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==Health care career and activism==
==Health care career and activism==


In 1907, Dworkin began working at a private [[dispensary]] serving Toronto's Jewish community in the historic neighbourhood of [[The Ward, Toronto|The Ward]]. She was trained there by Dr. S. J. Kaufman and his associates Drs. Sylvester, Patton and Lyon. After about a year she was recommended to [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Cleveland)|Cleveland's Mount Sinai Hospital]]{{efn|Cleveland's [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Cleveland)|Mount Sinai Hospital]] was known as the Jewish Women's Hospital prior to 1912.<!--<ref name="Morton1995"/>-->) to study nursing with a specialization in [[midwifery]]. She was prepared for the state examination by Professor J.&nbsp;F. Davidson, and in 1909 received her diploma from the Ohio State Medical Board.<ref name="Gladstone2013"/>{{r|"Barsky1998"|p=9–10}}
In 1907, Dworkin began working at a private [[dispensary]] serving Toronto's Jewish community in the historic neighbourhood of [[The Ward, Toronto|The Ward]]. She was trained there by Dr. S. J. Kaufman and his associates Drs. Sylvester, Patton and Lyon. After about a year she was recommended to [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Cleveland)|Cleveland's Mount Sinai Hospital]]{{efn|Cleveland's [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Cleveland)|Mount Sinai Hospital]] was known as the Jewish Women's Hospital prior to 1912.<ref name="Morton1995"/>) to study nursing with a specialization in [[midwifery]]. She was prepared for the state examination by Professor J.&nbsp;F. Davidson, and in 1909 received her diploma from the Ohio State Medical Board.<ref name="Gladstone2013"/>{{r|"Barsky1998"|p=9–10}}


