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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Chinfei Chen is an American neuroscientist and member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] studying [[synaptic plasticity]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=2024 New Member List {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/new-members-2024 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.amacad.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Newsroom {{!}} Two Boston Children's Hospital Researchers Elected to The American Academy of Arts & Sciences {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/newsroom/news-and-events/2024/two-boston-childrens-hospital-researchers-elected-american-academy-arts-sciences |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 New Member List {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/new-members-2024 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.amacad.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News & Research |url=https://hms.harvard.edu/news/awards-recognitions-april-2024 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=hms.harvard.edu}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Balancing the Brain {{!}} Nursing Today. Nursing Journals : American Society of Registered Nurses |url=https://www.asrn.org/journal-nursing-today/452-balancing-the-brain.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.asrn.org}}</ref> She currently serves as a professor of neurology at [[Harvard Medical School]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-23 |title=Rett protein alters visual circuits in mice |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/rett-protein-alters-visual-circuits-in-mice/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News |language=en-US}}</ref> and the associate director of the [https://pinphd.hms.harvard.edu/ Harvard Program in Neuroscience].<ref name=":2" />
Chinfei Chen is an American neuroscientist and member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] studying [[synaptic plasticity]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=2024 New Member List {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/new-members-2024 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.amacad.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Newsroom {{!}} Two Boston Children's Hospital Researchers Elected to The American Academy of Arts & Sciences {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/newsroom/news-and-events/2024/two-boston-childrens-hospital-researchers-elected-american-academy-arts-sciences |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 New Member List {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/new-members-2024 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.amacad.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News & Research |url=https://hms.harvard.edu/news/awards-recognitions-april-2024 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=hms.harvard.edu}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Balancing the Brain {{!}} Nursing Today. Nursing Journals : American Society of Registered Nurses |url=https://www.asrn.org/journal-nursing-today/452-balancing-the-brain.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.asrn.org}}</ref> She currently serves as a Professor of Neurology and neurobiology at [[Harvard Medical School]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-23 |title=Rett protein alters visual circuits in mice |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/rett-protein-alters-visual-circuits-in-mice/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News |language=en-US}}</ref> and the Associate Director of the [https://pinphd.hms.harvard.edu/ Harvard Program in Neuroscience]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard PhD Program in Neuroscience |url=https://pinphd.hms.harvard.edu/home |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=pinphd.hms.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref>.She also works as a Research Associate in Neurology at the [[Boston Children's Hospital]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinfei Chen |url=https://brain.harvard.edu/?people=chinfei-chen |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Harvard Brain Science Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref>.


== Early Life ==
== Early Life ==
Chinfei Chen, born to Taiwanese immigrants, spent her early years in Wilmington, Delaware.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Episode 24: Chinfei Chen, MD PhD |url=https://www.conjugate.blog/figures/episode-24-dr-chinfei-chen |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Conjugate: Illustration and Science Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Her father had previously moved to the United States to pursue a graduate degree in architecture.<ref name=":1" /> As Chen grew older, she and her family relocated to New York City, where she received her education through the city's public school system.<ref name=":1" />
Chinfei Chen, born in the [[United States]] to [[Taiwan|Taiwanese]] immigrants, spent her early years in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Episode 24: Chinfei Chen, MD PhD |url=https://www.conjugate.blog/figures/episode-24-dr-chinfei-chen |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Conjugate: Illustration and Science Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Her father had previously moved to the United States to pursue a graduate degree in architecture.<ref name=":1" /> As Chen grew older, she and her family relocated to New York City, where she received her education through the city's public school system.<ref name=":1" />


