Jump to content

Odesa: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
ClueBot (talk | contribs)
1,596,818 edits
m Reverting possible vandalism by 202.156.14.200 to version by Taivo. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot. (721047) (Bot)
Undid revision 294582350 by ClueBot (talk) moved to correct place. Not Vandalism
Line 1: Line 1:
#REDIRECT [[Odesa]]
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Odesa
|native_name = Одеса
|former_name = Odessa
|image_skyline = potemkinstairs.jpg
|image_caption = [[Potemkin Stairs]]
|image_flag = Flag of Odessa, Ukraine.svg
|image_shield = Odesa emblem.gif
|shield_size = 90px
|image_map = Odesa-Ukraine-Map.png
|map_caption = Map of Ukraine (blue) with Odessa highlighted (red dot) within Odessa Oblast (pink).
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{UKR}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Oblast]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Odessa Oblast}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Raion|City Municipality]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Image:Flag of Odessa, Ukraine.svg|22px|border]] Odessa
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Eduard Gurwits
|established_title = Port founded
|established_date = [[September 2]], [[1794]]
|area_total_km2 = 163
|population_as_of = 2008
|population_total = 1,080,000
|population_metro = 1,191,000<sup>1</sup>
|population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
|population_blank1 = Odessit / Odessitka
|population_density_km2 = 6141
|timezone = EET
|utc_offset = +2
|timezone_DST = EEST
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|latd=46 |latm=28 |lats=00 |latNS=N
|longd=30 |longm=44 |longs=00 |longEW=E
|elevation_m = 40
|elevation_max_m = 65
|elevation_min_m = -5
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 65000 — 65480
|area_code = +380 48
|blank1_name = [[Town twinning|Sister cities]]
|blank1_info = <small>[[Alexandria]], [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Chişinău]], [[Constanţa]], [[Genoa]], [[Grozny]], [[Haifa]], [[Istanbul]], [[Kolkata]], [[Larnaca]], [[Liverpool]], [[Łódź]], [[Marseille]], [[Minsk]], [[Moscow]], [[Nicosia]], [[Oulu]], [[Piraeus]], [[Qingdao]], [[Regensburg]], [[Split (city)|Split]], [[Szeged]], [[Tallinn]], [[Tbilisi]], [[Tripoli]], [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]], [[Vancouver]], [[Varna]], [[Yerevan]], [[Yokohama]]</small><ref name="sistercities">{{cite web|url=http://www.misto.odessa.ua/index.php?u=gorod/brat|title=Odessa sister cities|language=Russian|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref>
|website = [http://www.odessa.ua/?lang=en www.odessa.ua]
|footnotes = <sup>1</sup> The population of the metropolitan area is as of 2001.
}}

'''Odessa''' or '''Odesa''' ({{lang-uk|Одеса}}; {{lang-ru|Одесса}}; {{lang-ro|Odesa}}; {{Lang-el|Οδησσός}}; {{lang-yi|אדעס}} ) is the [[Capital (political)|administrative center]] of the [[Odessa Oblast]] ([[oblast|province]]) located in southern [[Ukraine]]. The city is a major [[port|seaport]] located on the shore of the [[Black Sea]] and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 (as of the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]]).<ref name="fourth">{{cite web|title=About number and composition population of UKRAINE by All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001 data.|work=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|accessdate=2006-07-30}}</ref>

Odessa was founded by Turkish Tatar Khan, Hacibey (Kocibey) in 1240 and was controlled by the Turks until 1789 Turkish/Russian War.
The Russians renamed the city Odessa in 1794.
From 1819–1858 Odessa was a [[free port]]. During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period it was the most important port of trade in the [[Soviet Union]] and a Soviet [[Naval dockyard|naval base]]. On [[January 1]], [[2000]] the Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port was declared a [[free port]] and [[free economic zone]] for a term of 25 years.

In the 19th century it was the fourth largest city of [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]], after [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg]], and [[Warsaw]].<ref name="PH">{{cite journal|first=Patricia|last=Herlihy|authorlink =Patricia Herlihy|year=1977|title=The Ethnic Composition of the City of Odessa in the Nineteenth Century|pages=g. 53}}</ref> Its historical architecture has a flavor more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by [[France|French]] and [[Italy|Italian]] styles.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}

Odessa is a [[Port|warm water port]], but of limited military value. [[Turkey]]'s control of the [[Dardanelles]] and [[Bosporus|Bosphorus]] has enabled [[NATO]] to control water traffic between Odessa and the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The city of Odessa hosts two important ports: Odessa itself and [[Yuzhne|Yuzhny]] (also an internationally important oil [[Container terminal|terminal]]), situated in the city's suburbs. Another important port, [[Illichivsk|Illichivs'k]] (or ''Ilyichyovsk''), is located in the same [[oblast]], to the south-west of Odessa. Together they represent a major transportation junction integrated with railways. Odessa's oil- and chemical-processing facilities are connected to [[Russia]]'s and [[European Union|EU]]'s respective networks by strategic pipelines.

==Name==
The origin of the name, or the reasons for naming the town Odessa, are not known, though [[etymology|etymologies]] and [[anecdote]]s abound. According to one of the stories, when someone suggested [[Odessos]] as a name for the new port (see [[Odessa#History|History]]), [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine&nbsp;II]] said that all names in the South of the Empire were already 'masculine,' and didn't want yet another one, so she decided to change it to more 'feminine' Odessa. This anecdote is highly dubious, because there were at least two cities ([[Yevpatoria|Eupatoria]] and [[Theodosia]]) whose names sound 'feminine' for a Russian. Furthermore, the [[Tsaritsa]] was not a native Russian speaker, and finally, all cities are [[grammatical gender|feminine]] in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] (as well as in [[Latin]]). Another legend derives the name 'Odessa' from the word-play: in [[French language|French]] (which ''was'' then the language spoken at the Russian court), 'plenty of water' is ''assez d'eau''; if said backwards, it sounds similar to that of the Greek colony's name (and water-related pun makes perfect sense, because Odessa, though situated next to the huge body of water, has limited fresh water supply). Regardless, a legend regarding a link with the name of the ancient Greek colony persists, so there might be some truth in the [[oral tradition]].