On her return to Toronto, Dworkin was placed in charge of a free Jewish dispensary which was the successor to Kaufman's dispensary. It operated daily for about three hours, with the remainder of her time devoted to house calls to deliver babies.<ref name="Gladstone2013"/> Drugs were dispensed by A.&nbsp;B. Hashmall, the first Jewish pharmacist to gain his degree at the University of Toronto.{{r|"Barsky1998"|p=10}} Following her marriage in 1911, she left this work and the dispensary closed shortly afterwards. However, her close work with the patients and knowledge of the community's requirements impressed her with the need for a Jewish hospital{{efn|Discriminatory practices at hospitals of the time prevented Jewish professionals from gaining employment. There were no Yiddish-speakers on staff to communicate with immigrant Jewish patients. Hospitals also refused to cater kosher meals, to allow for observation of Jewish religious practices, and had very limited visiting hours.<ref name="ParksBio"/> Additionally, hospitals were frequently a focus for [[Conversions of Jews to Christianity|Christian conversion]] by missionaries.{{r|"Barsky1998"|p=10}} Jewish hospitals, while accepting all patients, sought to provide employment and training opportunities for Jewish doctors and nurses, to provide services in Yiddish, to create a more welcoming atmosphere,<ref name="SinaiBio"/> and allow for the mitzvah of ''[[bikur cholim]]'' (visiting the sick).{{r|"Barsky1998"|p=21}} }} and she began working toward this goal.<ref name="Gladstone2013"/>
On her return to Toronto, Dworkin was placed in charge of a free Jewish dispensary which was the successor to Kaufman's dispensary. It operated daily for about three hours, with the remainder of her time devoted to house calls to deliver babies.<ref name="Gladstone2013"/> Drugs were dispensed by A.&nbsp;B. Hashmall, the first Jewish pharmacist to gain his degree at the University of Toronto.{{r|"Barsky1998"|p=10}} Following her marriage in 1911, she left this work and the dispensary closed shortly afterwards. However, her close work with the patients and knowledge of the community's requirements impressed her with the need for a Jewish hospital{{efn|Discriminatory practices at hospitals of the time prevented Jewish professionals from gaining employment. There were no Yiddish-speakers on staff to communicate with immigrant Jewish patients. Hospitals also refused to cater kosher meals, to allow for observation of Jewish religious practices, and had very limited visiting hours.<ref name="ParksBio"/> Additionally, hospitals were frequently a focus for [[Conversions of Jews to Christianity|Christian conversion]] by missionaries.{{r|"Barsky1998"|p=10}} Jewish hospitals, while accepting all patients, sought to provide employment and training opportunities for Jewish doctors and nurses, to provide services in Yiddish, to create a more welcoming atmosphere,<ref name="SinaiBio"/> and allow for the mitzvah of ''[[bikur cholim]]'' (visiting the sick).{{r|"Barsky1998"|p=21}} }} and she began working toward this goal.<ref name="Gladstone2013"/>
Line 25: Line 25:
==Business and publishing==
==Business and publishing==
[[File:Dworkin Travel 1917.jpg|thumb|E. & H. Dworkin Steamship and Bankers, 1917]]
[[File:Dworkin Travel 1917.jpg|thumb|E. & H. Dworkin Steamship and Bankers, 1917]]
In 1911, Dworkin married Henry "Harry" (Chanan) Dworkin,<ref name="Gladstone2013"/> a [[Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian-Canadian]]<ref name="ParksBio"/> [[Bundism|Bundist]]<!--<ref name="Kayfetz1984"/>--> who had co-founded the Toronto Labour Lyceum.<ref name="OJAbio"/><ref name="ArcheionBio" /> In 1917, Henry and his brother Edward opened the variety store and travel agency E. & H. Dworkin Steamship and Bankers, with the aim of reuniting families from Eastern Europe who had been separated by the war.<ref name="OJAbio"/><ref name="Atanassova2007"/>{{efn|Conflicts of the period include the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Theatre of WWI]] (1914–1918), the [[Russian Civil War]] (1917–1923) and numerous [[pogroms]] against the Jews.}}
In 1911, Dworkin married Henry "Harry" (Chanan) Dworkin,<ref name="Gladstone2013"/> a [[Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian-Canadian]]<ref name="ParksBio"/> [[Bundism|Bundist]]<ref name="Kayfetz1984"/> who had co-founded the Toronto Labour Lyceum.<ref name="OJAbio"/><ref name="ArcheionBio" /> In 1917, Henry and his brother Edward opened the variety store and travel agency E. & H. Dworkin Steamship and Bankers, with the aim of reuniting families from Eastern Europe who had been separated by the war.<ref name="OJAbio"/><ref name="Atanassova2007"/>{{efn|Conflicts of the period include the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Theatre of WWI]] (1914–1918), the [[Russian Civil War]] (1917–1923) and numerous [[pogroms]] against the Jews.}}


Dworkin assisted with this business, and the couple travelled to [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] and [[Latvia]] to arrange for the immigration of European Jews to settle in Toronto.<ref name="ArcheionBio" /><ref name="OJAbio"/> This required them to provide travel, banking, legal, vocational and social services.<ref name="Troper2017"/><ref name="Gladstone2013"/> Following Henry's death in 1928, Dworkin continued the business as D. Dworkin & Company and later Dworkin Travel.<ref name="Gladstone2013"/><ref name="ArcheionBio" />
Dworkin assisted with this business, and the couple travelled to [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] and [[Latvia]] to arrange for the immigration of European Jews to settle in Toronto.<ref name="ArcheionBio" /><ref name="OJAbio"/> This required them to provide travel, banking, legal, vocational and social services.<ref name="Troper2017"/><ref name="Gladstone2013"/> Following Henry's death in 1928, Dworkin continued the business as D. Dworkin & Company and later Dworkin Travel.<ref name="Gladstone2013"/><ref name="ArcheionBio" />
Line 45: Line 45:
Dworkin married Henry Dworkin in 1911.<ref name="OJAbio"/> They had one daughter, [[Ellen Dworkin|Ellen "Honey" Dworkin]],<ref name="ArcheionBio"/> born in <!--19 June-->1912.<ref name="Atanassova2007"/><ref name="OJAEllen"/>
Dworkin married Henry Dworkin in 1911.<ref name="OJAbio"/> They had one daughter, [[Ellen Dworkin|Ellen "Honey" Dworkin]],<ref name="ArcheionBio"/> born in <!--19 June-->1912.<ref name="Atanassova2007"/><ref name="OJAEllen"/>