== Education and Career ==
== Education and Training ==
While in New York, Chen went to [[Stuyvesant High School]].<ref name=":1" /> She attended the [[University of Pennsylvania]] to pursue a Bachelor of Applied Science in engineering.<ref name=":1" /> During her undergraduate years, she joined [[Britton Chance|Britton Chance']]<nowiki/>s laboratory, where she studied flavoproteins in the brain.<ref name=":1" /> Chen later obtained her [[M.D.]] and [[Ph.D.]] from Harvard Medical School.<ref name=":1" /> While in medical school, she worked with [[Edward Kravitz]] to research neurotransmitter signaling pathways in lobsters.<ref name=":1" /> She also worked with Peter Hess on calcium channel biophysics for her Ph.D. Chen then completed her residency in adult neurology at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Chinfei Chen |url=https://www.erm2019.com/chinfei-chen |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=ERM 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>, followed by [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral]] training with [[Wade Regehr]] at Harvard Medical School.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> She is currently a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chinfei Chen |url=https://dms.hms.harvard.edu/people/chinfei-chen |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=dms.hms.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref>, and the associate director of the Harvard Graduate Program in Neuroscience<ref name=":0" />. Furthermore, Chen also works as a Research Associate in Neurology at the [[Boston Children's Hospital]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinfei Chen |url=https://brain.harvard.edu/?people=chinfei-chen |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Harvard Brain Science Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref>.
While in New York, Chen went to [[Stuyvesant High School]].<ref name=":1" /> She attended the [[University of Pennsylvania]] to pursue a Bachelor of Applied Science in engineering.<ref name=":1" /> During her undergraduate years, she joined [[Britton Chance|Britton Chance']]<nowiki/>s laboratory, where she studied brain activity by monitoring flavoprotein fluorescence.<ref name=":1" /> Chen later obtained her [[M.D.]] and [[Ph.D.]] from Harvard Medical School.<ref name=":1" /> While in graduate school, she first worked with [[Edward Kravitz]] to research neurotransmitter signaling pathways in lobsters.<ref name=":1" /> She then worked with Peter Hess on calcium channel biophysics for her Ph.D. Chen then completed her residency in adult neurology at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Chinfei Chen |url=https://www.erm2019.com/chinfei-chen |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=ERM 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>, followed by [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral]] training with [[Wade Regehr]] at Harvard Medical School.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Chen decided to study the [[thalamus]] during her postdoctoral training, after seeing a patient with damage to the mediodorsal thalamus during her residency.<ref name=":1" />


== Research ==
== Research ==
Chen's first experience in a research lab was spent observing fluorescent activity in rat brains as a measurement for metabolic activity.<ref name=":1" /> She did her residency at Mass General and decided to study the thalamus during her postdoctoral training.<ref name=":1" /> Chen's research focuses on mechanisms of synaptic and circuit plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system, for which she was recognized by the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences|AAAS]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Scientists Visualize the Connections Between Eye and Brain |url=https://www.bidmc.org/about-bidmc/news/2018/05/scientists-visualize-the-connections-between-eye-and-brain |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.bidmc.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Chen's research includes the study of boutons that send information to the thalamus.<ref name=":5" /> Chen's research projects have also focused on Autism, specifically in relation to the corticothalamic circuit interactions in Autism. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Thalamocortical Interactions Conference GRC |url=https://www.grc.org/thalamocortical-interactions-conference/2024/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.grc.org}}</ref>
Chen's research focuses on mechanisms of synaptic and circuit plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system, for which she was recognized by the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Scientists Visualize the Connections Between Eye and Brain |url=https://www.bidmc.org/about-bidmc/news/2018/05/scientists-visualize-the-connections-between-eye-and-brain |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.bidmc.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Chen's research uncovered the functional organization of retinal inputs into the visual thalamus<ref name=":5" /> and insight into synaptic function of visual pathways in mouse model of [[Autism spectrum|autism]] and [[Rett syndrome|Rett Syndrome]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Roan |first=Shari |last2=Times |first2=Los Angeles |date=2011-04-15 |title=Rodent of the Week: Possible reason autism symptoms sometimes appear later |url=https://www.latimes.com/health/la-xpm-2011-apr-15-la-heb-rodent-04152011-story.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>.


