year some areas of jungle forest were [[shifting cultivation|burned to clear land for cultivation]].<ref name="Murali">{{cite book |first=Atlury |last=Murali |chapter=Tribal Armed Rebellion of 1922-1924 in the Madras Presidency: A Study of Causation as Colonial Legitimation |title=Savage Attack: Tribal Insurgency in India |editor-first=Crispin |editor-last=Bates |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-35158-744-0}}</ref> |
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The [[British Raj]] authorities had wanted to improve the economic usefulness of lands in Godavari Agency, an area that was noted for the prevalence of [[malaria]] and [[blackwater fever]].<ref name="arnold">{{cite book |title=Issues in Modern Indian History: For Sumit Sarkar |editor-first=Biswamoy |editor-last=Pati |chapter=Disease, Resistance and India's Ecological Frontier, 1770-1947 |first=David |last=Arnold|publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=978-8-17154-658-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PA14 |pages=14–15}}</ref> With the [[Madras Forest Act, 1882|1882 Madras Forest Act]] authorities took control of the forests, mostly for commercial purposes such as produce for building railways and ships |
The [[British Raj]] authorities had wanted to improve the economic usefulness of lands in Godavari Agency, an area that was noted for the prevalence of [[malaria]] and [[blackwater fever]].<ref name="arnold">{{cite book |title=Issues in Modern Indian History: For Sumit Sarkar |editor-first=Biswamoy |editor-last=Pati |chapter=Disease, Resistance and India's Ecological Frontier, 1770-1947 |first=David |last=Arnold|publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=978-8-17154-658-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PA14 |pages=14–15}}</ref> With the [[Madras Forest Act, 1882|1882 Madras Forest Act]] authorities took control of the forests, mostly for commercial purposes such as produce for building railways and ships. The act restricted the [[Adivasi|Adivasis]] from practicing their traditional form of agriculture called [[Podu (agriculture)|podu]]. A 1923 government memorandum recorded one Agency Commissioner's opinion from June of the previous year that "the country had suffered from too severe restrictions on jungle clearance, that various restrictions had been overdone and much population and food grains lost for the sake of forests of doubtful value".<ref name="Murali"/> |
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The tribal people of the forested hills, who now faced starvation,<ref name="atlury"/> had long felt that the legal system favoured the [[zamindar]]s (estate landowners) and merchants of the plains areas, which had also resulted in the earlier [[Rampa Rebellion of 1879]]. Now they objected also to the Raj laws and continued actions that hindered their economic position and meant they had to find alternate means of livelihood, such as working as [[coolie]]s. In particular, they objected to attempts at that time to use them as forced labour in the construction of a road in the area.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mapping the Tribal Economy: A Case Study from a South-Indian State |first=Bandlamudi Nageswara |last=Rao |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-44386-735-1 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhhQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79}}</ref> |
The tribal people of the forested hills, who now faced starvation,<ref name="atlury"/> had long felt that the legal system favoured the [[zamindar]]s (estate landowners) and merchants of the plains areas, which had also resulted in the earlier [[Rampa Rebellion of 1879]]. Now they objected also to the Raj laws and continued actions that hindered their economic position and meant they had to find alternate means of livelihood, such as working as [[coolie]]s. In particular, they objected to attempts at that time to use them as forced labour in the construction of a road in the area.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mapping the Tribal Economy: A Case Study from a South-Indian State |first=Bandlamudi Nageswara |last=Rao |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-44386-735-1 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhhQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 00:56, 14 April 2024
The Rampa Rebellion of 1922, also known as the Manyam Rebellion, was a tribal uprising led by Alluri Sitarama Raju in Godavari Agency of Madras Presidency, British India. It began in August 1922 and lasted until the capture and killing of Raju in May 1924.