==History==
===From the first settlements to the end of the 19th century===
The site of Odessa was once occupied by an [[Colonies in antiquity#Greek colonies (apoikiai)|ancient Greek colony]]. Archeological artifacts confirm links between the Odessa area and the eastern [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. In the Middle Ages the Odessa region was ruled in succession by various [[Nomad|nomadic tribes]] ([[Pechenegs|Petchenegs]], [[Cumans]]), the [[Golden Horde]], the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], the [[Crimean Khanate]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Yedisan]] [[Crimean Tatars]] traded there in the [[14th century]]. During the reign of [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Hacı I Giray|Haci I Giray]], the Khanate was endangered by the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] and, in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The site of present-day Odessa was then a town known as '''Khadjibey''' (also spelled as Khadjibei, Khacdjibei, Hacıbey, Hocabey or Gadzhibei in Turkish; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: ''Chadžibėjus''; [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]: ''Hacıbey'') and was part of the [[Dykra]] region. However, most of the area was mostly uninhabited.
[[Image:Odessa downtown.jpg|thumb|right|Odessa Сircuit Court building and Church of the monastery of St. Panteleimon (church consecrated in 1895; used as a [[planetarium]] from 1961–1991).]]

Khadjibey came under direct control of the [[Ottoman Empire]] after 1529 and was part of a region known as [[Yedisan]] and was administered in the Ottoman [[Silistra Province, Ottoman Empire|Silistra (Özi) Province]]. In the mid-18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt a fortress at Khadjibey (also was known Hocabey), which was named '''Yeni Dünya'''. Hocabey was a sanjak centre of Silistre Province.

During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792]], on [[25 September]] [[1789]], a detachment of [[Armed forces of the Russian Federation|Russian forces]] under [[Ivan Gudovich]] took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the [[Russian Empire]]. One part of the troops was under command of a [[Spanish people|Spaniard]] in Russian service, [[Major General]] [[José de Ribas]] (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas) and the main street in Odessa today, [[Deribasovskaya Street]], is named after him. Russia formally gained possession of the area as a result of the [[Treaty of Jassy]] (Iaşi) in 1792 and it became a part of the so-called [[Novorossiya]] ("[[Novorossiya|New Russia]]").

The city was originally founded by Turkish Khan Hacibey (kocibey) and after officially founded in 1794 as a Imperial Russian naval fortress on the ruins of ''Khadjibey'' and renamed '''Odessa''' by January 1795, when its new name was first mentioned in official correspondence.

However, adjacent to the new official locality, a [[Romanians|Romanian]] colony already existed, which by the end of 1700s was an independent settlement known under the name of [[Moldavanka]]. Legend has it that the settlement predates Odessa by about thirty years and asserts that the locality was founded by Romanians from [[Moldavia]] (hence the name) who came to build the fortress of Yeni Dunia for the Ottomans and eventually settled in the area in the late 1760s, right next to the settlement of Khadjibey (since 1795 Odessa proper), on what later became the [[Primorskii Boulevard]].<ref>Richardson, p.110</ref>
The Romanians owned relatively small plots on which they built village style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens. What was to become [[Mikhailovskaia Square]] was the centre of this settlement and the site of its first [[Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox church]], the [[Church of the Dormition (Odessa)|Church of the Dormition]], built in 1821 close to the sea shore, as well as of a cemetery. Nearby were the [[Barracks|military barracks]] and the country houses ([[dacha]]) of the city's wealthy residents, including that of the [[Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu|Duc de Richelieu]], appointed by Czar [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexande I]] as Governor of Odessa in 1803.
In the period from 1795 to 1814 the population of Odesa has increased 15 times and reached almost 20 thousand people. Colonist of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of former Romanian colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the nineteenth century, Moldavanka emerged as the dominant settlement.
After planning by the official architects who designed buildings in Odessa's central district, such as the Italians [[Franz Karlowicz Boffo]] and [[Giovanni Torichelli]], Moldovanka was included in the general city plan, though the original grid-like plan of Moldovankan streets, lanes and squares remained unchanged.<ref>Richardson, p.110</ref>

[[Image:Aivazovsky, Ivan Constantinovich ~ The Harbor at Odessa on the Black Sea, oil on canvas, 1852.jpg‎|thumb|left|[[Ivan Aivazovsky]], Nineteenth-Century painting depicting Odessa Harbor.]]
[[Image:Odessa vlasenko.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ivan Martos]]'s statue of [[Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu|Duc de Richelieu]] in Odessa]]

The new city quickly became a major success. Its early growth owed much to the work of the Duc de Richelieu, who served as the city's governor between 1803–1814. Having fled the [[French Revolution]], he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered one of the founding fathers of Odessa, together with another Frenchman, Count [[Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron]], who succeeded him in office. Richelieu is commemorated by a [[Bronze sculpture|bronze statue]], unveiled in 1828 to a design by [[Ivan Martos]].
[[Image:Odessa richelieu.jpg|thumb|right|Richelieu Street and the Opera Theater in the 1890s.]]