Henry was struck and killed by an automobile in 1928. An estimated 15,000–20,000 people attended his funeral.<ref name="ArcheionBio" /><ref name="OJAbio2"/><ref name="Gladstone2017"/><!--where his body was brought to the Lyceum for visitation.<ref name="Mojtehedzadeh2020"/>-->
Henry was struck and killed by an automobile in 1928. An estimated 15,000–20,000 people attended his funeral.<ref name="ArcheionBio" /><ref name="OJAbio2"/><ref name="Gladstone2017"/>where his body was brought to the Lyceum for visitation.<ref name="Mojtehedzadeh2020"/>


[[Harry Arthurs]], a former dean of [[Osgoode Law School]] and president emeritus of [[York University]], is her grandson.<ref name="Gladstone2013"/><ref name="ParksRelease"/>
[[Harry Arthurs]], a former dean of [[Osgoode Law School]] and president emeritus of [[York University]], is her grandson.<ref name="Gladstone2013"/><ref name="ParksRelease"/>

Revision as of 22:20, 18 June 2024

Dworkin in nurse's uniform, c. 1909

Dorothy Dworkin (née Dorothy Goldstick; 1889 – 13 August 1976) was a Jewish Canadian nurse, businesswoman and philanthropist. She was the first professionally trained nurse in Toronto's Jewish community and among its most prominent healthcare advocates. She led the fundraising campaign for the city's first Jewish hospital and is considered the matriarch of Mount Sinai Hospital. Through her family travel business, she helped thousands of Eastern European Jews immigrate to Canada and escape the Holocaust. She was also the publisher and editor of a Yiddish newspaper and produced a Yiddish radio program. In 2009, she was recognized as a Person of National Historic Significance in Canada.

Early life

Dora "Dorothy" Dworkin was born Dvora Goldstick in Ventspils,[a] Latvia, in 1890.[2]: 9  Her parents were Wolf "William" and Sara Goldstick,[b] who had ten children. The family immigrated to Toronto, Canada, in 1904.[4]

Health care career and activism

In 1907, Dworkin began working at a private dispensary serving Toronto's Jewish community in the historic neighbourhood of The Ward. She was trained there by Dr. S. J. Kaufman and his associates Drs. Sylvester, Patton and Lyon. After about a year she was recommended to Cleveland's Mount Sinai Hospital{{efn|Cleveland's Mount Sinai Hospital was known as the Jewish Women's Hospital prior to 1912.[5]) to study nursing with a specialization in midwifery. She was prepared for the state examination by Professor J. F. Davidson, and in 1909 received her diploma from the Ohio State Medical Board.[1][2]: 9–10 

On her return to Toronto, Dworkin was placed in charge of a free Jewish dispensary which was the successor to Kaufman's dispensary. It operated daily for about three hours, with the remainder of her time devoted to house calls to deliver babies.[1] Drugs were dispensed by A. B. Hashmall, the first Jewish pharmacist to gain his degree at the University of Toronto.[2]: 10  Following her marriage in 1911, she left this work and the dispensary closed shortly afterwards. However, her close work with the patients and knowledge of the community's requirements impressed her with the need for a Jewish hospital[c] and she began working toward this goal.[1]