== Personal Life ==
== Personal Life ==
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== Selected Publications<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Chen, Chinfei[Full Author Name] - Search Results - PubMed |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen,+Chinfei%5BFull+Author+Name%5D&sort=date |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=PubMed |language=en}}</ref> ==
== Selected Publications<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Chen, Chinfei[Full Author Name] - Search Results - PubMed |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen,+Chinfei%5BFull+Author+Name%5D&sort=date |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=PubMed |language=en}}</ref> ==


* Hooks BM, Chen C. Distinct roles for spontaneous and visual activity in remodeling of the retinogeniculate synapse.  Neuron 2006; 52:281-291. PMID: 17046691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.007
* Taub, D. G., Jiang, Q., Pietrafesa, F., Su, J., Carroll, A., Greene, C., Blanchard, M. R., Jain, A., El-Rifai, M., Callen, A., Yager, K., Chung, C., He, Z., Chen, C., & Woolf, C. J. (2024, February 12). ''The secondary somatosensory cortex gates mechanical and heat sensitivity''. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45729-7
* Hooks BM, Chen C.  Vision triggers an experience-dependent sensitive period at the retinogeniculate synapse.  J Neurosci 2008 28:4807-4817. PMID: 18448657 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4667-07.2008
* Tzeng, C. P., Whitwam, T., Boxer, L. D., Li, E., Silberfeld, A., Trowbridge, S., Mei, K., Lin, C., Shamah, R., Griffith, E. C., Renthal, W., Chen, C., & Greenberg, M. E. (2023, October 23). ''Activity-induced MeCP2 phosphorylation regulates retinogeniculate synapse refinement''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2310344120
* Liang, L., & Chen, C. (2020, September 15). ''Organization, Function, and Development of the Mouse Retinogeniculate Synapse''. Annual Review of Vision Science. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-121219-081753
* Noutel J, Hong YK, Leu BH, Kang E and Chen C.  Experience-Dependent Retinogeniculate Synapse Remodeling is Abnormal in MeCP2 deficient mice. Neuron 2011; 70:35-42. PMCID: PMC3082316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.001
* Hong YK, Park K, Litvina E, Morales J, Sanes JR and Chen C. Bouton Clustering Underlies Retinogeniculate Refinement. Neuron 2014; 84: 332-339.  PMID: 25284005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.059
* Chen, D., Liu, Y., Shu, G., Chen, C., Sullivan, D. A., Kam, W. R., Hann, S., Fowler, M. E., & Warman, M. L. (2020, May 21). ''Ocular Manifestations of Chordin-like 1 Knockout Mice''. Cornea. https://doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000002371
* Thompson AD, Picard N, Min L, Fagiolini M and Chen C. Cortical Feedback Regulates Feedforward Retinogeniculate Refinement.  Neuron, 2016; 91:1021-1033. PMID: 27545712 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.040
* Liu, Y., Latrémolière, A., Li, X., Zhang, Z., Chen, M., Wang, X., Fang, C., Zhu, J., Alexandre, C., Gao, Z., Chen, B., Ding, X., Zhou, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Wang, K. H., Woolf, C. J., & He, Z. (2018, September 1). ''Touch and tactile neuropathic pain sensitivity are set by corticospinal projections''. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0515-2
* Litvina EY and Chen C.  Functional Convergence at the Retinogeniculate Synapse. Neuron 2017; 96:330-338. PMID: 29024658 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.037
* Hong, Y. K., Burr, E., Sanes, J. R., & Chen, C. (2018, August 7). ''Heterogeneity of retinogeniculate axon arbors''. European Journal of Neuroscience/EJN. European Journal of Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13986
* Liang L, Fratzl A, Goldey G, Ramesh RN, Sugden AU, Morgan JL, Chen C* and Andermann ML*. A fine-scale functional logic to convergence from retina to thalamus. Cell 2018; 173:1343-1355 PMID: 29856953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.041
* Litvina, E. Y., & Chen, C. (2017, January 1). ''An evolving view of retinogeniculate transmission''. Visual Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952523817000104
* Reggiani JDS, Jiang Q, Barbini M, Lutas A, Liang L, Fernando J, Deng F, Wan J, Li Y, Chen C*, Andermann ML*.  Brainstem Serotonin Neurons Selectively Gate Retinal Information Flow to Thalamus. 2022. Neuron Dec 21:S0896-6273(22)01079-0. PMID: 36584680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.12.006
* Thompson, A., & Chen, C. (2017, January 1). ''The importance of constructive feedback: Implications of top-down regulation in the development of neural circuits''. Neurogenesis. https://doi.org/10.1080/23262133.2017.1287553
* Hauser, J. L., Liu, X., Litvina, E. Y., & Chen, C. (2014, October 1). ''Prolonged synaptic currents increase relay neuron firing at the developing retinogeniculate synapse''. Journal of Neurophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00451.2014
* Lin, D. J., Kang, E., & Chen, C. (2014, August 15). ''Changes in input strength and number are driven by distinct mechanisms at the retinogeniculate synapse''. Journal of Neurophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00175.2014
* Chung, W., Clarke, L., Wang, G., Stafford, B. K., Sher, A., Chakraborty, C., Joung, J., Foo, L. C., Thompson, A., Chen, C., Smith, S. J., & Barres, B. A. (2013, November 24). ''Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways''. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12776
* Kang, E., Durand, S., LeBlanc, J. J., Hensch, T. K., Chen, C., & Fagiolini, M. (2013, November 6). ''Visual Acuity Development and Plasticity in the Absence of Sensory Experience''. The Journal of Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1500-13.2013
* Hauser, J. L., Edson, E. B., Hooks, B. M., & Chen, C. (2013, January 1). ''Metabotropic glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters shape transmission at the developing retinogeniculate synapse''. Journal of Neurophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00897.2012
* Roy, K., Murtie, J., El‐Khodor, B. F., Edgar, N., Sardi, S. P., Hooks, B. M., Benoît-Marand, M., Chen, C., Moore, H., O’Donnell, P., Brunner, D., & Corfas, G. (2007, May 8). ''Loss of erbB signaling in oligodendrocytes alters myelin and dopaminergic function, a potential mechanism for neuropsychiatric disorders''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702157104
* Chen, D., Liu, Y., Shu, G., Chen, C., Sullivan, D. A., Kam, W. R., Hann, S., Fowler, M. E., & Warman, M. L. (2020, May 21). ''Ocular Manifestations of Chordin-like 1 Knockout Mice''. Cornea. https://doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000002371 <br />


