Health: Difference between revisions
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Hello, if you are on this website with the intention of gaining some sort of information, look else where. This website from what I hear is unreliable. As you can see, you are looking up health and you receive this impertinent message. I logged onto my computer just like many of you did, and I typed up wikipedia on google. I click, type in health and it gets me to a page describing health. Now as stupid as it may seem, I clicked edit and typed this. Therefore, if you are reading this message, its up to you whether or not you want to put your trust in my hands and look up things at another website. Wikipedia, is honestly a joke. |
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{{otheruses}} |
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{{Lead too short|date=September 2008}} |
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At the time of the creation of the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), in 1948, '''''Health''''' was defined as being "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".<ref name="WHO definition">[http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html] Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1947 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100); and entered into force on 7 April 1948.</ref><ref name="WHO constitution">[http://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf] Constitution of the World Health Organization- ''Basic Documents'', Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006.</ref> |
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Goodbye. |
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This definition invited nations to expand the conceptual framework of their health systems beyond issues related to the physical condition of individuals and their diseases, and it motivated us to focus our attention on what we now call social determinants of health. Consequently, WHO challenged political, academic, community, and professional organisations devoted to improving or preserving health to make the scope of their work explicit, including their rationale for allocating resources. This opened the door for public accountability [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/dec10_1/a2900]. |
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Only a handful of publications have focused specifically on the definition of health and its evolution in the first 6 decades. Some of them highlight its lack of operational value and the problem created by use of the word "complete." Others declare the definition, which has not been modified since 1948, "simply a bad one." [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3527467]. More recently, Smith suggested that it is "a ludicrous definition that would leave most of us unhealthy most of the time." [http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2008/07/08/richard-smith-the-end-of-disease-and-the-beginning-of-health/]. |
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In 1986, the WHO, in the [[Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion]], said that health is "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities." Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC), which is composed of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) and the [[International Classification of Diseases]] (ICD) also define health. |
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Overall health is achieved through a combination of physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being, which, together is commonly referred to as the Health Triangle. |
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== Aspects of health == |
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===Physical health=== |
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{{main|Physical fitness}} |
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Physical fitness refers to body health, and is the result of regular [[exercise]], proper [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] and [[nutrition]], and proper rest for physical recovery. |
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This is also influenced by the standard of living and quality of life. [[Genetics]] also plays a major role in people's height. The study of human growth, its regulators, and implications is known as [[Auxology]]. |
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===Mental health=== |
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{{main|Mental health}} |
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Mental health describes either a level of [[cognition|cognitive]] or [[emotion|emotional]] well-being or an absence of a [[mental disorder]]. The [[World Health Organization]] defines mental health as "a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community”.<ref>World Health Organization (2005). Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging evidence, Practice: A report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne. World Health Organization. Geneva.</ref> However, despite official definitions, the term mental health, and the question of whether or not an individual is 'mentally well', remains a subjective assessment. |
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== Determinants of health == |
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{{main|Social determinants of health}} |
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The [[LaLonde report]] suggests that there are four general determinants of health including ''human biology'', ''[[environment (biophysical)|environment]]'', ''[[lifestyle]]'', and ''[[healthcare|healthcare services]].''<ref name="Lalonde">Lalonde, Marc. [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/pubs/1974-lalonde/lalonde_e.pdf "A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians."] Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services; 1974.</ref> Thus, health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of [[health science]], but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. |
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<!-- Environment includes [[Natural environment]], [[Built environment]] and [[Social environment]]. --> |
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A major environmental factor is water quality, especially for the health of infants and children in [[developing country|developing countries]].<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/facts_figures/basic_needs.shtml The UN World Water Development Report | Facts and Figures | Meeting basic needs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Studies show that in [[developed country|developed countries]], the lack of neighborhood recreational space that includes the natural environment leads to lower levels of neighborhood satisfaction and higher levels of obesity; therefore, lower overall well being.<ref name=FannyPrice>[http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/62/4/e2 "Recreational Values of the Natural Environment in Relation to Neighborhood Satisfaction, Physical Activity, Obesity and Wellbeing."]</ref> Therefore, the positive psychological benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in public policy and land use. |