In 1819 the city was made a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of [[Ukrainians]], [[Russians]], [[Jew]]s, [[Poles]], [[Romanians]], [[Greeks]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Albanians]], [[Armenians]], [[Italians]], [[French people|Frenchmen]], [[Germans]] (including [[Mennonite]]s) and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous 'ethnic' names on the city's map, ''e.g.'', ''Frantsuszkiy'' (French) and ''Italianskiy'' (Italian) Boulevards, ''Grecheskaya'' (Greek), ''Evreyskaya'' (Jewish), ''Arnautskaya'' (Albanian) Streets). Its [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] nature was documented by the great [[List of Russian language poets|Russian poet]] [[Alexander Pushkin]], who lived in [[Exile|internal exile]] in Odessa between 1823–1824. In his letters he wrote that Odessa was a city where "you can smell Europe. French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".
Odessa's growth was interrupted by the [[Crimean War]] of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] and [[France|French]] naval forces. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odessa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866 the city was linked by rail with [[Kiev]] and [[Kharkiv]] as well as [[Iaşi]], [[Romania]].

The city became the home of a large [[Kehilla|Jewish community]] during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. They were, however, repeatedly subjected to severe persecution. [[Pogrom]]s were carried out in [[Odessa pogrom|1821, 1859, 1871, 1881, and 1905]]. Many Odessan Jews fled abroad, particularly to [[Palestine]] after 1882, and the city became an important base of support for [[Zionism]].

===First half of the 20th century===
[[Image:potemkinstairs.jpg|thumb|right|The 142-metre-long [[Potemkin Stairs]] (constructed 1837–1841), made famous by [[Sergei Eisenstein]] in his movie ''[[The Battleship Potemkin]]'' (1925).]]

In 1905 Odessa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the [[Russian battleship Potemkin]] (also see [[Russian battleship Potemkin|Battleship Potemkin uprising]]) and [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s [[Iskra]]. [[Sergei Eisenstein]]'s famous motion picture ''[[The Battleship Potemkin]]'' commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odessan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the [[Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu|Duc de Richelieu]]. The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the movie caused many to visit Odessa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odessa Steps" continue to be a [[tourist attraction]] in Odessa. The film was made at Odessa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet Union]].

[[Image:Bolsheviks enter odessa.jpg|thumb|left|[[Red Army|Bolshevik forces]] enter Odessa. February, 1920.]]

Following the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] in 1917 during [[World War I]], Odessa was occupied by several groups, including the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] ''[[Tsentralna Rada|Tsentral'na Rada]]'', the [[French Army]], the [[Red Army]] and the [[White movement|White Army]]. Finally, in 1920, the Red Army took control of Odessa and united it with the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], which later became part of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]].

[[Image:Odessa Soviet artilery.JPG|right|thumb|Soviet gun crew in action at Odessa in 1941]]
The people of Odessa suffered from a [[famine]] that occurred in 1921–1922 as a result of the Civil war. In 1941 the retreating Red Army units destroyed as much as they could of Odessa harbour facilities. The city was [[land mine]]d in the same way as [[Kiev]]. During [[World War II]], from 1941–1944, Odessa was subject to [[Romania during World War II|Romania]]n administration, as the city had been made part of the [[Transnistria (World War II)|Transnistria]] occupation district. Romanians used the name 'Odessa' as the Ukrainian version of the city. The Romanian occupation may be described a "soft one" compared to the short period of German occupation in 1944.<ref>Richardson, p.97</ref> The Romanian [[General officer|commanding General]] made an unofficial armistice with the partisans hidden in the [[Odessa Catacombs|city's catacombs]], who in turn did not mount much resistance to the Romanians.

At the same time, the occupying administration continued to run the public schools, theatres and the university, and to allow locals to operate private businesses. After the change of the [[Rail gauge|Russian gauge]] 1,524&nbsp;mm to European 1,435&nbsp;mm gauge, the [[Căile Ferate Române|Romanian State Railways]] (CFR) connected Odessa with two daily express trains to [[Bucharest]]-[[Gara de Nord]]. These trains run until March 19, 1944. In addition to the CFR trains, there was a daily train for German soldiers, 841 / 941, introduced in 1942 that ran from Odessa to [[Szolnok]] in [[Hungary]] and back.

When the people of Odessa suffered from hunger, the Romanians transported grain from [[Bessarabia]] to Odessa in 1942 and 1943. It is told that the Romanians imported the best [[cognac]] and wines, in addition to two train loads of the best [[French cuisine|French food]] in 1942 to the restaurants of Odessa, from France. During the April 1944 battle Odessa suffered severe damage and many casualties. Many parts of Odessa were damaged during its [[Siege of Odessa (1941)|siege]] and recapture on [[10 April]] [[1944]], when the city was finally liberated by the [[Red Army]]. It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "[[Hero City]]" in 1945, though local narratives, though sometimes ambivalent, often contradict Soviet claims that the occupation was a time of hardship, deprivation, oppression and suffering - claims embodied in public monuments and disseminated through the media to this day.<ref>Richardson, p.103</ref> Subsequent Soviet policies imprisoned and executed numerous Odessans (and deported most of the German and Tatar population) on account of collaboration with the occupiers.<ref>Richardson, p.17</ref>

====The Odessa Massacre====
{{main|Odessa Massacre}}
Following the [[Siege of Odessa (1941)|Siege of Odessa]], and the [[Axis powers|Axis]] occupation, approximately 25,000 Odessans (mostly Jews) were murdered and over 35,000 deported. Most of the atrocities were committed during the first six months of the occupation which officially begun on 17 October 1941, after the bombing of the Romanian HQ and the subsequent brutal response of the Romanian military.<ref>Richardson, p.33</ref> After this time period, the Romanian administration changed its policy, refusing to deport the remaining [[Jewish population]] to extermination camps in German occupied Poland, and allowing Jews to work as hired laborers. As a result, despite the tragic events of 1941, the survival of the Jews in this area was higher than in other areas of occupied Europe.<ref>Richardson, p.33</ref>

===Second half of the 20th century===
<!-- Needs to be rewritten -->

[[Image:Passenger Terminal of the port.jpg|thumb|Passenger Terminal of the Odessa port]]
[[Image:Odessa 1.jpg|thumb|Tolstogo Street.]]

