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{{Otheruses1|the U.S. State}}
{{US state |
Name = Pennsylvania|
Fullname = Commonwealth of Pennsylvania|
Flag = Flag of Pennsylvania.svg |
Flaglink = [[Flag of Pennsylvania]] |
Seal = Pennsylvania state seal.png |
Map = Map_of_USA_PA.svg |
Nickname = Keystone State, Quaker State,<br/>Coal State, Oil State |
Motto = Virtue, Liberty and Independence|
Capital = [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] |
LargestCity = [[Philadelphia]] |
LargestMetro = [[Delaware Valley]] |
Governor = [[Ed Rendell]] (D)|
Senators = [[Arlen Specter]] (R)<br/>[[Bob Casey, Jr.]] (D) |
Date of statehood:December 12,1787 |
PostalAbbreviation = PA |
TradAbbreviation = Penna. |
State Motto = [[Virtue]], [[Liberty]], and [[Independence]] |
State Song = ''Pennsylvania'' |
AreaRank = 33<sup>rd</sup> |
TotalAreaUS = 46,055 |
TotalArea = 119,283 |
LandAreaUS = 44,816|
LandArea = 116,074 |
WaterAreaUS = 1,239 |
WaterArea = 3,208 |
PCWater = 2.7 |
PopRank = 6<sup>th</sup> |
2000Pop = 12,281,054 |
DensityRank = 10<sup>th</sup> |
2000DensityUS = 274.02 |
2000Density = 105.80 |
AdmittanceOrder = 2<sup>nd</sup> |
AdmittanceDate = [[December 12]] [[1787]] |
TimeZone = [[North American Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]: [[UTC]]-5/[[Daylight saving time|-4]] |
Longitude = 74° 41′ W to 80° 31′ W |
Latitude = 39° 43′ N to 42° 16′ N|
WidthUS = 280 |
Width = 455 |
LengthUS = 160 |
Length = 255 |
HighestPoint = [[Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)|Mount Davis]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| year =[[29 April]] [[2005]] | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessdate = November 7 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> |
HighestElevUS = 3,213 |
HighestElev = 979 |
MeanElevUS = 1,099 |
MeanElev = 335 |
LowestPoint = [[Delaware River]]<ref name=usgs/> |
LowestElevUS = 0 |
LowestElev = 0 |
ISOCode = US-PA |
Website = state.pa.us
}}
The '''Commonwealth of Pennsylvania''' ({{IPAEng|ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] located in the [[Middle Atlantic States|Middle Atlantic region]] of the [[United States of America]]. As of 2005 the state has the 17th largest economy in the world.<ref name=PAFacts />

One of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the [[Religious Society of Friends|''Quaker'']] ''State''; in colonial times, it was known officially as the ''[[Province of Pennsylvania|Quaker Province]]'',<ref>[http://www.dgs.state.pa.us/dgs/lib/dgs/pa_manual/section1/the_quaker_province_1681-1776.pdf#search=%22quaker%20province%20%22 The Quaker Province]</ref> in recognition of Quaker<ref>[http://www.quakerinfo.com/quakpenn.shtml William Penn, Quaker]</ref> [[William Penn]]'s ''[[Frame of Government of Pennsylvania|First Frame of Government]]''<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm Frame of Government]</ref> [[constitution]] for Pennsylvania that guaranteed [[Freedom (political)|liberty]] of [[conscience]]. Penn knew of the hostility<ref> Pennsylvania translates to "Penn's woods." [http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=240 Digital History: Persecution of the Quakers]</ref> Quakers faced when they opposed rituals, oaths, violence, and what they viewed as ostentatious [[Wiktionary:frippery|frippery]].<ref>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/quaker.asp?secid=31 The Quaker Province 1681–1776]</ref>

Pennsylvania has also been known as the [[keystone (architecture)|''Keystone'']] ''State'' since 1802,<ref name=symbols>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31 PHMC: State Symbols]</ref> based in part upon its central location among the original [[Thirteen Colonies]] forming the United States.<ref name=symbols /> It was also a keystone state ''economically'', having both the industry common to the [[Northern United States|North]], making such wares as [[Conestoga wagons]]<ref>[http://www.lowellpl.lib.in.us/s2002mar.htm Lowell Tribune, March 26, 2002]</ref> and [[Long rifle|rifles]],<ref>[http://www.2nj.org/library/weapons/flintlock_rifles.htm Lancaster rifle]</ref> and the agriculture common to the [[Southern United States|South]], producing feed, fiber, food, and [[tobacco]].<ref>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/agriculture/page1.asp?secid=31 PHMC: Agriculture in Pennsylvania]</ref>

Pennsylvania has {{convert|51|mi|km|0}}<ref>[http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/shore/shore8.htm National Parks Service: Our Fourth Shore]</ref> of coastline along [[Lake Erie]] and {{convert|57|mi|km|0}}<ref>[http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/pa.html NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources]</ref> of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. [[Philadelphia]] is Pennsylvania's largest city and is home to a major seaport and shipyards on the [[Delaware River]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philaport.com/history.htm |title=Philadelphia Regional Port Authority: History |accessdate=2006-12-11}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{see|Geography of Pennsylvania}}
{{see|List of Pennsylvania counties}}
[[Image:National-atlas-pennsylvania.png|thumb|300px|right|Map of Pennsylvania, showing major cities and roads]]
Pennsylvania is {{convert|170|mi|km|0}} north to south and {{convert|283|mi|km|0}} east to west.<ref name=pageo>[http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/pa_geography.htm Pennsylvania geography]</ref> Of a total {{convert|46055|sqmi|sqkm|0}}, {{convert|44817|sqmi|sqkm|0}} are land, {{convert|490|sqmi|sqkm|0}} are inland waters and {{convert|749|sqmi|sqkm|0}} are waters in Lake Erie.<ref name=statabs>[http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/06s0347.xls 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment: Land and Land Use]</ref> It is the 33rd largest state in the [[United States]].<ref name=statabs /> The highest point of {{convert|3213|ft|m|0}} above [[sea level]] is at [[Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)|Mount Davis]], which was named for its owner, John Davis, a schoolteacher who fought for the [[Union Army]] at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]]. The lowest point is at [[sea level]] on the Delaware River, and the approximate [[mean]] elevation is {{convert|1100|ft|m|0}}.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/06s0352.xls 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment:Extreme and Mean Elevations]</ref> Pennsylvania is in the [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] [[time zone]].<ref>[http://www.timetemperature.com/tzus/pennsylvania_time_zone.shtml Pennsylvania Time Zone]</ref>

[[Image:Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif|thumb|left|Counties of Pennsylvania]]

