Nd:YAG laser: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Powerlite NdYAG.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Nd:YAG laser with lid open showing frequency doubled 532 nm green light.]] |
[[Image:Powerlite NdYAG.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Nd:YAG laser with lid open showing frequency doubled 532 nm green light.]] |
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'''Nd:YAG''' ('''neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet'''; '''Nd:Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>''') is a [[crystal]] that is used as a [[Active laser medium|lasing medium]] for [[solid-state laser]]s. The [[dopant]], triply ionized [[neodymium]], typically replaces [[yttrium]] in the crystal structure of the [[yttrium aluminium garnet]], since they are of similar size. Generally the crystalline host is doped with around 1% neodymium by weight. |
'''Nd:YAG''' ('''neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet'''; '''Nd:Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>''') is a [[crystal]] that is used as a [[Active laser medium|lasing medium]] for [[solid-state laser]]s. The [[dopant]], triply ionized [[neodymium]], typically replaces [[yttrium]] in the crystal structure of the [[yttrium aluminium garnet]], since they are of similar size. Generally the crystalline host is doped with around 1% neodymium by weight. richard norris invented the YAG laser. oscillations in Nd-doped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets". ''Applied Physics Letters'' '''4''' 10, 182-184 (1964).</ref>. |
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Laser operation of Nd:YAG was first demonstrated by Geusic ''et al.'' at [[Bell Laboratories]] in 1964<ref> Geusic, J.E., Marcos, H.M, and Van Uitert, L.G.: "Laser oscillations in Nd-doped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets". ''Applied Physics Letters'' '''4''' 10, 182-184 (1964).</ref>. |
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==Technology== |
==Technology== |
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Nd:[[yttrium aluminium garnet|YAG]] lasers are [[laser pumping|optically pumped]] using a [[flashlamp]] or [[laser diode]]s. They are one of the most common types of laser, and are used for many different applications. |
Nd:[[yttrium aluminium garnet|YAG]] lasers are [[laser pumping|optically pumped]] using a [[flashlamp]] or [[laser diode]]s. They are one of the most common types of laser, and are used for many different applications. |
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Nd:YAG lasers typically emit light with a [[wavelength]] of 1064 [[nanometer|nm]], in the [[infrared]].<ref name="Yariv10.3">Yariv, §10.3, p. 208-211.</ref> However, there are also transitions near 940, 1120, 1320, and 1440 nm. Nd:YAG lasers operate in both pulsed and continuous mode. Pulsed Nd:YAG lasers are typically operated in the so called [[Q-switching]] mode: An optical switch is inserted in the laser cavity waiting for a maximum [[population inversion]] in the neodymium ions before it opens. Then the light wave can run through the cavity, depopulating the excited laser medium at maximum population inversion. In this Q-switched mode output powers of 20 megawatts and pulse durations of less than 10 nanoseconds are achieved.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The high-intensity pulses may be efficiently [[second harmonic generation|frequency doubled]] to generate laser light at 532 nm, or higher harmonics at 355 and 266 nm. |
Nd:YAG lasers typically emit light with a [[wavelength]] of 1064 [[nanometer|nm]], in the [[infrared]].<ref name="Yariv10.3">Yariv, §10.3, p. 208-211.</ref> However, there are also transitions near 940, 1120, 1320, and 1440 nm. Nd:YAG lasers operate in both pulsed and continuous mode. Pulsed Nd:YAG lasers are typically operated in the so called [[Q-switching]] mode: An optical switch is inserted in the laser cavity waiting for a maximum [[population inversion]] in the neodymium ions before it opens. Then the light wave can run through the cavity, depopulating the excited laser medium at maximum population inversion. In this Q-switched mode output powers of 20 megawatts and pulse durations of less than 10 nanoseconds are achieved.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The high-intensity pulses may be efficiently [[second harmonic generation|frequency doubled]] to generate laser light at 532 nm, or higher harmonics at 355 and 266 nm. |
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Nd:YAG absorbs mostly in the bands between |
Nd:YAG absorbs mostly in the bands between 730–760 nm and 790–820 nm.<ref name="Yariv10.3">Yariv, §10.3, p. 208-211.</ref> At low [[current density|current densities]] [[krypton flashlamp]]s have higher output in those bands than do the more common [[xenon]] lamps, which produce more light at around 900 nm. The former are therefore more efficient for pumping Nd:YAG lasers.<ref name="Koechner6.1.1">Koechner §6.1.1, pp. 251–264.</ref> |
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The amount of the neodymium [[dopant]] in the material varies according to its use. For [[continuous wave]] output, the doping is significantly lower than for pulsed lasers. The lightly doped CW rods can be optically distinguished by being less colored, almost white, while higher-doped rods are pink-purplish. |
The amount of the neodymium [[dopant]] in the material varies according to its use. For [[continuous wave]] output, the doping is significantly lower than for pulsed lasers. The lightly doped CW rods can be optically distinguished by being less colored, almost white, while higher-doped rods are pink-purplish. |
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*Molecular weight: 596.7 |
*Molecular weight: 596.7 |