During the 1960s and 1970s the city grew tremendously. Nevertheless, the majority of Odessa's [[Jew]]s emigrated to [[Israel]], the [[United States]] and other [[Western world|Western]] countries between the 1970s and 1990s.Many ended up in the [[Brooklyn]] neighborhood of [[Brighton Beach]], sometimes known as "Little Odessa". Domestic migration of Odessan middle and [[Social class|upper classes]] to [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on a large scale. But the city grew rapidly by filling the void with new rural migrants elsewhere from Ukraine and industrial professionals invited from all over the Soviet Union.

Despite being part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Mediterranean culture and a predominantly [[Russophone]] environment with a uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city. The city's Russian, Ukrainian, Greek, Armenian, Moldovan, Bulgarian, and Jewish communities have influenced different aspects of Odessa life.

In 1991, after the collapse of [[Communism]], the city became part of newly independent [[Ukraine]]. Today Odessa is a city of more than 1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, [[Oil refinery|oil refining]], chemicals, metalworking and food processing. Odessa is also a Ukrainian [[Navy|naval]] [[Military base|base]] and home to a [[fishing fleet]]. It is also known for its huge outdoor market, the [[Seventh-Kilometer Market]], the biggest market of the kind in Europe.

==Government and administrative divisions==
[[Image:Odessa theatre.jpg|thumb|The [[Baroque architecture#Rome and South Italy|Italian baroque]] [[facade|façade]] of the [[Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater]].]]
[[Image:Odessa dworzec.jpg|thumb|The Odessa Main Railway Station.]]

While Odessa is the [[Capital (political)|administrative center]] of the [[Odessa Oblast]] ([[Oblast|province]]), the city is the capital of the Odessa City Municipality. However, Odessa is a [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|city of oblast subordinance]], thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the Odessa City Municipality housed in the city itself.

The territory of Odessa is divided into four administrative [[raion]]s ([[district]]s):

# Kyivskyi Raion ({{lang-uk|Київський район}})
# Malynovskyi Raion ({{lang-uk|Малиновський район}})
# Prymorskyi Raion ({{lang-uk|Приморський район}})
# Suvorovskyi Raion ({{lang-uk|Суворовський район}})

In addition, every raion has its own administration, subordinate to the Odessa [[City council|City Council]], and with limited responsibilities.

==Geography and features==
Odessa is situated ({{coord|46|28|N|30|44|E|type:city(1,012,500)_region:UA}}) on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor, approximately 31&nbsp;km (19 mi.) north of the estuary of the [[Dniester]] river and some 443&nbsp;km (275 mi) south of the Ukrainian capital [[Kiev]]. The city has a mild and dry climate with average temperatures in January of -2 °C (29 °F), and July of 22 °C (72 °F). It averages only 350&nbsp;mm (14 in) of precipitation annually.

The primary language spoken is [[Russian language|Russian]], with [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] being less common despite its being an [[official language]] in Ukraine. The city is a mix of many nationalities and [[ethnic group]]s, including [[Ukrainians]], [[Russians]], [[Greeks]], [[Jew]]s, [[Moldovans]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Armenians]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Georgians]], [[Germans]], [[Koreans]], and many others.

==Attractions==
{{Further|[[Template:Odessa|Odessa attractions]]}}

===Resorts and health care===
Odessa is a popular [[tourist destination]], with many therapeutic [[resort]]s in and around the city.

The [[The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy|Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy]] in Odessa is one of the world's leading [[ophthalmology]] clinics.

===Odessa catacombs===
{{Further|[[Odessa Catacombs]]}}

Most of the city's 19th century houses were built of [[limestone]] mined nearby. Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local [[Smuggling|smuggler]]s. This created a gigantic complicated [[labyrinth]] of underground tunnels beneath Odessa, known as "[[catacombs]]". They are a now a great attraction for [[Extreme tourism|extreme tourist]]s. Such tours, however, are not officially sanctioned and are dangerous because the layout of the catacombs has not been fully mapped and the tunnels themselves are unsafe. The tunnels are a primary reason why a [[Rapid transit|subway]] system was never built in Odessa.

==Transportation==
The first car in Russia, a [[Mercedes-Benz]] belonging to V. Navrotsky, came to Odessa from France in 1891. He was a popular city publisher of the newspaper ''The Odessa Leaf''.
Odessa was the first city in Imperial Russia to have steam tramway lines since from 1881, only one year after [[Horsecar|horse tramway]] in 1880 operated by the "Tramways d´Odessa", a Belgian owned company. The first [[Narrow gauge railway|metre gauge]] steam tramway line run from Railway Station to Great Fontaine and the second one to Hadzhi Bey Liman. These were operated by the same Belgian company. Electric tramway started to operate on on 22.08.1907. Trams were imported from Germany.
The city [[Public transport|public transit]] in Odessa is currently represented by trams<ref name = "trams"> {{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url =http://www.dgmaestro.com/tram
|title =Odessa Tram Themes
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat =mdy
|accessdate =May 2 2006
}} </ref> (streetcars), [[trolleybus]]es, [[bus]]es and fixed-route taxis ([[marshrutka]]s). Odessa also has a [[cable car]], cable-way, and recreational ferry service.
[[Odessa International Airport]] is served by major airline carriers, including Aerosvit, Ukraine International, [[Austrian Airlines]], [[Czech Airlines]], [[El Al]], and [[Turkish Airlines]]. These and other airlines provide flights to numerous locations in Europe and Asia.
[[Train|Passenger trains]] connect Odessa with [[Warsaw]], [[Prague]], [[Bratislava]], [[Vienna]], [[Berlin]], [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg|St.-Petersburg]], the cities of Ukraine and many other cities of the former USSR.
Intercity bus services are available from Odessa to many cities in Germany ([[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]] and [[Munich]]), [[Greece]] ([[Thessaloniki]] and [[Athens]]), [[Bulgaria]] ([[Varna]] and [[Sofia]]) and several cities of [[Ukraine]] and [[Europe]].

