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{{Short description|English bell-makers (fl. 1440–1459)}} |
{{Short description|English bell-makers (fl. 1440–1459)}} |
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[[File:Johanna Hill bell maker's mark.jpg|thumb|Johanna Hill's maker's mark]] |
[[File:Johanna Hill bell maker's mark.jpg|thumb|Johanna Hill's maker's mark]] |
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'''Johanna Hill''' (d. 1441) and '''Johanna Sturdy''' (fl. 1459) were English bell-makers. Successively running the same bell-foundry in |
'''Johanna Hill''' (d. 1441) and '''Johanna Sturdy''' (fl. 1459) were English [[Bellfounding|bell-makers]]. Successively running the same bell-foundry in [[Aldgate]], London in the fifteenth century, they produced church bells that were used all over the south of England. |
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== Johanna Hill == |
== Johanna Hill == |
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'''Johanna Hill''', who may have been from Surrey, was married to bell-maker Richard Hill. When he died in May 1440, Johanna took over |
'''Johanna Hill''', who may have been from Surrey, was married to bell-maker Richard Hill. When he died in May 1440, Johanna took over their foundry in the parish of St Botolph, Aldgate. She oversaw four apprentices and a household of twenty people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Barron |first=Caroline |date=1994 |editor-last=Barron |editor-first=Caroline M. |editor2-last=Sutton |editor2-first=Anne F. |title=Johanna Hill (d. 1441) and Johanna Sturdy (d. c. 1460), Bell-Founders |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Medieval_London_Widows_1300_1500/uc3RLXFANoMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=joan+hill+bell-maker&pg=PA257&printsec=frontcover |journal=Medieval London Widows 1300-1500 |pages=99-111}}</ref> Seven of the bells she produced survive, bearing her stamp, which is a copy of her husband’s stamp surmounted by a lozenge containing a floret or cross, signalling that it belonged to a woman.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Stahlschmidt |first=J.C.L. |title=Surrey Bells and London Bell-founders |date=1884 |pages=83}}</ref> Johanna Hill’s stamp is found on bells in Devon, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Suffolk and Sussex.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Jennifer |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Women_in_England_in_the_Middle_Ages/f1rwZxGiInMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=joan+hill+bell-maker&pg=PA280&printsec=frontcover |title=Women in England in the Middle Ages |date=2006-10-12 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-1985-9 |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref> |
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She died in May 1441, leaving the St Botolph bell-foundry to her daughter, also called Johanna, and Johanna’s husband Henry Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women traders and artisans in London (act. c. 1200–c. 1500) |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-52233 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-52233#odnb-9780198614128-e-52223}}</ref> |
She died in May 1441, leaving the St Botolph bell-foundry to her daughter, also called Johanna, and Johanna’s husband Henry Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women traders and artisans in London (act. c. 1200–c. 1500) |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-52233 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-52233#odnb-9780198614128-e-52223}}</ref> |
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== Johanna Sturdy == |
== Johanna Sturdy == |
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[[File:Johanna Sturdy bell maker's marks.jpg|thumb|Johanna Sturdy's maker's marks]] |
[[File:Johanna Sturdy bell maker's marks.jpg|thumb|Johanna Sturdy's maker's marks]] |
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By the 1450s the St Botolph bell-foundry was owned by bellmaker John Sturdy alias Leicester and his wife '''Johanna Sturdy'''.<ref>Stahlschmidt assumed that the two names belonged to the same Johanna in successive marriages. However, Caroline Barron and Jennifer Hill have established that they are two separate women. </ref> By 1459, John had died and Johanna had taken over the foundry, as shown by her correspondence about the warranty for a bell she was supplying to Faversham, Kent. Ten of her bells survive and, like Johanna Hill’s, bear a stamp which was her husband’s mark surmounted by a lozenge.<ref name=":0" /> |
By the 1450s the St Botolph bell-foundry was owned by bellmaker John Sturdy alias Leicester and his wife '''Johanna Sturdy'''.<ref>Stahlschmidt assumed that the two names belonged to the same Johanna in successive marriages. However, Caroline Barron and Jennifer Hill have established that they are two separate women. </ref> By 1459, John had died and Johanna had taken over the foundry, as shown by her correspondence about the warranty for a bell she was supplying to Faversham, Kent.<ref name=":1" /> Ten of her bells survive and, like Johanna Hill’s, bear a stamp which was her husband’s mark surmounted by a lozenge.<ref name=":0" /> |
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{{DEFAULTSORT: Hill, Johanna}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT: Hill, Johanna}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Bell foundries of the United Kingdom]] |
[[Category:Bell foundries of the United Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:English blacksmiths]] |
[[Category:English blacksmiths]] |
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[[Category:People from Aldgate]] |
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Revision as of 13:30, 18 June 2024
Johanna Hill (d. 1441) and Johanna Sturdy (fl. 1459) were English bell-makers. Successively running the same bell-foundry in Aldgate, London in the fifteenth century, they produced church bells that were used all over the south of England.
Johanna Hill
Johanna Hill, who may have been from Surrey, was married to bell-maker Richard Hill. When he died in May 1440, Johanna took over their foundry in the parish of St Botolph, Aldgate. She oversaw four apprentices and a household of twenty people.[1] Seven of the bells she produced survive, bearing her stamp, which is a copy of her husband’s stamp surmounted by a lozenge containing a floret or cross, signalling that it belonged to a woman.[2] Johanna Hill’s stamp is found on bells in Devon, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Suffolk and Sussex.[3]
She died in May 1441, leaving the St Botolph bell-foundry to her daughter, also called Johanna, and Johanna’s husband Henry Jordan.[4]
Johanna Sturdy
By the 1450s the St Botolph bell-foundry was owned by bellmaker John Sturdy alias Leicester and his wife Johanna Sturdy.[5] By 1459, John had died and Johanna had taken over the foundry, as shown by her correspondence about the warranty for a bell she was supplying to Faversham, Kent.[2] Ten of her bells survive and, like Johanna Hill’s, bear a stamp which was her husband’s mark surmounted by a lozenge.[1]
References
- ^ a b Barron, Caroline (1994). Barron, Caroline M.; Sutton, Anne F. (eds.). "Johanna Hill (d. 1441) and Johanna Sturdy (d. c. 1460), Bell-Founders". Medieval London Widows 1300-1500: 99–111.
- ^ a b Stahlschmidt, J.C.L. (1884). Surrey Bells and London Bell-founders. p. 83.
- ^ Ward, Jennifer (2006-10-12). Women in England in the Middle Ages. A&C Black. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8264-1985-9.
- ^ "Women traders and artisans in London (act. c. 1200–c. 1500)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-52233#odnb-9780198614128-e-52223. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
- ^ Stahlschmidt assumed that the two names belonged to the same Johanna in successive marriages. However, Caroline Barron and Jennifer Hill have established that they are two separate women.