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*Crystal structure: Cubic |
*Crystal structure: Cubic |
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*Hardness: |
*Hardness: 8–8.5 (Moh) |
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*Melting point: 1950 °C (3540 °F) |
*Melting point: 1950 °C (3540 °F) |
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*Density: 4.55 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
*Density: 4.55 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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{| class=wikitable |
{| class=wikitable |
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!Wavelength ( |
!Wavelength (μm) !! Index ''n'' (25°C) |
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|0.8 || 1.8245 |
|0.8 || 1.8245 |
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===Properties of Nd:YAG @ |
===Properties of Nd:YAG @ 25°C (with 1% Nd doping)=== |
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*Formula: Y<sub>2.97</sub>Nd<sub>0.03</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> |
*Formula: Y<sub>2.97</sub>Nd<sub>0.03</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> |
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*Weight of Nd: 0.725% |
*Weight of Nd: 0.725% |
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*Atoms of Nd per unit volume: 1. |
*Atoms of Nd per unit volume: 1.38×10<sup>20</sup> /cm<sup>3</sup> |
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*Emission wavelength: 1064 nm |
*Emission wavelength: 1064 nm |
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*Transition: <sup>4</sup>F<sub>3/2</sub> |
*Transition: <sup>4</sup>F<sub>3/2</sub> → <sup>4</sup>I<sub>11/2</sub> |
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*Duration of fluorescence: 230 |
*Duration of fluorescence: 230 μs |
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*Thermal conductivity: 0.14 |
*Thermal conductivity: 0.14 W·cm<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup> |
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*Specific heat capacity: 0.59 |
*Specific heat capacity: 0.59 J·g<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup> |
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*Thermal expansion: 6. |
*Thermal expansion: 6.9×10<sup>-6</sup> K<sup>-1</sup> |
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*d''n''/d''T'': 7. |
*d''n''/d''T'': 7.3×10<sup>-6</sup> K<sup>-1</sup> |
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*Young's modulus: 3. |
*Young's modulus: 3.17×10<sup>4</sup> K·g/mm<sup>-2</sup> |
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*Poisson's ratio: 0.25 |
*Poisson's ratio: 0.25 |
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*Resistance to thermal shock: 790 |
*Resistance to thermal shock: 790 W·m<sup>-1</sup> |
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==References and notes== |
==References and notes== |
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Revision as of 06:27, 9 March 2009
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Powerlite_NdYAG.jpg/300px-Powerlite_NdYAG.jpg)
Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12) is a crystal that is used as a lasing medium for solid-state lasers. The dopant, triply ionized neodymium, typically replaces yttrium in the crystal structure of the yttrium aluminium garnet, since they are of similar size. Generally the crystalline host is doped with around 1% neodymium by weight. richard norris invented the YAG laser. oscillations in Nd-doped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets". Applied Physics Letters 4 10, 182-184 (1964).</ref>.
Technology
Nd:YAG lasers are optically pumped using a flashlamp or laser diodes. They are one of the most common types of laser, and are used for many different applications.
Nd:YAG lasers typically emit light with a wavelength of 1064 nm, in the infrared.[1] However, there are also transitions near 940, 1120, 1320, and 1440 nm. Nd:YAG lasers operate in both pulsed and continuous mode. Pulsed Nd:YAG lasers are typically operated in the so called Q-switching mode: An optical switch is inserted in the laser cavity waiting for a maximum population inversion in the neodymium ions before it opens. Then the light wave can run through the cavity, depopulating the excited laser medium at maximum population inversion. In this Q-switched mode output powers of 20 megawatts and pulse durations of less than 10 nanoseconds are achieved.[citation needed] The high-intensity pulses may be efficiently frequency doubled to generate laser light at 532 nm, or higher harmonics at 355 and 266 nm.
Nd:YAG absorbs mostly in the bands between 730–760 nm and 790–820 nm.[1] At low current densities krypton flashlamps have higher output in those bands than do the more common xenon lamps, which produce more light at around 900 nm. The former are therefore more efficient for pumping Nd:YAG lasers.[2]
The amount of the neodymium dopant in the material varies according to its use. For continuous wave output, the doping is significantly lower than for pulsed lasers. The lightly doped CW rods can be optically distinguished by being less colored, almost white, while higher-doped rods are pink-purplish.
Other common host materials for neodymium are: YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride, 1047 and 1053 nm), YVO4 (yttrium orthovanadate, 1064 nm), and glass. A particular host material is chosen in order to obtain a desired combination of optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Nd:YAG lasers and variants are pumped either by flash lamps, continuous gas discharge lamps, or near-infrared laser diodes (DPSS lasers). Prestabilized laser (PSL) types of Nd:YAG lasers have proved to be particularly useful in providing the main beams for gravitational wave interferometers such as LIGO, VIRGO, GEO600 and TAMA.