Passenger ships and ferries connect Odessa with [[Istanbul]], [[Haifa]], and [[Varna]].

==Famous people from Odessa==
{{further|People born in Odessa at [[:Category:People from Odessa]]}}
[[Image:The Philharmonic Society.jpg|thumb|The Philharmonic Society]]
[[Image:Stoliarsky school.jpg‎|thumb|right|200px|School of Stolyarsky Odessa, [[Ukraine]]]]
[[Image:The Archeological Museum.jpg|thumb|Odessa Archaeological Museum was designed in the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical style]] just like many other landmarks of the city.]]

===Political leaders===
[[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]] was born in Odessa, and largely developed his version of Zionism there in early 1920s{{Fact|date=April 2009}}.

===Poets and writers===
Poet [[Anna Akhmatova]] was born in Bolshoy Fontan near Odessa. The city has produced many writers, including [[Isaac Babel]], [[Ilf and Petrov]], and [[Yury Olesha|Yuri Olesha]]. [[Vera Inber]], a poet and writer, as well as the famous poet and journalist, [[Margarita Aliger]] were both born in Odessa.

===Scientists===
A list of world known scientists lived and worked in Odessa. Among them: [[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov|Ilya Mechnikov]] (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908), [[Igor Tamm]] (Nobel Prize in Physics 1958), [[Selman Waksman]] (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1952), [[Dmitri Mendeleev]], [[Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov|Nikolay Pirogov]], [[Ivan Sechenov]], [[George Gamow]], [[Nikolay Umov]], [[Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam|Leonid Mandelstam]], [[Aleksandr Lyapunov]], [[Mark Grigoryevich Krein|Mark Krein]], [[Alexander Smakula]], [[Waldemar Haffkine]], [[Valentin Glushko]], etc.

===Artists===
[[Jacob Pavlovich Adler|Jacob Adler]], the major star of the [[Yiddish theatre|Yiddish Theater]] in New York and father of the actor, director, and teacher [[Stella Adler]], was born in and spent his youth in Odessa. The most popular Russian show-business people from Odessa are [[Yakov Smirnoff]] ([[comedian]]), [[Mikhail Zhvanetsky]] (legendary [[List of humorists|humorist]] writer, who began his career as port engineer) and [[Roman Kartsev]] ([[comedian]]). Zhvanetsky's and Kartsev's success in 1970s, together with Odessa's [[KVN]] team, much contributed to Odessa's established status of a "capital of Soviet humour", culminating in the annual [[Humorina]] festival, carried out on and around the [[April Fools' Day|April Fool's Day]]. Odessa was also the home of the late [[Armenia]]n painter [[Sarkis Ordyan]] (1918-2003) and [[Greece|Greek]] philologist, author and promoter of [[Modern Greek|Demotic Greek]] [[Ioannis Psycharis]] (1854-1929).

One of the most prominent pre-war [[Russian literature|Soviet writers]], [[Valentin Kataev]], was born here and began his writing career as early as high school (gymnasia). Before moving to Moscow in 1922, he made quite a few acquaintances here, including [[Yury Olesha]] and the writing duo [[Ilf and Petrov]]. He became a benefactor for these young authors, who moved to being among the most talented and popular [[List of Russian language writers|Russian writers]] of this period. Kataev later became a [[Editing|chief editor]] of one of the leading literature magazines of the [[Khrushchev Thaw|Ottepel]] of the 50-60-s in USSR, the Yunost' (Юность).

These authors and comedians played a great role in establishing the "Odessa myth" in the Soviet Union. Odessites were and are viewed in [[Russian culture]] (in the broad sense of the word "Russian") as sharp-witted, street-wise and eternally optimistic. These qualities (along with a strong accent) are reflected in the notorious "Odessa dialect", borrowing chiefly from the characteristic speech of the Ukrainian Jews, enriched by a plethora of influences common for the port city. The "Odessite speech" became a staple of a "Soviet Jew" depicted in a multitude of jokes and comedy acts, in which the Jew served as a wise and subtle dissenter and opportunist, always pursuing his own [[Quality of life|well-being]], but unwittingly pointing out the flaws and absurdities of the Soviet regime. Although the everyday [[antisemitism]] was rather strong in the nation's unconsciousness, the Jew in the jokes always "came out clean" and was, in the end, a lovable character - unlike some of other jocular nation stereotypes such as The Chukcha, The Ukrainian, The Estonian or The American.

===Musicians===
Odessa produced one of the founders of the Soviet violin school, [[Piotr Stolyarsky]]. It has also produced a famous composer [[Oscar Borisovich Feltsman]] and a galaxy of stellar musicians, including the [[violin]]ists [[Nathan Milstein]], [[David Oistrakh]] and [[Igor Oistrakh]],[[Boris Goldstein]], [[Zakhar Bron]], and [[pianist]]s [[Sviatoslav Richter]], [[Benno Moiseiwitsch]], [[Vladimir de Pachmann]], [[Shura Cherkassky]], [[Emil Gilels]], [[Maria Grinberg]], [[Simon Barere]], [[Leo Podolsky]], and [[Yakov Zak]].

===Athletes===
The [[chess]] player [[Efim Geller]] was born in the city. Gymnast [[Tatiana Gutsu]] known as "The Painted Bird of Odessa" brought home Ukraine's first Gold Medal as an independent nation when she outscored the USA's [[Shannon Miller]] in the women's All-Around event at [[1992 Summer Olympics]] held in Barcelona Spain.