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== Maintaining health == |
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{{main|Self care}} |
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Achieving health and remaining healthy is an ongoing process. Effective strategies for staying healthy and improving one's health include the following elements: |
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===Social Activity=== |
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{{main|Social relation}} |
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Personal health depends partially on the social structure of one's life. The maintenance of strong social relationships is linked to good health conditions, longevity, productivity, and a positive attitude. This is due to the fact that positive social interaction as viewed by the participant increases many chemical levels in the brain which are linked to personality and intelligence traits. |
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===== Sports nutrition ===== |
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{{main|Sports nutrition}} |
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Sports nutrition focuses the link between dietary supplements and athletic performance. One goal of sports nutrition is to maintain glycogen levels and prevent glycogen depletion. Another is to optimize energy levels and muscle tone. An athlete's strategy for winning an event may include a schedule for the entire season of what to eat, when to eat it, and in what precise quantities (before, during, after, and between workouts and events). |
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=== Hygiene === |
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{{main|Hygiene}} |
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Hygiene is the practice of keeping the body clean to prevent infection and illness, and the avoidance of contact with infectious agents. Hygiene practices include [[bathing]], [[oral hygiene|brushing and flossing teeth]], [[washing hands]] especially before eating, washing food before it is eaten, cleaning food preparation utensils and surfaces before and after preparing meals, and many others. This may help prevent infection and illness. By cleaning the body, dead skin cells are washed away with the germs, reducing their chance of entering the body. |
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=== Stress management === |
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{{main|Stress management}} |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}} |
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Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging, depressive illness, and expression of disease.<ref>{{cite journal |author=McEwen BS |title=Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain |journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=367–81 |year=2006 |pmid=17290796 |doi= |url=}}</ref>. Stress management is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. [[Relaxation technique]]s are physical methods used to relieve stress. Psychological methods include [[cognitive therapy]], [[meditation]], and [[positive thinking]] which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills and abilities builds confidence, which also reduces the stress reaction to situations where those skills are applicable. |
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Reducing uncertainty, by increasing knowledge and experience related to stress-causing situations, has the same effect. Learning to cope with problems better, such as improving problem solving and time management skills, may also reduce stressful reaction to problems. Repeatedly facing an object of one's fears may also desensitize the fight-or-flight response with respect to that stimulus—e.g., facing bullies may reduce fear of bullies. |
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Prolonged hours of surfing on the Internet is a major concern that can affect the eyes significantly.{{Fact|date=May 2009}} White backgrounds on computer screens with a viewing distance of less than 14 inches is known to increase strain, mental fatigue and temporary di-chromatic visions in a normal healthy human being. Trying to opt for black or any non-white backgrounds can help in reducing eye strain in front of PCs.{{Fact|date=May 2009}} |
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=== Health care === |
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{{main|Health care}} |
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Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the [[Medicine|medical]], [[nursing]], and [[allied health]] professions. |
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==== Workplace wellness programs ==== |
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{{main|Workplace wellness}} |
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Workplace wellness programs are recognized by an increasingly large number of companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their employees, and for increasing morale, loyalty, and productivity.{{Fact|date=May 2009}} Workplace wellness programs can include things like onsite fitness centers, health presentations, wellness newsletters, access to health coaching, tobacco cessation programs and training related to [[nutrition]], [[Weight loss|weight]] and stress management. Other programs may include health risk assessments, health screenings and [[body mass index]] monitoring. |
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== Public health == |
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{{main|Public health}} |
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Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."{{Fact|date=May 2009}} It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on [[population health]] analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a [[pandemic]]). Public health has many sub-fields, but is typically divided into the categories of [[epidemiology]], [[biostatistics]] and health [[Service (economics)|services]]. [[Environmental Health|Environmental]], social and behavioral health, and [[occupational health]], are also important fields in public health. |
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The focus of public health intervention is to prevent rather than treat a disease through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors. In addition to these activities, in many cases treating a disease can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during an outbreak of an [[infectious disease]]. [[Vaccination]] programs and distribution of [[condom]]s are examples of public health measures. |
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== Role of science in health == |
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{{main|Health science}} |
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Health science is the branch of science focused on health, and it includes many subdisciplines. There are two approaches to health science: the study and [[research]] of the human body and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure [[disease]]s. |