The original southern boundary of Pennsylvania was supposed to be at 40° North latitude,<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa01.htm Penn's Charter]</ref> but as a result of a bad faith compromise by [[Lord Baltimore]] during [[Cresap's War]], the king's courts moved the boundary {{convert|20|mi|km|0}} south<ref name=cecil>[http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~amxroads/Homelands/cecil.html Cecil County, Maryland]</ref> to 39° 43' N.<ref name=pageo /> The city of Philadelphia, at 40°0'N 75°8'W,<ref>[http://placesnamed.com/p/h/philadelphia.asp Places Named: Philadelphia]</ref> would have been split in half by the original boundary. While he was a captive, [[Thomas Cresap|Cresap]], a Marylander, was paraded through Philadelphia. He taunted the officers by announcing that Philadelphia was one of the prettiest towns in Maryland.<ref name=cecil/>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Climate==
{{Main article|Climate of Pennsylvania}}
Pennsylvania's diverse geography also produces a variety of climates. Straddling two major zones, the southeastern corner of the state posses the warmest climate. Greater [[Philadelphia]] lies at the southernmost tip of the [[Humid continental climate]] zone, with some characteristics of the [[Humid subtropical climate]] that lies in [[Delaware]] and [[Maryland]] to the south. Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state, the climate becomes markedly colder, number of cloudy days increases, and winter snowfall amounts are greater. Western areas of the state, particular cities near [[Lake Erie]] can receive over {{convert|100|in|cm}} of snowfall annually, and the entire state receives plentiful rainfall throughout the year.

{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Pennsylvania Cities
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color: #000000" height="17" | City
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jan
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Feb
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Mar
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Apr
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | May
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jun
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jul
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Aug
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Sep
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Oct
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Nov
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Dec
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Scranton
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 34/18
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 37/20
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 47/28
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 59/38
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 71/48
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 78/57
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 83/61
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81/60
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 72/53
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 61/42
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 49/34
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 39/24
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Erie
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 33/20
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 36/21
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 45/28
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 56/38
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 67/49
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76/59
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 79/63
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 72/56
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 61/46
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 49/36
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 39/27
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA;; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Pittsburgh
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 37/20
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 39/21
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 50/29
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 62/38
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 71/48
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80/56
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 85/62
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 83/60
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76/53
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 64/41
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 53/33
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 42/25
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Harrisburg
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 38/23
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 41/25
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 51/33
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 63/42
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 73/51
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81/61
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 86/66
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 84/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76/57
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 64/45
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 53/36
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 42/28
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Philadelphia
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 39/25
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 42/28
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 51/35
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 62/44
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 72/55
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 86/70
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 84/69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 77/61
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 66/49
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 55/40
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 44/31
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;"|''{{Fact|date=January 2008}}''
|}
{{clear}}

== History ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Iroquois]] -->
{{main|History of Pennsylvania}}
{{see|List of Pennsylvania firsts}}
{{see|List of people from Pennsylvania}}

Before the Commonwealth was settled, the area was home to the [[Lenape|Delaware]] (also known as Lenni Lenape), [[Susquehannock]], [[Iroquois]], [[Eries]], [[Shawnee]], and other [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes.<ref>[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/pennsylvania/ Pennsylvania Indian tribes]</ref>

[[Image:JohnDickinson.jpg|thumb|right|[[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]]]]

In 1681, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] granted a land charter<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa01.htm Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania]</ref> to [[William Penn]], to repay a debt of £20,000 ($20,000,000 in today’s money) owed to William's father, [[Admiral]] [[William Penn (admiral)|Penn]]. This was one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.<ref name=quapoly>[http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html Quakers and the political process]</ref> It was called Pennsylvania, meaning "Penn's Woods", in honor of Admiral Penn.

Penn established a government with two innovations that were much copied in the New World: the county commission, and freedom of religious conviction.<ref name=quapoly /> Writer [[Murray Rothbard]] in his four-volume history of the U.S., [[Conceived in Liberty]], refers to the years of 1681–90 as "Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment."<ref>[http://www.mises.org/story/1865 Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment]</ref>

Between 1730 and when it was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act of 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called [[Colonial Scrip]]. The Colony issued "bills of credit" which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, it was an interest-free proposition, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted generally employment and prosperity since the Government used discretion and did not issue too much to inflate the currency. [[Benjamin Franklin]] had a hand in creating this currency, of which he said its utility was never to be disputed, and it also received the high praise of [[Adam Smith]].{{Fact|date=May 2007}}

After the [[Stamp Act Congress]] of 1765, Delegate [[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]] of [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] wrote the ''Declaration of Rights and Grievances''. The Congress was the first meeting of the [[thirteen colonies]], called at the request of the [[Massachusetts]] Assembly, but only nine colonies sent delegates.<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline.html Library of Congress timeline 1764–1765]</ref> Dickinson then wrote ''Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies'', which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between [[December 2]], [[1767]], and [[February 15]], [[1768]].<ref>[http://18thcenturyreadingroom.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_18thcenturyreadingroom_archive.html Dickinson Letters]</ref>

When the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] were to convene in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the [[First Continental Congress]].<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline1e.html Library of Congress timeline 1773–1774]</ref> The First Continental Congress drew up and signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in Philadelphia,<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/DeclarInd.html Library of Congress: Primary documents — The Declaration of Independence]</ref> but when that city was captured by the British, the Continental Congress escaped westward, meeting at the [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] courthouse on Saturday, [[September 27]], [[1777]], and then to [[York, Pennsylvania|York]]. There they drew up the [[Articles of Confederation]] that formed 13 independent colonies into a new nation. Later, the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Nation.<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm Nine Capitals of the United States]</ref>

Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the [[U.S. Constitution]] on [[December 12]], [[1787]],<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec12.html Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution of 1787]</ref> five days after [[Delaware]] became the first.

[[Image:HillsCapitol.jpg|right|frame|The "Redbrick Capitol", used from 1821 until it burned in 1897]]

[[Dickinson College]] of [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania|Carlisle]] was the first college founded in the United States. Established in 1773, the college was ratified five days after the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] on September 9th, 1783. The school was founded by [[Benjamin Rush]] and named after [[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]], President of Pennsylvania and a signer of the Constitution.