Applications
Ophthalmology
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Posterior_capsular_opacification_on_retroillumination.jpg/250px-Posterior_capsular_opacification_on_retroillumination.jpg)
Nd:YAG lasers are used in ophthalmology to correct posterior capsular opacification, a complication of cataract surgery, and for peripheral iridotomy in patients with acute angle-closure glaucoma, where it has superseded surgical iridectomy. Frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers (wavelength 532 nm) are used for pan-retinal photocoagulation in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
Cosmetic medicine
These lasers are also used extensively in the field of cosmetic medicine for laser hair removal and the treatment of minor vascular defects such as spider veins on the face and legs.
Manufacturing
Nd:YAG lasers are also used in manufacturing for engraving, etching, or marking a variety of metals and plastics. They are extensively used in manufacturing for cutting and welding steel and various alloys. For automotive applications (cutting and welding steel) the power levels are typically 1-5 kW. Super alloy drilling (for gas turbine parts) typically uses pulsed Nd:YAG lasers (millisecond pulses, not Q-switched). Nd:YAG lasers are also employed to make subsurface markings in transparent materials such as glass or acrylic glass.
Fluid dynamics
Nd:YAG lasers can also be used for flow visualization techniques in fluid dynamics (for example particle image velocimetry or induced fluorescence).[3]
Dentistry
Nd:YAG lasers are used for soft tissue surgeries in the oral cavity, such as gingivectomy, periodontal sulcular debridement, LANAP, frenectomy, biopsy, and coagulation of graft donor sites.
Laser range finders
The Nd:YAG laser is the most common laser used in military laser rangefinders.
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS)
The Nd:YAG may be used in the application of cavity ring-down spectroscopy, which is used to measure the concentration of some light-absorbing substance.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
A range of Nd:YAG lasers are used in analysis of elements in the periodic table. Though the application by itself is fairly new with respect to conventional methods such as XRF or ICP, it has proven to be less time consuming and a cheaper option to test element concentrations. A high-power Nd:YAG laser is focused onto the sample surface to produce plasma. Light from the plasma is captured by spectrometers and the characteristic spectra of each element can be identified, allowing concentrations of elements in the sample to be measured.
Additional frequencies
For many applications, the infrared light is frequency-doubled or -tripled using nonlinear optical materials such as lithium triborate to obtain visible (532 nm, green) or ultraviolet light. A green laser pointer is a frequency doubled Nd:YVO4 DPSS laser. Nd:YAG can be also made to lase at its non-principal wavelength. The line at 946 nm is typically employed in "blue laser pointer" DPSS lasers, where it is doubled to 473 nm.
Physical and chemical properties of Nd:YAG
Properties of YAG crystal
- Formula: Y3Al5O12
- Molecular weight: 596.7
- Crystal structure: Cubic
- Hardness: 8–8.5 (Moh)
- Melting point: 1950 °C (3540 °F)
- Density: 4.55 g/cm3
Refractive index of Nd:YAG
Wavelength (μm) | Index n (25°C) |
---|---|
0.8 | 1.8245 |
0.9 | 1.8222 |
1.0 | 1.8197 |
1.2 | 1.8152 |
1.4 | 1.8121 |
Properties of Nd:YAG @ 25°C (with 1% Nd doping)
- Formula: Y2.97Nd0.03Al5O12
- Weight of Nd: 0.725%
- Atoms of Nd per unit volume: 1.38×1020 /cm3
- Emission wavelength: 1064 nm
- Transition: 4F3/2 → 4I11/2
- Duration of fluorescence: 230 μs
- Thermal conductivity: 0.14 W·cm-1·K-1
- Specific heat capacity: 0.59 J·g-1·K-1
- Thermal expansion: 6.9×10-6 K-1
- dn/dT: 7.3×10-6 K-1
- Young's modulus: 3.17×104 K·g/mm-2
- Poisson's ratio: 0.25
- Resistance to thermal shock: 790 W·m-1
References and notes
- Siegman, Anthony E. (1986). Lasers. University Science Books. ISBN 0-935702-11-3.
- Yariv, Amnon (1989). Quantum Electronics (3rd Edition ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-60997-8.
{{cite book}}
:|edition=
has extra text (help) - Koechner, Walter (1988). Solid-State Laser Engineering (2nd Edition ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-18747-2.
{{cite book}}
:|edition=
has extra text (help)
- ^ a b Yariv, §10.3, p. 208-211.
- ^ Koechner §6.1.1, pp. 251–264.
- ^ Palafox, Gilbert N. (2003). "Rapid in-vitro physiologic flow experimentation using rapid prototyping and particle image velocimetry" (pdf). 2003 Summer Bioengineering Conference: 419. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help)