Dworkin worked with various women's organizations which provided social services for the immigrant Jewish community,[2]: 12, 21  most notably the Ezras Noshem (Yiddish for "ladies' aid").[2]: 21  These groups established an orphanage with a basement dispensary[2]: 12  and the Moshav Zekanim (old folks' home), a forerunner of elder-care teaching hospital Baycrest Health Sciences.[2]: 23  After these successes, Dworkin led the Ezras Noshem fundraising campaign for a Jewish hospital.[8]

Mount Sinai Hospital Ladies Auxiliary with its president, Dworkin (seated at centre) c. 1923

The Ezras Noshem purchased a three-story brick building at 100 Yorkville Avenue. Originally constructed as a private residence, it had been operated as the Lynhurst Hospital since 1913. Unable to equip the facility as a general hospital, it was opened as the thirty-bed Toronto Jewish Maternity and Convalescent Hospital in September 1922, to address urgent needs in the community while creating a positive and reassuring setting to gain acceptance amongst immigrants who generally feared hospitals. Dworkin managed and led the daily activities at the hospital.[2]: 23–25, 33 

On 17 October 1923, the hospital was renamed Mount Sinai Hospital and registered with the province of Ontario, with Dworkin and three other Ezras Noshem members on its board of directors.[2]: 31  In addition to serving the special needs of Jewish patients, the hospital also provided for Jewish doctors who were often denied employment elsewhere.[2]: 32  As secretary of the board during the Great Depression, Dworkin quietly negotiated with the hospital's creditors while planning for a needed expansion.[2]: 41  She convinced fifteen professionals with the hospital to buy thousand-dollar life insurance policies as collateral for a new mortgage, leading to a major hospital expansion[2]: 48  and modernization which was completed in mid-1930s.[7] Dworkin remained president of the hospital auxiliary until 1953, continuing thereafter as a strong advocate for the hospital.[7]

In 1968, the hospital board received approval for construction of a new hospital at 600 University Avenue. Recognized as the hospital matriarch, Dworkin and a group of escorts were paraded from the old hospital to the new site, where Dworkin ceremonially commenced the demolitions.[2]: 131 

Business and publishing

E. & H. Dworkin Steamship and Bankers, 1917

In 1911, Dworkin married Henry "Harry" (Chanan) Dworkin,[1] a Ukrainian-Canadian[6] Bundist[9] who had co-founded the Toronto Labour Lyceum.[10][4] In 1917, Henry and his brother Edward opened the variety store and travel agency E. & H. Dworkin Steamship and Bankers, with the aim of reuniting families from Eastern Europe who had been separated by the war.[10][11][d]

Dworkin assisted with this business, and the couple travelled to Poland, Romania and Latvia to arrange for the immigration of European Jews to settle in Toronto.[4][10] This required them to provide travel, banking, legal, vocational and social services.[12][1] Following Henry's death in 1928, Dworkin continued the business as D. Dworkin & Company and later Dworkin Travel.[1][4]

Dworkin helped thousands of European Jews immigrate to Canada and escape the Holocaust, despite discriminatory immigration policies.[6][10] She has been described as a "rainmaker" for her ability to make things happen when other avenues to immigration failed.[12]

In 1935, Toronto's only Yiddish newspaper, Zshurnal, suspended publication due to a dispute amongst its editors. Dworkin and her brother Morris Goldstick used this opportunity to launch the weekly Kanader Naies (Canadian News). It was added as a free insert in the popular weekend editions of New York Yiddish newspapers for which Dworkin was the distributing agent. The paper's editorial view appealed to the major ideological elements of the Toronto Jewish community: Bundist, in the tradition of Dworkin's late husband, and Zionist on the part of Goldstick. The paper was published until 1955[9] and Dworkin's News Agency became Canada's largest distributor for the Yiddish press.[8]

In 1936, following the successful model of the Kanader Naies, Dworkin bought broadcast time on a private radio station for the weekly Jewish Hour entertainment program, hosted by Max Mandel. The program was mainly live musical performances with community announcements, and became a staple of Jewish life in Toronto. Programming was initially in Yiddish, shifting to a Yinglish that came into everyday use in the city's Jewish neighbourhoods. The decline of Yiddish in favour of English brought an end to the newspaper and radio program in the mid-1950s.[12]