For half a century, the Commonwealth's legislature met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before starting to meet regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.<ref name=legiscap>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/VC/visitor_info/brown/capitols.htm Pennsylvania's Capitals]</ref> But it needed a more central location, as for example the [[Paxton Boys]] massacres of 1763 had made them aware. So, in 1799 the legislature moved to the [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] Courthouse,<ref name=legiscap/> and finally in 1812 to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]].<ref name=legiscap /> The legislature met in the old [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Dauphin County]] Court House until December 1821,<ref name=legiscap/> when the ''Redbrick Capitol'' was finished. It burned down in 1897, presumably due to a faulty [[flue]].<ref name=legiscap/> The legislature met at Grace Methodist Church on State Street (still standing), until the present capitol was finished in 1907.<ref name=legiscap/>

The [[Pennsylvania State Capitol|new state Capitol]] drew rave reviews.<ref name=legiscap/> Its dome was inspired by the domes of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]] and the United States Capitol.<ref name=legiscap/> [[President of the United States|President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] called it the "the most beautiful state Capitol in the nation", and said "It's the handsomest building I ever saw" at the dedication. In 1989, the ''[[New York Times]]'' praised it as "grand, even awesome at moments, but it is also a working building, accessible to citizens ... a building that connects with the reality of daily life."<ref name=legiscap/>

Pennsylvania accounts for 9% of all wooded areas in the United States

[[James Buchanan]], of [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], was the only bachelor [[President of the United States]].<ref name="jimbo">[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jb15.html James Buchanan White House biography]</ref> The [[Battle of Gettysburg]] — the major turning point of the Civil War — took place near [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]].<ref>[http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b3/200px-Dddr66.jpg Battle of Gettysburg]</ref> An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the [[Union Army]] forces along with 8,600 [[African American]] [[military volunteer]]s.<ref name=PAFacts2003/>

Pennsylvania was also the home of the first Commercially drilled oil well. In 1859, near [[Titusville, Pennsylvania]], Edwin L. Drake successfully drilled the well. It led to the first major oil boom in United States History.

== Demographics ==
{{see|List of people from Pennsylvania}}
{{US Demographics|state=Pennsylvania}}

The [[center of population]] of Pennsylvania is located in [[Perry County, Pennsylvania|Perry County]], in the borough of [[Duncannon, Pennsylvania|Duncannon]] [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt].

As of 2006, Pennsylvania has an estimated population of 12,440,621, which is an increase of 35,273 from the previous year, and an increase of 159,567 since the year 2000. Net [[Human migration|migration]] from other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] from other countries resulted in an increase of 126,007. Net migration to the Commonwealth was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. In 2006, 5.00% of Pennsylvanians were foreign born (621,480 people).<ref>[http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2004-04.pdf Components of Population Change]</ref> The state has an estimated 2005 poverty rate of 11.9%.<ref name=PAFacts /> The state also has the 3rd highest proportion of [[elderly]] (65+) citizens in 2005.<ref name=PAFacts />

Foreign-born Pennsylvanians are largely from [[Asia]] (36.0%), [[Europe]] (35.9%), [[Latin America]] (30.6%), 5% coming from [[Africa]], 3.1% coming from [[North America]], and 0.4% coming from Oceania.

[[Image:Pennsylvania population map.png|thumb|left|Pennsylvania Population Distribution]]
Pennsylvania's reported population of Hispanics, especially among the Asian, Hawaiian and White races, has markedly increased in the last years.<ref name=annest>[http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/tables/SC-EST2004-03-42.xls Annual Estimates of the Population]</ref> It is not clear how much of this change reflects a changing population, and how much reflects increased willingness to self-identify minority status.

{{USCensusPop
|1790 = 434373
|1800 = 602365
|1810 = 810091
|1820 = 1049458
|1830 = 1348233
|1840 = 1724033
|1850 = 2311786
|1860 = 2906215
|1870 = 3521951
|1880 = 4282891
|1890 = 5258113
|1900 = 6302115
|1910 = 7665111
|1920 = 8720017
|1930 = 9631350
|1940 = 9900180
|1950 = 10498012
|1960 = 11319366
|1970 = 11793909
|1980 = 11863895
|1990 = 11881643
|2000 = 12281054
}}

Pennsylvania's population was reported as 5.9% under 5 and 23.8% under 18, with 15.6% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.7% of the population.<ref name="censusPA">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=04000US42&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US42&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=&_state=04000US42&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=040&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2004_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= FactFinder: Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights]</ref>

The five largest ancestry groups self-reported in Pennsylvania are: [[German American|German]] (27.66%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (17.66%), [[Italian American|Italian]] (12.82%), [[English Americans|English]] (8.89%) and [[Polish American|Polish]] (7.23%).<ref>[http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Profiles/Chg/2003/ACS/Tabular/040/04000US422.htm American Community Survey 2003 Multi-Year Survey for Pennsylvania]</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{cquote|The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill–treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God. - [[Voltaire]], speaking of [[William Penn]]<ref>[http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/Voltaire0265/Works/Vol19-HTMLs/0060-19_Pt02.html The Works of Voltaire, volume 19]</ref>}}

Of all the colonies, only in [[Rhode Island]] was religious freedom as secure as in Pennsylvania - and one result was an incredible religious [[Multiculturalism|diversity]], one which continues to this day.<ref>[http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/psu.ph/1134140590 Religious diversity in Pennsylvania]</ref>
Pennsylvania's population in 2000 was 12,281,054. Of these, 8,448,193 were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the [[Association of religion data archives]] at [[Pennsylvania State University]], reliable data exists for 7,116,348 religious adherents in Pennsylvania in 2000, following 115 different faiths.<ref name=arda>[http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/42_2000.asp The ARDA]</ref> Their affiliations, including percentage of all adherents, were:<ref>These statistics are based on 7,116,348 of the estimated 8,448,193 religious adherents in Pennsylvania,<!--ref name=arda /--> and only the largest of 115 different faiths are reported here. Data excludes most of the historically African-American denominations. Public Law 94-521 prevents the Census Bureau from collecting better data, so this information comes from the [[Association of religion data archives]] at [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State]].) Terms used to describe organizations are ARDA's, and may not be the group's own preferred name.</ref>
* [[Roman Catholic]]: 3,802,524 (53.43%)
* [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]: 75,354 (1.06%)
* [[Mainline (Protestant)|Mainline Protestant]]: 2,140,682 (30%)
** [[United Methodist Church]]: 659,350 (9.27%)
** [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]]: 611,913 (8.60%)
** [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]]: 324,714 (4.56%)
** [[United Church of Christ]]: 241,844 (3.40%)
** [[American Baptist Churches USA|American Baptist Churches in the USA]]: 132,858 (1.87%)
** [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal Church]]: 116,511 (1.64%)
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestant]]: 704,204 (10%)
** [[Assemblies of God]]: 84,153 (1.18%)
** [[Church of the Brethren]]: 52,684 (0.74%)
** [[Mennonite Church USA]]: 48,215 (0.68%)
** [[Christian and Missionary Alliance]]: 45,926 (0.65%)
** [[Southern Baptist Convention]]: 44,432 (0.62%)
** Independent Non-charismatic churches: 42,992 (0.60%)
* Other theology: 393,584 (5.53%)
** [[Judaism|Jewish estimate]]: 283,000 (3.98%)
** [[Islam|Muslim estimate]]: 71,190 (1.00%)
** [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations]]: 6,778 (0.10%)
** [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]: 31,032 (0.44%)

Pennsylvania is also noted for having the highest concentration of an [[Amish]] population in the United States.<ref>[http://www.800padutch.com/amish.shtml The Amish and the Plain People of Lancaster County, PA<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

While Pennsylvania owes its existence to [[Quakers]] and many of the older trappings of the Commonwealth are rooted in the teachings of the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority today.