Other notable sportsmen:
[[Nikolai Viktorovich Avilov|Nikolai Avilov]] - [[Lists of Olympic medalists|Olympic champion]] in decathlon,
[[Oksana Baiul]] - Olympic champion in figure skating,
[[Viktor Petrenko]] - Olympic champion in figure skating,
[[Ihor Belanov|Igor Belanov]] - [[Ballon d'Or|European Footballer of the Year]] in 1986,
[[Lenny Krayzelburg]] - Olympic champion swimmer.
[[Artur Kyshenko]] - K1 [[Muay Thai]] Kickboxer
[[Ekaterina Rubleva]] - Russian [[Ice dancing|Ice Dancing]] Champion.
[[Maksim Chmerkovskiy]] - Professional ballroom and Latin dancer on the American Dancing With the Stars.

==International Relations==
===Twin towns - Sister cities===
'''Odessa''' is [[town twinning|twinned]], has sister and partner relationships with many other cities throughout the World:
====Sister cities====
{|style="width:100%"
|-
|width=33.3%|
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Alexandria]] in [[Egypt]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Baltimore]] in [[United States]]
* {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Chişinău]] in [[Moldova]]
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Constanţa]] in [[Romania]]
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Galaţi]] in [[Romania]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Genoa]] in [[Italy]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Kolkata]] in [[India]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Liverpool]] in [[United Kingdom|UK]] <small>''(since 1956)'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Community_and_living/Twinning/index.asp|title=Liverpool City Council: twinning|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref></small>
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Łódź]] in [[Poland]] <small>''(since 1993)'' <ref name="Łódź Tourism">''{{cite web |url=http://en.www.uml.lodz.pl/index.php?str=2029 |title=Twin Cities |accessdate=2008-10-23 |work=The City of Łódź Office|publisher=<small>[[Image:Uk flag.gif|14px]] [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|border|10px]] {{fontcolor|Green|(in [[English language|{{fontcolor|Green|English}}]] and [[Polish language|{{fontcolor|Green|Polish}}]])}} [[copyright|©]] 2007 UMŁ</small>}}</small></ref>''</small>
|width=33.3%|
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Marseille]]s in [[France]] <small>''(since 1972)'' <ref name="Marseille">''{{cite web |url=http://www.marseille.fr/vdm/cms/accueil/mairie/international/pid/185 |title=Marseille Official Website - Twin Cities |accessdate=2008-11-26 |publisher= <small>[[Image:Flag of France.svg|10px]] {{fontcolor|Green|(in [[French language|{{fontcolor|Green|French}}]]}}) [[copyright|©]] 2008 Ville de Marseille}}</small></ref>''</small>
* {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nicosia]] in [[Cyprus]]
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Oulu]] in [[Finland]]
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Piraeus]] in [[Greece]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Regensburg]] in [[Germany]]
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Szeged]] in [[Hungary]]
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Split (city)|Split]] in [[Croatia]]
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İstanbul]] in [[Turkey]] <small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref><ref> {{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=2003-11-03|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref></small>
|width=33.3%|
* {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Haifa]] in [[Israel]] <small>''(since 1992)'' <ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.haifa.muni.il/Cultures/en-US/city/CitySecretary_ForeignAffairs/EngActs.htm |title=Twin City acitivities |publisher=Haifa Municipality |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref></small>
* {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Sidon]] in [[Lebanon]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Qingdao]] in [[People's Republic of China|China]]
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] in [[Spain]] <small>''(since 1982)'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/rinternacionales_accesible.nsf/vDocumentosTituloAux/D80022569C2533B9C12571F100285E72?OpenDocument&bdOrigen=ayuntamiento%2Frinternacionales_accesible.nsf&idapoyo=&lang=1&nivel=3|title=Municipality of Valencia: ciudades hermanadas con Valencia|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref></small>
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Vancouver]] in [[Canada]]
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Varna]] in [[Bulgaria]]
* {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]] in [[Armenia]]
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yokohama]] in [[Japan]] <small><ref name="Yokohama">{{cite web |url=http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html|title=Official Yokohama City Tourism Website: ''Sister Cities''|accessdate=2008-11-11 |publisher=<small>[[copyright|©]] Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</small></ref></small>
|}

====Partner cities====
{|style="width:100%"
|-
|width=33.3%|
* {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] in [[Belarus]]<small><ref>[http://city.brest.by/article_in.php?id=1464&tc=26&tc2=31 Побратимские связи г. Бреста.]</ref></small>
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdańsk|Gdansk]] in [[Poland]]
* {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Klaipėda|Klaipeda]] in [[Lithuania]]
* {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Larnaca]] in [[Cyprus]]
* {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Ljubljana]] in [[Slovenia]]
|width=33.3%|
* {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]] in [[Belarus]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]] in [[Russia]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Rostov-on-Don]] in [[Russia]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]] in [[Russia]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Taganrog]] in [[Russia]]
|width=33.3%|
* {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]] in [[Estonia]]
* {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Valparaíso|Valparaiso]] in [[Chile]]
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Vienna]] in [[Austria]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Volgograd]] in [[Russia]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
* {{cite book
|last = Richardson
|first = Tanya
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 2008
|title = Kaleidoscopic Odessa: History and Place in Contemporary Ukraine
|publisher = University of Toronto Press
|location =
|isbn = 0802095631
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=BmXmyel_q6EC
}}

==See also==
* [[Culture of Odessa]]
* [[History of the Jews in the Soviet Union|History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union]]
* [[Moldavanka]], the historical neighborhood of Odessa
* [[1941 Odessa massacre|Odessa massacre]]
* [[Odessa Soviet Republic]]
* [[Siege of Odessa (1941)|Siege of Odessa]]