Dworkin served as the president of the Continental Steamship Ticket Agents Association and director of the Labour Lyceum.[4] Dworkin continued running the family business until her death in 1976.[10]

Philanthropy

Dworkin (left) with relief parcels for Poland during WWII

Dworkin led fundraising campaigns for international relief during the Holocaust, was very active with the Jewish Labour Lyceum, was on the boards of several organizations devoted to health, charity and the cause of establishing a Jewish homeland,[6] and was a trustee of the Federation of the Jewish Philanthropies.[10] She was secretary of the Toronto chapter of the Jewish Labor Committee in the mid-1930s and was active with the Canadian Jewish Congress, ORT and Pioneer Women.[1]

Personal life

Dorothy, Ellen, and Henry Dworkin, 1915

Dworkin married Henry Dworkin in 1911.[10] They had one daughter, Ellen "Honey" Dworkin,[4] born in 1912.[11][13]

Henry was struck and killed by an automobile in 1928. An estimated 15,000–20,000 people attended his funeral.[4][3][14]where his body was brought to the Lyceum for visitation.[15]

Harry Arthurs, a former dean of Osgoode Law School and president emeritus of York University, is her grandson.[1][16]

Legacy

On 6 July 2009, on the recommendation of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, Dworkin was designated a Person of National Historic Significance for her unique and enduring contribution to the history of Canada.[8][16] In 2017, Canadian Jewish News included Dworkin among the 40 most-prominent Jewish Canadians in history.[14]

The hospital at 100 Yorkville was demolished, but the original facade was preserved as the entrance for the Teatro Verde complex. A commemorative plaque created by Heritage Toronto bears a photograph of Dworkin and describes her contributions to the hospital.[17][18]

Personal life (revision)

Dorothy, Ellen, and Henry Dworkin, 1915

Dora "Dorothy" Dworkin was born Dvora Goldstick in Ventspils,[e] Courland Governorate, Russian Empire (now Courland, Latvia), in 1890.[2]: 9  Her parents were Wolf "William" and Sara Goldstick,[f] who had ten children. The family immigrated to Toronto, Canada, in 1904.[4]

In 1911, Dworkin married Henry "Harry" (Chanan) Dworkin,[1] a Ukrainian-Canadian[6] Bundist.[9] They had one daughter, Ellen "Honey" Dworkin,[4] born in 1912.[11][13]

In 1913, Henry co-founded the Toronto Labour Lyceum.[19] The organization initially provided education to Jewish working men[15] and became a centre of the the city's labour activism.[g] Henry was struck and killed by an automobile in 1928. An estimated 15,000–20,000 people attended his funeral procession,[4][3][14] which brought his body to the Lyceum for visitation.[15]

Harry Arthurs, a former dean of Osgoode Law School and president emeritus of York University, is Dworkin's grandson.[1][16]