== Economy ==
{{see|List of people from Pennsylvania}}
[[Image:1999 PA Proof.png|left|50px|thumb [[50 State Quarters|Pennsylvania State Quarter]]]]
Pennsylvania's 2005 total [[gross state product]] (GSP) of $430.31 billion<ref name=beaxls>[http://www.bea.gov/bea/newsrelarchive/2006/gsp0606.xls Bureau of Economic Analysis]</ref> ranks the state 6<sup>th</sup> in the nation. If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 17<sup>th</sup> largest in the world, ahead of [[Belgium]], but behind the [[Netherlands]]. On a per-capita basis, though, Pennsylvania's per-capita GSP of $34,619 ranks 26<sup>th</sup> among the 50 states.<ref name=beaxls />
[[Image:Bethlehem Steel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bethlehem Steel]]'s closed manufacturing facility in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]]. This site will become the site of a new multi-million dollar casino in 2007.]]
Philadelphia in the southeast corner and Pittsburgh in the southwest corner are urban manufacturing centers, with the "t-shaped" remainder of the Commonwealth being much more rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy.<ref>[http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/103-11042003-190258.html Appeals court races wrap up with focus on voter mobilization]</ref> Philadelphia is home to 10 Fortune 500 companies,<ref name=F500>[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/states/P.html Fortune 500]</ref> with more located in suburbs like [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania|King of Prussia]]; it's a leader in the financial<ref>[http://www.phlx.com/ Philadelphia stock exchange]</ref> and insurance industry.<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2002/01/07/story11.html Tragedy of 9/11 pummels insurance industry]</ref> Pittsburgh is home to six Fortune 500 companies, including [[U.S. Steel]], [[PPG Industries]], [[H.J. Heinz]], and [[Alcoa]].<ref name=F500 /> In all, Pennsylvania is home to 49 Fortune 500 companies.<ref name=F500>

As in the US as a whole and in most states, largest private employer in the Commonwealth is [[Wal-Mart]], followed by the [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[United Parcel Service]] and [[Giant Food of Carlisle, Pennsylvania|Giant Food]] (called [[Stop and Shop]] in other states). The largest manufacturing employer is [[Merck]].<ref>[http://www.passhe.edu/content/?/audiences/students/employers Largest Employers in Pennsylvania]</ref>

=== Manufacturing ===
Pennsylvania's factories and workshops manufacture 16.1% of the Gross State Product (GSP); only 10 states are more industrialized.<ref name=gsp2>[http://www.nemw.org/gsp2.htm Northeast-Midwest Institute calculations based on data from the BEA]</ref> While [[Education]]al Services is only 1.8% of the Commonwealth's GSP, that's twice the national average; only [[Massachusetts]], [[Rhode Island]] and [[Vermont]] outrank Pennsylvania.<ref name=gsp2 /> Although Pennsylvania is known as a [[coal]] state, [[mining]] only amounts to 0.6% of the Commonwealth's economy, compared to 1.3% for the country as a whole.<ref name=gsp2 />
[[Image:Farming near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania.jpg|left|thumb|Farming near [[Klingerstown, Pennsylvania]].]]

=== Agriculture ===
Pennsylvania ranks 19<sup>th</sup> overall in agricultural production,<ref name=ag>[http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/pa/cp99042.PDF Agricultural Census 2002]</ref> but 1<sup>st</sup> in [[fungiculture|Mushrooms]], 3<sup>rd</sup> in [[Christmas tree]]s and [[Egg (food)|layer chickens]], 4<sup>th</sup> in [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] and [[sod]], [[milk]], [[maize|corn]] for [[silage]], [[grapes]] grown (including [[Grape juice|juice grapes]]),<ref name=PAwine>{{cite web | url = http://www.pennsylvaniawine.com/facts/index.asp| title = PA Wine facts| | publisher = Pennsylvania Wine & Wineries| date = 2003 | accessdate = 2007-12-06}}</ref> and [[horses]] production. It is also 8<sup>th</sup> in the nation for [[Winemaking|wine production]], has the two highest [[wineries]] east of the [[Rocky Mountains]] and was home to the nation's first commercial grapevine [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] in [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery County]].<ref name=PAwine/> Only about 9,600 of the Commonwealth's 58,000 farmers have sales of $100,000 or more, and with production expenses equaling 84.9% of sales, most not only have a net farming income below the $19,806 that marks poverty for a family of four,<ref>[http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/threshld/thresh05.html Poverty levels]</ref> but are liable for a 12.4% self-employment tax as well.<ref>[http://www.irs.gov/publications/p225/index.html IRS: Tax Guide for farmers]</ref> The average farmer is 53 and getting older,<ref>[http://www.ruralpa.org/news0304.html Center for Rural Pennsylvania]</ref> as young Pennsylvanians find low farming income a tough row to hoe.<ref>[http://www.farmland.org/programs/documents/Mid-Atlantic_Forum_Summary.pdf Mid-Atlantic Farm Policy Leadership Forum]</ref>

Many farms in the southeastern part of the Commonwealth have been sold to housing developers in the past years. This is largely due to rising taxes and land prices, reflecting high demand for land in the nation's fifth largest metropolitan area. Bucks and Montgomery counties were the first to suburbanize, but this trend is now extending to Chester, Lancaster, Berks, and Lehigh counties.<ref name=PAwine>{{cite web | url = http://www.pennsylvaniawine.com/facts/index.asp| title = PA Wine facts| | publisher = Pennsylvania Wine & Wineries| date = 2003 | accessdate = 2007-12-06}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
[[Image:Pennsylvania.JPG|left|thumb|Pennsylvania state welcome sign]]

Pennsylvania draws 2.1% of the Gross State Product from ''Accommodation and Food Services''. Only [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]] and [[Iowa]] have lower numbers. [[Nevada]] generates 14.2% of its' GSP that way.<ref name=gsp2 /> Philadelphia draws tourists<ref>[http://www.gophila.com/ Philadelphia tourism]</ref> to see the [[Liberty Bell]], [[Independence Hall (United States)|Independence Hall]], the [[Franklin Institute]] and [[Rocky Steps|the steps]] of the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], while [[The Poconos]]<ref>[http://www.800poconos.com/ Poconos tourism]</ref> attract honeymooners, golfers, and fishermen, and the [[Delaware Water Gap]]<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/dewa/ Delaware Water Gap]</ref> and [[Allegheny National Forest]] appeal to boaters, hikers, and nature lovers. Another attraction are the many [[covered bridges]] in the state, as Pennsylvania has more covered bridges than any other state.<ref>[http://www.tfhrc.gov/structur/pubs/04098/index.htm FHWA Covered Bridge Manual</ref> Fourteen slots casinos, the majority of which are either in the process of being awarded licenses from the [[Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board]] or are under construction, are expected to make up a good portion of tourism in the Commonwealth.<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/mostread/s_485061.html Pa. gaming board awards 5 slots licenses - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