Background
The Rampa administrative area, situated in the hills of what are now the Alluri Sitarama Raju district of Andhra Pradesh, comprised around 700 square miles (1,800 km2) and had a mostly tribal population of approximately 28,000. They had traditionally been able to support their food requirements through the use, in particular, of the podu system, whereby each year some areas of jungle forest were burned to clear land for cultivation.[1]
The British Raj authorities had wanted to improve the economic usefulness of lands in Godavari Agency, an area that was noted for the prevalence of malaria and blackwater fever.[2] With the 1882 Madras Forest Act authorities took control of the forests, mostly for commercial purposes such as produce for building railways and ships. The act restricted the Adivasis from practicing their traditional form of agriculture called podu. A 1923 government memorandum recorded one Agency Commissioner's opinion from June of the previous year that "the country had suffered from too severe restrictions on jungle clearance, that various restrictions had been overdone and much population and food grains lost for the sake of forests of doubtful value".[1]
The tribal people of the forested hills, who now faced starvation,[3] had long felt that the legal system favoured the zamindars (estate landowners) and merchants of the plains areas, which had also resulted in the earlier Rampa Rebellion of 1879. Now they objected also to the Raj laws and continued actions that hindered their economic position and meant they had to find alternate means of livelihood, such as working as coolies. In particular, they objected to attempts at that time to use them as forced labour in the construction of a road in the area.[4]
Simultaneously, there was discontent among the muttadars, who had been hereditary tax collectors and de facto rulers in the hills prior to the arrival of the British. They had acted on behalf of the rajas, the actual rulers who lived on the plains, and essentially had unlimited powers until the British subsumed them into the colonial administration, leaving them as bureaucrats with no substantive power at all and no automatic right of inherited position. Their economic status was now dictated entirely by British Raj policy, where previously they had enjoyed the flexibility to levy and to cream off tax income and to use the land of others as they saw fit. Where once the tribal hill people and muttadars would have been antagonists, they now shared a common foe.[3]
Revolt
Raju was a charismatic sannyasin, believed by many tribal people to possess magical abilities and to have an almost messianic status. He saw the overthrow of colonial rule in terms similar to a millenarian event and he harnessed the discontent of the tribal people to support his anti-colonial zeal, whilst also accommodating the grievances of those muttadars who were sympathetic to his aim rather than merely narrow-minded in their pursuit of a revived status for themselves. This meant that his followers were mostly from the tribal communities but did include some significant people from the muttadar class that at one time had exploited them, although many muttadars were ambivalent about fighting for what Raju perceived to be the greater good.[3]
It was the prevalent diseases, to which the tribal people had acquired a tolerance, that hindered the Raj suppression of the rebellion.[citation needed] It broke out in August 1922 and took the form of guerilla warfare, ending in May 1924 with the capture and shooting of Raju.[2]
References
- ^ a b Murali, Atlury (2017). "Tribal Armed Rebellion of 1922-1924 in the Madras Presidency: A Study of Causation as Colonial Legitimation". In Bates, Crispin (ed.). Savage Attack: Tribal Insurgency in India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-35158-744-0.
- ^ a b Arnold, David (2000). "Disease, Resistance and India's Ecological Frontier, 1770-1947". In Pati, Biswamoy (ed.). Issues in Modern Indian History: For Sumit Sarkar. Popular Prakashan. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-8-17154-658-9.
- ^ a b c Murali, Atlury (April 1984). "Alluri Sitarama Raju and the Manyam Rebellion of 1922-1924". Social Scientist. 12 (4): 3–33. doi:10.2307/3517081. JSTOR 3517081.
- ^ Rao, Bandlamudi Nageswara (2014). Mapping the Tribal Economy: A Case Study from a South-Indian State. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-44386-735-1.
Further reading
- Arnold, David (1982). "Rebellious Hillmen: the Gudem-Rampa Risings, 1839-1924". In Guha, R. (ed.). Subaltern Studies. Oxford University Press.
- Mukherjee, Mridula (2004). Peasants in India's Non-Violent Revolution: Practice and Theory. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-76199-686-6.
- Murali, Atlury (April 1985). "Manyam Rebellion: A Rejoinder". Social Scientist. 13 (4): 50–56. doi:10.2307/3517518. JSTOR 3517518.