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=== Sources === |
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Health research builds primarily on the basic sciences of [[biology]], [[chemistry]], and [[physics]] as well as a variety of multidisciplinary fields (for example [[medical sociology]]). Some of the other primarily research-oriented fields that make exceptionally significant contributions to health science are [[biochemistry]], [[epidemiology]], and [[genetics]]. |
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=== Application === |
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Applied health sciences also endeavor to better understand health, but in addition they try to directly improve it. Some of these are: [[biomedical engineering]], [[biotechnology]], [[nursing]], [[nutrition]], [[pharmacology]], [[pharmacy]], [[public health]] ([[#Public health|see above]]), [[psychology]], [[physical therapy]], and [[medicine]]. The provision of services to maintain or improve people's health is referred to as health care ([[#Health care|see above]]). |
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== See also == |
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{{portal|Health and fitness}} |
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{{Wikipedia-Books}} |
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{{main|Outline of health}} |
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* [[Environmental health]] |
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* [[General fitness training]] |
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** [[List of basic exercise topics]] |
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* [[Health care]] |
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** [[Health care delivery]] |
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** [[Health education]] |
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** [[Health profession]] |
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* [[Hygiene]] |
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** [[Oral hygiene]] |
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** [[Sleep hygiene]] |
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* [[Longevity]] |
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** [[List of life extension related topics]] |
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* [[Medicine]] |
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** [[Alternative medicine]] |
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** [[Traditional Chinese medicine]] |
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** [[Adolescent medicine]] |
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* [[Nutrition]] |
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** [[Vitamin]]s |
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** [[Dietary mineral|Minerals]] |
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** [[Healthy diet]] |
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** [[List of basic nutrition topics]] |
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* [[Public health]] |
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** [[Population health]] |
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* [[Reproductive health]] |
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** [[Sexuality education]] |
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** [[Sexually transmitted disease]] |
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** [[Birth control]] |
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** [[Maternal health]] |
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* [[World Health Organization]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
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*Jadad, AR and O'Grady L. How should health be defined? BMJ 2008; 337:a2900 [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/dec10_1/a2900] |
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*[[WHO]] (1979) Health for all. |
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*WHO (1980) WHO Chr., 34(2)80 |
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*WHO (1986) Concepts of Health Behavior Research, Reg. Health Paper No.13, SEARO, New Delhi |
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*WHO (1978) Health for all. |
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*UNDP, Human Development Report 1999, Oxford University Press |
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*[[UNICEF]] (2001) State of world's children, 2001 |
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*WHO (1979) Health for all. |
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*Evang, K. (1967); In health of mankind; Ciba foundation; 100th symposium, Churchill, London |
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*Last, J.M (1983) A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press |
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*Raska, K (1966), WHO Chr., 20, 315 |
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==External links== |
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{{Wiktionary}} |
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* [http://www.who.int World Health Organization] |
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* [http://www.hon.ch Health On the Net Foundation] |
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* [http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH OECD Health Statistics] |
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* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 'Defying Death' On-line video on disease] (Provided by the Vega Science Trust). |
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* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/health.htm Health and Medical Information] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' |
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* [http://ec.europa.eu/health-eu/ Health-EU Portal] the official public health portal of the European Union |
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<!-- [[Health]] --> |
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[[Category:Health| ]] |
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[[Category:Personal life]] |
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[[ka:ჯანმრთელობა]] |
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Revision as of 21:13, 19 August 2009
Hello, if you are on this website with the intention of gaining some sort of information, look else where. This website from what I hear is unreliable. As you can see, you are looking up health and you receive this impertinent message. I logged onto my computer just like many of you did, and I typed up wikipedia on google. I click, type in health and it gets me to a page describing health. Now as stupid as it may seem, I clicked edit and typed this. Therefore, if you are reading this message, its up to you whether or not you want to put your trust in my hands and look up things at another website. Wikipedia, is honestly a joke.
Goodbye.