The Commonwealth launched an extensive tourism campaign in 2003 under the direction of the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. An extensive website<ref>[http://www.visitPA.com VisitPA]</ref> has been established to promote visits to the state and new license plates feature the VistPA.com website.
[[Image:PA.soi.jpg|thumb|right|Recent PA state tourism campaign logo.]]
{{main|Pennsylvania Dutch Country}}
The [[Plain sects|Pennsylvania Dutch]] region in south-central Pennsylvania is a favorite for sightseers.<ref>[http://www.aaanewsroom.net/main/Default.asp?CategoryID=8&ArticleID=392 AAA: Favorite vacation spots]</ref> The Pennsylvania Dutch, including the [[Amish|Old Order Amish]], the [[Mennonites|Old Order Mennonites]] and at least 35 other sects,<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_274.html Page 10, The Riddle of Amish Culture, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-6772-X]</ref> are common in the rural areas around the cities of [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], and Harrisburg, with smaller numbers extending northeast to the [[Lehigh Valley]] and up the Susquehanna River valley.

The term "Dutch," when referring to the Pennsylvania Dutch, means "German" or "Teutonic" rather than "Netherlander." Germans, in their own language, call themselves "Deutsch," which in English became, misleadingly, "Dutch."<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=dutch&x=57&y=13 Definition of "dutch"]</ref> The [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania Dutch language]] is a descendant of [[German language|German]], in the [[West Central German]] dialect family. The language is only very rarely used as a first language among Pennsylvanians; however, in eastern and south central areas of the state it is a common second language and greatly influences dialect and accent.

== Politics ==
{{see|List of people from Pennsylvania}}
=== Government of the Commonwealth ===
Pennsylvania has had five [[Pennsylvania Constitution|constitution]]s during its statehood:<ref name=jenkinslaw>[http://www.jenkinslaw.org/collection/researchguides/publications/ann-constitutions.php 23 Pennsylvania Law Weekly 324 (March 27, 2000)]</ref> 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and [http://sites.state.pa.us/PA_Constitution.html 1968]. Prior to that, the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a [[Frame of Government]], of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.<ref name=jenkinslaw /> The capital of the Commonwealth is [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]. The legislature meets in the new State Capitol there.
[[Image:PaCap.jpg|right|thumb|The current [[Pennsylvania State Capitol]] in downtown [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg.]]]]
The current [[list of Pennsylvania Governors|Governor]] is [[Ed Rendell]], a former head of the [[Democratic National Committee]] who began as a popular [[District Attorney]] and [[mayor]] in Philadelphia.<ref>[http://www.governor.state.pa.us/governor/cwp/view.asp?a=1109&q=437825&governorNav=|31898|Official bio of Ed Rendell]</ref> The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor [[Catherine Baker Knoll]], Attorney General [[Tom Corbett]], Auditor General [[Jack Wagner]], and State Treasurer [[Robin Weissman]].<ref>[http://www.electionpa.com/officials.asp State Elected Officials]</ref>
{{seealso|List of Pennsylvania state agencies}}

Pennsylvania has a [[bicameral legislature]] set up by Commonwealth's constitution in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.<ref>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/BAH/dam/rg/rg7.htm Pennsylvania State Archives]</ref> The [[Pennsylvania General Assembly|General Assembly]] includes 50 [[Pennsylvania Senate|Senators]]<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/senators_alpha.cfm Pennsylvania Senators]</ref> and 203 [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives|Representatives]].<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/representatives_alpha.cfm Pennsylvania House of Representatives]</ref> [[Joseph B. Scarnati III]] is currently [[President Pro Tempore]] of the State Senate,<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/senate_bio.cfm?districtnumber=30 Pennsylvania Senate]</ref> [[Dominic Pileggi]] the [[Majority Leader]],<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/senate_bio.cfm?districtnumber=48 David Brightbill]</ref> and [[Robert J. Mellow]] the [[Minority Leader]].<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/senate_bio.cfm?districtnumber=22 Robert Mellow]</ref> [[Dennis M. O'Brien]] is [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the House of Representatives,<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=172 John Perzel]</ref> with [[H. William DeWeese]] as Majority Leader<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=66 Samuel Smith]</ref> and [[Samuel H. Smith (politician)|Samuel Smith]] as Minority Leader.<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=50 William DeWeese]</ref> The 2006 election resulted in the Democrats regaining control of the House and the balance remaining unchanged in Republicans' favor in the Senate.

Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts,<ref name=courts>[http://www.courts.state.pa.us/Index/CommonPleas/Judicialdistricts.asp Judicial districts]</ref> most of which (except [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] and [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Allegheny]] Counties) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over minor criminal offenses and small civil claims.<ref name=courts /> Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as [[appellate court]]s to the district judges and for local agency decisions.<ref name=courts/> The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has [[original jurisdiction]] to review [[Warrant (law)|warrant]]s for [[Telephone tapping|wiretap]] surveillance.<ref name=courts/> The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.<ref name=courts/> The [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]] is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the [[chief justice]] is determined by seniority.<ref name=courts/> The state holds 21 [[Electoral college|electoral]] votes.<ref name=PAFacts>{{cite web | url = http://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/pasdc/whats_new/2007factsfortheweb.pdf| title = Pennsylvania Facts 2007| | publisher = Pennsylvania State Data Center Penn State Harrisburg| date = 2007 | accessdate = 2007-12-05}}</ref>

[[Sales tax]] provides 39% of Commonwealth's revenue; personal income tax 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on cigarettes and alcohol beverage 5%.<ref>''Revenue Department Releases August Collections (09/01/2006)'' [http://www.revenue.state.pa.us/revenue/CWP/view.asp?Q=261929&A=208 http://www.revenue.state.pa.us/revenue/CWP/view.asp?Q=261929&A=208] Retrieved [[25 September]] [[2006]].</ref>

Counties, municipalities, and [[school district]]s levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a [[income tax|wage tax]] on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with [[home rule]] charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of the Commonwealth's sixty-seven counties levy a [[property tax|personal property tax]] on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings.