Foonotes

Notes

  1. ^ Ventspils is referred to by its historical German name, Windau, in sources.[1]
  2. ^ Sometimes spelled Wolfe and Sarah Goldstick.[3]
  3. ^ Discriminatory practices at hospitals of the time prevented Jewish professionals from gaining employment. There were no Yiddish-speakers on staff to communicate with immigrant Jewish patients. Hospitals also refused to cater kosher meals, to allow for observation of Jewish religious practices, and had very limited visiting hours.[6] Additionally, hospitals were frequently a focus for Christian conversion by missionaries.[2]: 10  Jewish hospitals, while accepting all patients, sought to provide employment and training opportunities for Jewish doctors and nurses, to provide services in Yiddish, to create a more welcoming atmosphere,[7] and allow for the mitzvah of bikur cholim (visiting the sick).[2]: 21 
  4. ^ Conflicts of the period include the Eastern Theatre of WWI (1914–1918), the Russian Civil War (1917–1923) and numerous pogroms against the Jews.
  5. ^ Ventspils is referred to by its historical German name, Windau, in sources.[1]
  6. ^ Sometimes spelled Wolfe and Sarah Goldstick.[3]
  7. ^ Union activity at the Lyceum centered around the garment industry,[15] which was Toronto's largest employment sector through the 1920s[20]: 0:36 [21]: 17  with about 46% of the needle-trade workforce being Jewish in 1931.[21]: 17  Due to the competitive, unstable nature of the industry, working conditions were harsh and led to intense labour activism.[22]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Toronto's first Jewish nurse writes of early Toronto". Bill Gladstone Genealogy. Toronto, Ontario. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2024. Note that this webpage dated 5 April 2013 reproduces material from three sources: The Memoirs of Dorothy Goldstick Dworkin published in The Jewish Standard (Toronto) 15 August 1960; "Woman in the News: Dorothy Dworkin (1968)"; and her obituary "Dorothy Dworkin dead at 86" in the Canadian Jewish News 13 August 1976 (paraphrased).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Marrus Barsky, Lesley (1998). From Generation to Generation: A History of Toronto's Mount Sinai Hospital. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0771010613.
  3. ^ a b c d "Dorothy Dworkin". Ontario Jewish Archives. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Dworkin, Dorothy, 1890–1976". Archeion. Archives Association of Ontario (AAO). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Morton1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c d e Parks Canada. "News Releases: Dorothy Dworken (1890–1976)". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.
  7. ^ a b c "About Dorothy Dworkin". Sinai Health Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  8. ^ a b c Parks Canada. "Archives - Dorothy Dworkin (1890–1976)". Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  9. ^ a b c Kayfetz, Ben (Summer 1982). "Recollections and Experiences with the Jewish Press in Toronto". Polyphony. 4 (1). Multicultural History Society of Ontario: 228–231. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Dworkin Family". Ontario Jewish Archives. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  11. ^ a b c Atanassova, Katerina (2007). F. H. Varley: Portraits into the Light/Mise en lumière des portraits. Dundurn Press. p. 66. ISBN 9781550026757. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ a b c Troper, Harold (2017). "Review: Michael Manel, "The Jewish Hour: The Golden Age of Toronto Yiddish Radio Show and Newspaper"". Canadian Jewish Studies. 25 (1): 204–206. doi:10.25071/1916-0925.40029.
  13. ^ a b "Honey Dworkin". Ontario Jewish Archives. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  14. ^ a b c Gladstone, Bill (28 July 2017). "Dorothy Dworkin: healer of Toronto's Jewish community". Canadian Jewish News. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d Mojtehedzadeh, Sara (30 January 2020). "A stitch in time: Labour Lyceum once a hub of activism for Toronto's garment district". Toronto Star.
  16. ^ a b c Parks Canada (6 July 2009). "Government of Canada celebrates the historical significance of Dorothy Dworkin (1889–1976)" (Press release). Canada Newswire. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  17. ^ "Mount Sinai Hospital Plaque Ceremony". Ontario Jewish Archives. 19 November 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  18. ^ Flavelle, Dana (23 October 1986). "Site of 1st Jewish hospital being demolished". Toronto Star. p. A23. ProQuest 435500810.
  19. ^ "Labor Lyceum, 1924–1971". Ontario Jewish Archives. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  20. ^ "7: Labor Lyceum, Union Activism & Cultural Hub". Scrolling Spadina. Ontario Jewish Archives. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  21. ^ a b Frager, Ruth (1992). Sweatshop Strife: Class, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Jewish Labour Movement of Toronto, 1900–1939. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442680319.
  22. ^ Akler, Howard. "Jews in the Garment Industry". Defining Moments. Retrieved 14 June 2024.

External links

Archives at
LocationOntario Jewish Archives
SourceDorothy Dworkin fonds
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