==Further reading==
<div class="references-small">
* {{cite book
|last = Dallin
|first = Alexander
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 1998
|title = Odessa, 1941–1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule
|publisher = Iaşi–Oxford–Portland: Center for Romanian Studies
|location =
|isbn = 973-98391-1-8, hardcover
|url = http://odessitclub.org/en/archives/dallin/dallin.html
}} Complete book available online.
*{{cite book
|last = Friedberg
|first = Maurice
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 1991
|title = How Things Were Done in Odessa: Cultural and Intellectual Pursuits in a Soviet City
|publisher = Westview Press
|location = Boulder, CO
|isbn =0-8133-7987-3, hardcover
}} [http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=How_Things_Were_Done_in_Odessa Two reviews]
*{{cite book
|last = Ghervas
|first = Stella
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 2008
|title = Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un éclairage historique
|publisher = Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme
|location = Paris
|isbn = 978-2-7351-1182-4
}} In the book Stella Ghervas & François Rosset, ''Lieux d'Europe. Mythes et limites''.
* {{cite book
|last = Ghervas
|first = Stella
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 2008
|title = Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance
|publisher = Honoré Champion
|location = Paris
|isbn = 978-2-7453-1669-1, hardcover
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Gubar
|first = Oleg
|year = 2004
|title = Odessa: New Monuments, Memorial Plaques, and Buildings
|publisher = Optimum
|location = Odessa
|isbn =966-8072-86-3
}}
*{{cite journal
|first = Patricia
|last = Herlihy
|authorlink =Patricia Herlihy
|coauthors =
|year = 1977
|month =
|title = The Ethnic Composition of the City of Odessa in the Nineteenth Century
|journal = Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University
|volume = 1
|issue = 1
|pages = 53–78
|id =
|url = http://www.huri.harvard.edu/pdf/hus_volumes/vI_n1march1977.pdf
|format=PDF}}
*{{cite journal
|first = Patricia
|last = Herlihy
|authorlink =Patricia Herlihy
|coauthors =
|year = 1979–1980
|month =
|title = Greek Merchants in Odessa in the Nineteenth Century
|journal = Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University
|volume = 3
|issue = 4
|pages = 399–420
|id =
|url = http://www.huri.harvard.edu/pdf/hus_volumes/vIII-IV_1979-1980_part2.pdf
|format=PDF}}
*{{cite book
|last = Herlihy
|first = Patricia
|authorlink =Patricia Herlihy
|coauthors =
|year = 1987, 1991
|title = Odessa: A History, 1794–1914
|publisher = Harvard University Press
|location = Cambridge, MA
|isbn = 0-916458-15-6, hardcover; ISBN 0-916458-43-1, paperback reprint
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Herlihy
|first = Patricia
|authorlink =Patricia Herlihy
|coauthors =
|year = 2002
|title = Commerce and Architecture in Odessa in Late Imperial Russia
|publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press
|location = Baltimore
|isbn = 0-8018-6750-9, hardcover
}} In the book ''Commerce in Russian Urban Culture 1861–1914.''
* {{cite book
|last = Herlihy
|first = Patricia
|authorlink =Patricia Herlihy
|year = 2003
|title = Port Jews of Odessa and Trieste: A Tale of Two Cities (Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts&nbsp;II)
|publisher = Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt
|location = München
|isbn = 3-421-05522-X
}}
*{{cite journal
|first = Patricia
|last = Herlihy
|authorlink =Patricia Herlihy
|coauthors = Gubar, Oleg
|year =
|month =
|title = The Persuasive Power of the Odessa Myth
|journal = Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University
|volume =
|issue =
|pages =
|id =
|url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=The_Persuasive_Power_of_the_Odessa_Myth
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Kaufman
|first = Bel
|authorlink =
|coauthors = Oleg Gubar (Contributor), Alexander Rozenboim (Contributor), Nicholas&nbsp;V. Iljine (Editor), [[Patricia Herlihy]] (Editor).
|year =2004
|title = Odessa Memories
|publisher = University of Washington Press
|location = Seattle
|isbn =0-295-98345-0, hardcover
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Kononova
|first = G.
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 1984
|title =Odessa: A Guide
|publisher = Raduga Publishers
|location = Moscow
|id =
|url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Makolkin
|first = Anna
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 2004
|title = A History of Odessa, the Last Italian Black Sea Colony
|publisher = Edwin Mellen Press
|location = Lewiston, NY
|isbn =0-7734-6272-4, hardcover
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Mazis
|first = John Athanasios
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 2004
|title = The Greeks of Odessa: Diaspora Leadership in Late Imperial Russia (East European Monographs)
|publisher = Columbia University Press
|location = New York
|isbn = 0-88033-545-9, hardcover
}}
*{{cite book
|first = Alexander
|last = Orbach
|coauthors =
|year = 1997
|title = New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860–1871 (Studies in Judaism in Modern Times, No.&nbsp;4)
|publisher = Brill Academic Publishers
|location = Leiden
|isbn =90-04-06175-4, hardcover
}}
*{{cite journal
|first = Robert A.
|last = Rothstein
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 2001
|title = How It Was Sung in Odessa: At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture
|journal = [[Slavic Review]]
|volume = 60
|issue = 4
|pages = 781–801
|doi = 10.2307/2697495
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Skinner
|first = Frederick&nbsp;W.
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 1986
|title = Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization
|publisher = Indiana University Press
|location = Bloomington, Indiana
|isbn = 0-253-31370-8, hardcover
}} In the book ''The City in Late Imperial Russia (Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies)''.
*{{cite journal
|first = Roshanna P.
|last = Sylvester
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 2001
|month =
|title = City of Thieves: Moldavanka, Criminality, and Respectability in Prerevolutionary Odessa
|journal = Journal of Urban History
|volume = 27
|issue = 2
|pages = 131–157
|id =
|url =
|doi = 10.1177/009614420102700201
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Weinberg
|first = Robert
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 1992
|title = The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: A Case Study
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|location = Cambridge, MA
|isbn = 0-521-40532-7, hardcover
}} In the book ''Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History''.
*{{cite book
|last = Weinberg
|first = Robert
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year =1993
|title = The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps (Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies)
|publisher = Indiana University Press
|location = Bloomington, Indiana
|isbn = 0-253-36381-0, hardcover
}}
:*{{cite journal
|first = Patricia
|last = Herlihy
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 1994
|month =
|title = Review of The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps
|journal = Journal of Social History
|volume =
|issue =
|pages =
|id =
|url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_n2_v28/ai_16351111#
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Zipperstein
|first = Steven&nbsp;J.
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|year = 1986, 1991
|title = The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881
|publisher = Stanford University Press
|location = Palo Alto
|isbn = 0-8047-1251-4, hardcover; ISBN 0-8047-1962-4, paperback reprint
}}
</div>

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Odessa}}
<!--PLEASE NOTE, Alphabetize!