=== Representation in the 110th Congress ===
Pennsylvania's two [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]] in the [[110th Congress]] are [[Arlen Specter]] and [[Bob Casey, Jr.]].
Pennsylvania's [[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. Congressmen]] for the term beginning January 2007 are [[Bob Brady|Robert Brady]] ([[Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district|1<sup>st</sup>]]), [[Chaka Fattah]] ([[Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district|2<sup>nd</sup>]]), [[Phil English]] ([[Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district|3<sup>rd</sup>]]), [[Jason Altmire]] ([[Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district|4<sup>th</sup>]]), [[John E. Peterson]] ([[Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district|5<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Jim Gerlach]] ([[Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district|6<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Joseph A. Sestak|Joe Sestak]] ([[Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district|7<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Patrick Murphy (politician)|Patrick Murphy]] ([[Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district|8<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Bill Shuster]] ([[Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district|9<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Chris Carney]] ([[Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district|10<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Paul E. Kanjorski]] ([[Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district|11<sup>th</sup>]]), [[John Murtha]] ([[Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district|12<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Allyson Schwartz]] ([[Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district|13<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Michael F. Doyle]] ([[Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district|14<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Charlie Dent]] ([[Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district|15<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Joe Pitts]] ([[Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district|16<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Tim Holden]] ([[Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district|17<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Tim Murphy (congressman)|Tim Murphy]] ([[Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district|18<sup>th</sup>]]), and [[Todd Russell Platts]] ([[Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district|19<sup>th</sup>]]).<ref>[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_congressional_directory&docid=cdir108_txt-39 Congressional Directory Online]</ref>

=== Regional strength ===
In the past decade, no [[political party]] has been clearly dominant in Pennsylvania. This, combined with Pennsylvania's rank of 6th in the country in population, has made it one of the most important [[swing states]]. Democrats are strong in urban [[Philadelphia]] and the areas of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]], [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania|Johnstown]], and [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]]/[[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]]. Republicans are generally dominant in the vast rural areas that make up the balance of the Commonwealth. Traditionally, Republicans have also fared well in the densely populated and wealthy suburbs of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, but in the 1990s and 2000s many of these suburbs began to associate more with the Democratic Party.

In the 2004 Presidential Election, Senator [[John F. Kerry]] beat President [[George W. Bush]] in Pennsylvania 2,938,095 (50.92%) to 2,793,847 (48.42%).

== Important cities and municipalities ==
[[Image:Phila.jpg|right|thumb|The skyline of [[Philadelphia]], the largest city in Pennsylvania and the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.]]
Municipalities in Pennsylvania are incorporated as [[city|cities]] of several classes, [[Borough (United States)#Pennsylvania|boroughs]], as [[Township (Pennsylvania)|townships]] of several classes, or under home rule charters. A "Village", often identified by a roadside sign, is unincorporated, and is merely a locale without distinct boundaries. There are 2,567 municipalities in the state.<ref name=PAFacts />

There is some confusion about the number of "towns" in Pennsylvania. In 1870, [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania|Bloomsburg]], the county seat of [[Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Columbia County]] was incorporated as a town, and is recognized by state government publications as "the only incorporated town" in Pennsylvania.<ref name ="PAmanual">[http://www.dgs.state.pa.us/pamanual/cwp/view.asp?a=437&Q=129762&pm=1&pamanualNav=|The Pennsylvania Manual 117]</ref><ref>[http://www.newpa.com/download.aspx?id=82 ''Pennsylvania Local Government Fact Sheet'', 2005]</ref><ref>[http://www.lgc.state.pa.us/deskbook06/Basics01_Local_Government_Entities.pdf "Local Government Entities in Pennsylvania"] and [http://www.lgc.state.pa.us/deskbook06/Basics08_Municipal_Statistics.pdf "Municipal Statistics"] in [http://www.lgc.state.pa.us/deskbook.html ''Legislator’s Municipal Deskbook for Pennsylvania'']</ref> However, in 1975, [[McCandless, Pennsylvania|McCandless Township]], in [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Allegheny County]] adopted a home rule charter under the name "Town of McCandless".<ref>[http://www.columbiamontourchamber.com/Alliance/quality_of_life.html Bloomsburg]</ref><ref>[http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/302/chapter23/chap23toc.html McCandless]</ref>

The ten most populated cities in Pennsylvania, in order are: [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]], [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]], [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], [[Altoona, Pennsylvania|Altoona]], and [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]].

<center><gallery>
Image:Allentown_Pennsylvania_downtown.jpg|[[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]]
Image:Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament.jpg|[[Altoona, Pennsylvania|Altoona]]
Image:Beaver Falls.jpg|[[Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania|Beaver Falls]]
Image:Bethlehem_Pennsylvania_downtown.jpg|[[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]]
Image:Butler skyline.jpg|[[Butler, Pennsylvania|Butler]]
Image:Easton_Skyline.jpg|[[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]]
Image:Eriesky2.jpg|[[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]]
Image:Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania_State_Capital_Building.jpg|[[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]
Image:Johnstownview.jpg|[[Johnstown, Pennsylvania|Johnstown]]
Image:LancasterPA.PNG|[[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]]
Image:Kennedy_Square.jpg|[[New Castle, Pennsylvania|New Castle]]
Image:Philadelphia_skyline.JPG|[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]
Image:Clementebridge.JPG|[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]
Image:Pottsville.jpg|[[Pottsville, Pennsylvania|Pottsville]]
Image:Pagoda_reading_pa.jpg|[[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]]
Image:DowntownScranton2003.jpg|[[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]]
Image:Wilkes-Barre with Susquehanna River.jpg|[[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]]
Image:192_9259_(Large).JPG|[[Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]]
Image:110-1068_IMG.jpg|[[York, Pennsylvania|York]]
</gallery></center>

{{seealso|Pennsylvania locations by per capita income}}

== Recreation ==
Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the [[Philadelphia Zoo]]. [http://www.philadelphiazoo.org/index.php?id=10_2_1] Other notable zoos include the Allentown Zoo, [[Claws 'n Paws]], [[Erie Zoo]], [[Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium]], and [[Hersheypark|ZOOAMERICA]]. The Commonwealth boasts some of the finest museums in the country. One of the unique museums is the [[Houdini Museum]] [http://www.houdini.org] in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician. It is also home to the [[National Aviary]], located in Pittsburgh.

All 121 [[List of Pennsylvania state parks|state parks]] in Pennsylvania feature free admission.

Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks, including [[Camel Beach]], [[Conneaut Lake Park]], [[Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom]], [[Dutch Wonderland]], [[DelGrosso Amusement Park]], [[Hershey Park]], [[Idlewild Park]], [[Kennywood]], [[Knoebels]], [[Lakemont Park]], [[Sandcastle Waterpark]], [[Sesame Place]], [[Great Wolf Lodge]] and [[Waldameer Park]]. Pennsylvania also is home to the largest indoor waterpark resort on the East Coast, [[Splash Lagoon]] in Erie.

There are also notable music festivals that take place in Pennsylvania. These include [[Musikfest]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]] (which featured the rock band [[The Black Crowes]] in 2007 and routinely draws major music acts), the [[Philadelphia Folk Festival]], [[Creation Festival]], the Great Allentown Fair (which lasts slightly longer than a week in Allentown annually in early September) and [[Purple Door]].

There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania. Whitetail deer, cottontail rabbits, squirrel, turkey, and grouse are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest wild turkey hunting states in the Union, alongside Texas and Alabama. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania is a massive boost for the Commonwealth's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania (A Legislative Agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly) reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide.