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 21:02, 8 May 2024

Introduction

Chinfei Chen is an American neuroscientist and member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences studying synaptic plasticity.[1][2][3][4][5][6] She currently serves as a Professor of Neurology and neurobiology at Harvard Medical School[7] and the Associate Director of the Harvard Program in Neuroscience[8].She also works as a Research Associate in Neurology at the Boston Children's Hospital[9].

Early Life

Chinfei Chen, born in the United States to Taiwanese immigrants, spent her early years in Wilmington, Delaware.[10] Her father had previously moved to the United States to pursue a graduate degree in architecture.[10] As Chen grew older, she and her family relocated to New York City, where she received her education through the city's public school system.[10]

Education and Training

While in New York, Chen went to Stuyvesant High School.[10] She attended the University of Pennsylvania to pursue a Bachelor of Applied Science in engineering.[10] During her undergraduate years, she joined Britton Chance's laboratory, where she studied brain activity by monitoring flavoprotein fluorescence.[10] Chen later obtained her M.D. and Ph.D. from Harvard Medical School.[10] While in graduate school, she first worked with Edward Kravitz to research neurotransmitter signaling pathways in lobsters.[10] She then worked with Peter Hess on calcium channel biophysics for her Ph.D. Chen then completed her residency in adult neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital.[10][11], followed by postdoctoral training with Wade Regehr at Harvard Medical School.[10][11] Chen decided to study the thalamus during her postdoctoral training, after seeing a patient with damage to the mediodorsal thalamus during her residency.[10]

Research

Chen's research focuses on mechanisms of synaptic and circuit plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system, for which she was recognized by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[12][1] Chen's research uncovered the functional organization of retinal inputs into the visual thalamus[12] and insight into synaptic function of visual pathways in mouse model of autism and Rett Syndrome [13].