When citing a WEBPAGE use:

{{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url =
|title =
|format =
|work =
|publisher =
|accessdate =
|accessyear =
}}
-->
*{{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url = http://www.odessa.ua/?lang=en
|title = Official Odessa web page
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat =mdy
|accessdate =April 29 2006
}} Russian, Ukrainian, and English versions
*{{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url = http://www.citymap.odessa.ua/map/?lang=1
|title = Official Odessa Map Portal
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat =mdy
|accessdate =
}} Russian, Ukrainian, and English versions of Maps
* {{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url =http://www.2odessa.com
|title =2odessa.com
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat =mdy
|accessdate =April 29 2006
}} English guide on Odessa, Ukraine.
* {{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url = http://www.odessacalling.com/
|title = Odessa Calling!
|format =
|work =
|publisher =
|accessdate =
|accessyear =
}} An [[independent city]] guide on Odessa in English
* {{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url =http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/NUM_ORC/ODESSA.html
|title =Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911) entry for Odessa
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat =mdy
|accessdate =October 1 2006
}}
*{{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url =http://www.odessaglobe.com
|title =Odessa Globe
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat =mdy
|accessdate =April 29 2006
}} English-Russian [[Ezine|e-zine]] and guide
*{{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url =http://www.nwi.ru/id=3/city_id=12/lang=1/city.cgi
|title =Odessa tour overview
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat =mdy
|accessdate =July 3 2006
}}
*{{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url =http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Ukraine/Provinces/Odesa_Oblast/Odesa/
|title =Odessa links at the [[Open Directory Project]]
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat =mdy
|accessdate =April 29 2006
}}
* {{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url =http://www.moria.farlep.net/vjodessa/en/pogroms.html
|title =Pogroms
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|accessdate =
|accessyear =
}} History of pogroms in Odessa
* {{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url =http://www.ta-odessa.com/
|title =Ta Odessa
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|accessdate =
|accessyear =
}} Information (in Russian)
* {{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url =http://www.odessitclub.org/en/index.htm
|title =The World Odessit Club
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|accessdate =
|accessyear =
}} Russian and English versions
*{{cite web
|title =1982 Map of Odessa
|work =berkeley.edu
|url =http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/x-ussr/100k/L-36-050.jpg
|dateformat =mdy
|accessdate =August 7 2006
}}
*{{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url = http://www.crimeaconsulting.com/cities/Odessa.html
|title = Odessa Attractions
|format =HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat =mdy
|accessdate =July 18 2007
}}
* {{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url = http://www.odessa360.net/
|title = Odessa 360
|format = HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat = dmy
|accessdate = 26 January 2008
}}
* {{cite web
|author =
|year =
|url = http://history.odessapage.com
|title = Why are they named Odessa? History of cities, towns and villages named Odessa
|format = HTML
|work =
|publisher =
|dateformat = dmy
|accessdate = 23 November 2008
}}

{{Template group
|title = Geographic locale
|list =
{{Odessa Oblast}}
{{Administrative divisions of Ukraine}}
}}
{{Odessa}}
{{Hero Cities}}

{{coord|46|28|N|30|44|E|type:city(1,012,500)_region:UA|display=title}}

[[Category:Odessa| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Coastal settlements]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Navy]]
[[Category:Jewish Ukrainian history]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Russian and Soviet Navy bases]]
[[Category:Black Sea]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]]

[[af:Odessa]]
[[ar:أوديسا (أوكرانيا)]]
[[az:Odessa]]
[[be:Горад Адэса]]
[[be-x-old:Адэса]]
[[bg:Одеса]]
[[ca:Odessa]]
[[cv:Одесса]]
[[cs:Oděsa]]
[[cy:Odessa]]
[[da:Odessa]]
[[de:Odessa]]
[[et:Odessa]]
[[el:Οδησσός]]
[[es:Odesa]]
[[eo:Odesa]]
[[eu:Odesa]]
[[fa:اودسا]]
[[fo:Odessa]]
[[fr:Odessa]]
[[ko:오데사]]
[[hy:Օդեսսա]]
[[hr:Odesa]]
[[io:Odessa]]
[[id:Odessa]]
[[ie:Odessa]]
[[os:Одессæ]]
[[it:Odessa]]
[[he:אודסה]]
[[ka:ოდესა]]
[[la:Odessa (Ucraina)]]
[[lv:Odesa]]
[[lb:Odessa]]
[[lt:Odesa]]
[[hu:Odessza]]
[[nl:Odessa (stad)]]
[[ja:オデッサ]]
[[no:Odessa]]
[[nn:Odessa]]
[[oc:Odessa]]
[[pl:Odessa]]
[[pt:Odessa]]
[[crh:Ades]]
[[ro:Odesa]]
[[ru:Одесса]]
[[sco:Odessa]]
[[simple:Odessa]]
[[sk:Odesa]]
[[sl:Odesa]]
[[szl:Odessa]]
[[sr:Одеса]]
[[fi:Odessa]]
[[sv:Odessa]]
[[tg:Одесса]]
[[tr:Odessa]]
[[uk:Одеса]]
[[vec:Odessa (Ucraina)]]
[[vi:Odessa]]
[[vo:Odesa]]
[[zh:敖德薩]]

Revision as of 14:42, 5 June 2009

Redirect to:

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odesa&oldid=294582989"