The [[Boone and Crockett Club]] shows that five of the ten largest (skull size) [[black bear]] entries came from the state.<ref name=blackbear>{{cite web | url = http://local.lancasteronline.com/4/212407| title = Bear facts favor Pennsylvania State remains home to North America’s biggest black bears | last = Reilly | first = P. | publisher = Intelligencer Journal| date = [[2007-11-15]] | accessdate = 2007-12-06}}</ref> The state also has a tied record for the largest [[hunter]] shot black bear in the Boone & Crockett books at {{convert|733|lb|abbr=on}} and a [[skull]] of 23 3/16 tied with a bear shot in [[California]] in 1993.<ref name=blackbear/> The largest bear ever found dead was in [[Utah]] in 1975 and second largest was shot by a [[Poaching|poacher]] in the state in 1987.<ref name=blackbear/> Pennsylvania holds the second most number of Boone & Crockett recorded record black bears at 183 second only to [[Wisconsin]]'s 299.<ref name=blackbear/>

== Transportation==
There are 69 [[railroads]] in the state and {{convert|5100|mi|km}} of railways which is 5th in the nation.<ref name=PAFacts /> There is 134 public-use airports and 6 international airports.<ref name=PAFacts /> The port of [[Pittsburgh]] is the 2nd largest inland port in the [[United States]].<ref name=PAFacts /> There are {{convert|120000|mi|km}} of [[highway]]s in the state.<ref name=PAFacts2003>{{cite web | url = http://www.gacla.state.pa.us/gacla/lib/gacla/pa_facts.pdf| title = Pennsylvania Facts| | publisher = Pennsylvania State Data Center Penn State Harrisburg| date = 2003 | accessdate = 2007-12-05}}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{main|Pennsylvania sports}}
{{see|List of people from Pennsylvania}}
Pennsylvania is home to many professional sports teams, including the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] and [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] of [[Major League Baseball]], the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] and [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] of the [[National Football League]], the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]], the [[Philadelphia Flyers]] and [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] of the [[National Hockey League]], and the [[Philadelphia Soul]] of the [[Arena Football League]]. Among them, these teams have accumulated 6 [[World Series]] Championships (Pirates 5, Phillies 1), 14 [[National League]] Pennants, 3 pre-[[Super Bowl]] era NFL Championships (Eagles), 5 Super Bowl Championships (Steelers), 2 NBA Championships (76ers), and 4 [[Stanley Cup]] winners (Flyers 2, Penguins 2).

In baseball, the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] Triple A-level team is moving from [[Ottawa, Ontario]], in [[Canada]], to a newly-constructed stadium, [[Coca-Cola Park]] in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], beginning with the 2008 season. Because the Lehigh Valley is a core fan base for both the Phillies and the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (who conduct their pre-season training camp on the practice fields of [[Lehigh University]], there are understandably lofty expectations that the new team, called the [[Lehigh Valley IronPigs]] (after [[pig iron]], which is an instrumental part in the construction of [[steel]] which has been a large part of the local economy for decades, is likely to prove hugely popular among Allentown and Lehigh Valley Phillies fans.

College football is also very popular in Pennsylvania. The [[Penn State University]] Nittany Lions are coached by [[Joe Paterno]] who led Penn State to two national championships (1982 & 1986) as well as five undefeated seasons (1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994). Penn State plays its home games in the second largest stadium in the United States, [[Beaver Stadium]], that seats 107,282. In addition, the [[University of Pittsburgh]] [[Pitt Panthers|Panthers]] have won nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937 and 1976) and have played eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937 and 1976).[http://graphics.fansonly.com/photos/schools/pitt/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/06guide-pantherhistory.pdf] Pitt plays its home games at [[Heinz Field]], a facility it shares with the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]]. Other Pennsylvania schools that have won national titles in football include [[Lafayette College]] (1896) and the [[University of Pennsylvania]] (1895, 1897, 1904 and 1908).[http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/nchamps_team.php]

College basketball is also popular in the state, especially in the Philadelphia area where five universities, collectively termed the [[Philadelphia Big 5|Big Five]], have a rich tradition in [[NCAA Division I]] basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by the following Pennsylvania universities: [[La Salle University]] (1954), [[Temple University]] (1938), [[University of Pennsylvania]] (1920 and 1921), [[University of Pittsburgh]] (1928 and 1930) and [[Villanova University]] (1985).[http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/basketball/college/helmscollegechampionship.htm][http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/basketball/college/collegechampionship.htm]

In motorsports, the [[Mario Andretti]] dynasty of race drivers is from [[Nazareth, Pennsylvania|Nazareth]]. Notable Racetracks in Pennsylvania include the [[Jennerstown Speedway]] in [[Jennerstown, Pennsylvania|Jennerstown]], the [[Lake Erie Speedway]] in [[North East, Pennsylvania|North East]], the [[Mahoning Valley Speedway]] in [[Lehighton, Pennsylvania|Lehighton]], the [[Motordome Speedway]] in [[Smithton, Pennsylvania|Smithton]], the [[Mountain Speedway]] in [[St. Johns, Pennsylvania|St. Johns]], the [[Nazareth Speedway]] in [[Nazareth, Pennsylvania|Nazareth]]; and the [[Pocono Raceway]] in [[Long Pond, Pennsylvania|Long Pond]], which is home both the [[Pennsylvania 500]] and the [[Pocono 500]].

Also, the [[Little League World Series]] is held in [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]], where it was founded. Also the first [[World Series]] between the Boston Pilgrims (now [[Boston Red Sox]]) and [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] was played in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]].

There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. [High Point Raceway][http://www.highpointmx.com High Point] in located in Mt. Morris, PA, and Steel City is located in Delmont, PA.

Race courses for horses in Pennsylvania consist of [[The Meadows Racetrack]], south of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], [[Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs]], in [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]] and [[Harrah's Chester Casino and Racetrack]] in [[Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester]] which offer [[harness racing]], and [[Penn National Race Course]] in [[Grantville, Pennsylvania|Grantville]] and [[Philadelphia Park]], in [[Bensalem, Pennsylvania|Bensalem]] which offer [[thoroughbred racing]]. [[Smarty Jones]], the 2004 [[Kentucky Derby]] winner, had Philadelphia Park as his home course.

[[Arnold Palmer]], one of the leading 20th century pro golfers, comes from [[Latrobe, Pennsylvania|Latrobe]], and [[Jim Furyk]], one of the leading 21-century pro golfers, grew up near in [[Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]]. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in [[Farmington, Pennsylvania|Farmington]] and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in [[Moosic, Pennsylvania|Moosic]].

Philadelphia is home to [[LOVE Park]], once a [[skateboard]]ing mecca, and across from City Hall, host to [[ESPN]]'s [[X Games]] in 2001 and 2002.