Personal Life

In her free time outside of the lab, Chen gardens and creates floral arrangements and is a fan of Boston Red Sox.[10] After being gifted hockey gear from her husband, Chen learned how to play ice hockey and enjoys the sport for exercise.[10]

Selected Publications[5]

  • Hooks BM, Chen C. Distinct roles for spontaneous and visual activity in remodeling of the retinogeniculate synapse.  Neuron 2006; 52:281-291. PMID: 17046691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.007
  • Hooks BM, Chen C.  Vision triggers an experience-dependent sensitive period at the retinogeniculate synapse.  J Neurosci 2008 28:4807-4817. PMID: 18448657 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4667-07.2008
  • Noutel J, Hong YK, Leu BH, Kang E and Chen C.  Experience-Dependent Retinogeniculate Synapse Remodeling is Abnormal in MeCP2 deficient mice. Neuron 2011; 70:35-42. PMCID: PMC3082316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.001
  • Hong YK, Park K, Litvina E, Morales J, Sanes JR and Chen C. Bouton Clustering Underlies Retinogeniculate Refinement. Neuron 2014; 84: 332-339.  PMID: 25284005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.059
  • Thompson AD, Picard N, Min L, Fagiolini M and Chen C. Cortical Feedback Regulates Feedforward Retinogeniculate Refinement.  Neuron, 2016; 91:1021-1033. PMID: 27545712 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.040
  • Litvina EY and Chen C.  Functional Convergence at the Retinogeniculate Synapse. Neuron 2017; 96:330-338. PMID: 29024658 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.037
  • Liang L, Fratzl A, Goldey G, Ramesh RN, Sugden AU, Morgan JL, Chen C* and Andermann ML*. A fine-scale functional logic to convergence from retina to thalamus. Cell 2018; 173:1343-1355 PMID: 29856953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.041
  • Reggiani JDS, Jiang Q, Barbini M, Lutas A, Liang L, Fernando J, Deng F, Wan J, Li Y, Chen C*, Andermann ML*.  Brainstem Serotonin Neurons Selectively Gate Retinal Information Flow to Thalamus. 2022. Neuron Dec 21:S0896-6273(22)01079-0. PMID: 36584680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.12.006

References

  1. ^ a b "2024 New Member List | American Academy of Arts and Sciences". www.amacad.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  2. ^ "Newsroom | Two Boston Children's Hospital Researchers Elected to The American Academy of Arts & Sciences | Boston Children's Hospital". www.childrenshospital.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  3. ^ "2024 New Member List | American Academy of Arts and Sciences". www.amacad.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  4. ^ "News & Research". hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  5. ^ a b "Chen, Chinfei[Full Author Name] - Search Results - PubMed". PubMed. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  6. ^ "Balancing the Brain | Nursing Today. Nursing Journals : American Society of Registered Nurses". www.asrn.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  7. ^ "Rett protein alters visual circuits in mice". Spectrum | Autism Research News. 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  8. ^ "Harvard PhD Program in Neuroscience". pinphd.hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  9. ^ "Chinfei Chen". Harvard Brain Science Initiative. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Episode 24: Chinfei Chen, MD PhD". Conjugate: Illustration and Science Blog. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  11. ^ a b "Chinfei Chen". ERM 2019. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  12. ^ a b "Scientists Visualize the Connections Between Eye and Brain". www.bidmc.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  13. ^ Roan, Shari; Times, Los Angeles (2011-04-15). "Rodent of the Week: Possible reason autism symptoms sometimes appear later". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-05-08.