== Food ==
In his book ''Yo Mama Cooks Like a Yankee'', author Sharon Hernes Silverman calls Pennsylvania the snack food capital of the world.<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_546927.html Pa. knack for snacks a Farm Show feature - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It leads all other states in the manufacture of [[pretzel]]s and potato chips. The [[Sturgis Pretzel House]] introduced the pretzel to America, and companies like Anderson Bakery Company, Intercourse Pretzel Factory, and Snyder's of Hanover are leading manufacturers in the Commonwealth. The three companies that define the U.S. potato chip industry are [[Utz Quality Foods, Inc.]], which started making chips in [[Hanover, Pennsylvania]] in 1921, [[Wise|Wise Snack Foods]] which started making chips in [[Berwick, Pennsylvania|Berwick]] in 1921, and [[Frito-Lay|Lay's Potato Chips]], a [[Texas]] company. Other companies such as Herr Foods, Martin's Potato Chips, and Troyer Farms Potato Products are popular chip manufacturers. The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in [[Hershey, Pennsylvania]], with [[Mars]] and [[Wilbur Chocolate Company]] nearby, and smaller manufacturers such as Asher's near [[Lansdale]] and [[Gertrude Hawk]] of [[Dunmore, Pennsylvania|Dunmore]]. Other notable companies include [[Just Born]] in [[Bethlehem, PA]], makers of [[Hot Tamales]], [[Mike and Ike]]s, and the [[Easter]] favorite marshmallow [[Peeps]], [[Benzel's Pretzels]] and [[Boyer Candies]] of [[Altoona, PA]], which is well known for its [[Mallow Cups]]. Auntie Anne's Pretzels originated in Gap, but their corporate headquarters is now located in Lancaster, PA. Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken potpie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, hame, and dumplings), fassnachts (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, and chochow. Shoofly is another traditional Pennsylvanian Dutch food. Yuengling Brewery, America's Oldest Brewery, has been brewing beer in Pottsville, PA since 1829.

Among the regional foods associated with Pennsylvania are the [[pierogies]], [[cheesesteak]] and the [[hoagie]], the [[soft pretzel]], [[Italian water ice]], [[scrapple]], [[Tastykake]], and the [[Stromboli (food)|stromboli]]. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by [[H. J. Heinz Company|Henry John Heinz]] from 1876 to the early 1900s. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup are the Pittsburgh's [[Primanti Brothers Restaurant]] sandwiches. Outside the city of [[Scranton]], in the Borough of [[Old Forge, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania|Old Forge]] there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made unique by thick, light crust and American cheese. [[Sauerkraut]] along with pork and mashed potatoes is a common meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania.

Multi-ethnic cuisine is common{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, especially in the Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and [[Coal Region]] areas. [[Amish]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Indian culture|Indian]], [[Japanese culture|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani]], [[Persian cuisine|Persian]], [[Polish cuisine|Polish]], [[Russian cuisine|Russian]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], [[Turkish cuisine]] and many others can be found not only in specialty restaurants but at hundreds of community or religious festivals.

==State symbols==
[[Image:RuffedGrouse23.jpg|thumb|right|The Ruffed Grouse]]
[[Image:USBrigNiagaraInPort.JPG|right|thumb|The US Brig Niagara|US Brig ''Niagara'' in Port]]

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Pennsylvania state insignia and historical facts
|-
|[[State tree]] || [[Tsuga canadensis|Eastern Hemlock]]
|-
|[[List of U.S. state birds|State bird]] || [[Ruffed Grouse|Ruffed grouse]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[State flower]] || [[Kalmia latifolia|Mountain laurel]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[State insect]] || ''[[Photuris pennsylvanica]]'' (Pennsylvania [[Firefly]])<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[State animal]] || [[White-tailed deer]]<ref name=symbols>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31 State Symbols]</ref>
|-
|[[List of U.S. state mammals|State dog]] || [[Great Dane]]
|-
|[[State fish]] || [[Brook trout]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[State fossil]] || the [[trilobite]] ''[[Phacops rana]]''<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[List of U.S. state beverages|State beverage]] || [[Milk]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[List of capitals in the United States|State capital]] || [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]<ref name=50states>[http://www.50states.com/pennsylv.htm State Symbols]</ref>
|-
|[[List of U.S. states by date of statehood|Union admission rank]] || 2<sup>nd</sup>
|-
|[[List of U.S. state songs|State song]] || [[Pennsylvania (song)|Pennsylvania]] (Formerly [[Hail, Pennsylvania!]], until 1990)<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|State toy || [[Slinky]]<ref>[http://www.poof-slinky.com/history.asp Slinky history]</ref>
|-
|[[State ship]] || [[USS Niagara (replica)|United States Brig Niagara]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|State electric locomotive || [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] [[PRR GG1|GG1]] #4849 Locomotive
|-
|State steam locomotive || [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] [[PRR K4s|K4s]] Locomotive
|-
|State beautification plant || [[Crown Vetch|Crown vetch]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[List of U.S. state soils|State soil]] || Hazleton<ref name=50states />
|}

==See also==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[Appalachia]]
*[[Geology of Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of high schools in Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of hospitals in Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of Pennsylvania counties]]
*[[List of Pennsylvania films and television shows]]
*[[List of Pennsylvania firsts]]
*[[List of Pennsylvania state prisons]]
{{col-2}}
*[[List of Pennsylvania-related topics]]
*[[List of people from Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of school districts in Pennsylvania]]
*[[Pennsylvania census statistical areas]]
*[[Pennsylvania State Police]]
*[[Scouting in Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of State Routes in Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of numbered highways in Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of BicyclePA bicycle routes]]
{{col-end}}

==References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Pennsylvania}}
*[http://www.pareserves.com Gov. Andrew Curtin's Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, Civil War 1861–1864]
*[http://www.state.pa.us Official state government site]
*[http://www.dot.state.pa.us Penna. Dept. of Transportation]
*[http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=PA USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Pennsylvania]
*[http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/PA.htm Pennsylvania State Facts]
*[http://www.visitPA.com Official state tourism site]
*[http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#penn Biography of William Penn from 1829]
*[http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#pennhist A History of Pennsylvania from 1905]
*[http://www.footnote.com/topicpage.php?tp=88 Free Original Documents Online: Pennsylvania State Archives 1600s to 1800s]
*[http://www.psupress.psu.edu/Justataste/samplechapters/pennsylvania/index.html Miller, Randall M. and William Pencak, ''Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth'']
*[http://www.mrnussbaum.com/paflash2.htm Interactive Pennsylvania for Kids]
*[http://newpa.com/ Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development]
*[http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/statemap.cfm&state=PA National Association of Counties (information on each Pennsylvania County)]
<br clear=all/>
{{Pennsylvania|expanded}}
{{United States}}
{{succession
| preceded = [[Delaware]]
| office = [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]
| years = Ratified [[Constitution of the United States of America|Constitution]] on [[December 12]], [[1787]] (2nd)
| succeeded = [[New Jersey]]
}}

{{coor title d|41|N|77.5|W|region:US-PA_type:state}}

[[Category:Pennsylvania|*]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:1787 establishments]]
[[Category:Former British colonies]]

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[[zh:宾夕法尼亚州]]

Revision as of 19:42, 20 February 2008

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