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{{otheruses4|the Canadian city|other uses|Calgary (disambiguation)}}

<!-- Infobox begins -->
{{Infobox Settlement
|name=City of <big>Calgary</big>
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname = Cowtown, The [[Calgary Stampede|Stampede]] City , The Heart of the New West
|settlement_type =
|motto = ''Onward''
|image_skyline = Calgary3-Szmurlo.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Calgary skyline
|image_flag = Flag of Calgary, Alberta.svg
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield = COA of Calgary.svg
|shield_size =
|city_logo =
|citylogo_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = Canada Alberta
|pushpin_label_position = none
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Calgary in [[Alberta]]
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{CAN}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{AB}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of Canada|Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Calgary Region]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Census divisions of Alberta|Census division]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Division No. 6, Alberta|6]]
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =
|government_footnotes =<ref name=mungov/>
|government_type =
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = [[Dave Bronconnier]]
<br /><small>([[List of mayors of Calgary, Alberta|Past mayors]])</small>
|leader_title1 = Governing&nbsp;body
|leader_name1 = [[Calgary City Council]]
|leader_title2 = Manager
|leader_name2 = Owen A. Tobert
|leader_title3 = [[Members of the Canadian House of Commons|MPs]]
|leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list
|title = List of MPs
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|1 = [[Diane Ablonczy]]
|2 = [[Rob Anders]]
|3 = [[Art Hanger]]
|4=[[Stephen Harper]]
|5=[[Jason Kenney]]
|6=[[Deepak Obhrai]]
|7=[[Jim Prentice]]
|8=[[Lee Richardson (politician)|Lee Richardson]]
}}
|leader_title4 =[[Legislative Assembly of Alberta|MLAs]]
|leader_name4 ={{Collapsible list
|title = List of MLAs
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|1 = [[Craig Cheffins]]
|2 = [[Cindy Ady]]
|3 = [[Moe Amery]]
|4=[[Neil Brown (Alberta politician)|Neil Brown]]
|5=[[Wayne Cao]]
|6=[[Harvey Cenaiko]]
|7=[[Harry B. Chase]]
|8=[[Alana DeLong]]
|9=[[Heather Forsyth]]
|10=[[Yvonne Fritz]]
|11 = [[Denis Herard]]
|12 = [[Arthur Johnston (politician)|Arthur Johnston]]
|13 = [[Ron Liepert]]
|14=[[Richard Magnus]]
|15=[[Gary Mar]]
|16= [[Greg Melchin]]
|17=[[Hung Pham]]
|18=[[David Rodney]]
|19=[[Shiraz Shariff]]
|20=[[Ron Stevens]]
|21=[[David Swann]]
|22=[[Dave Taylor (politician)|Dave Taylor]]
|23=[[Len Webber]]
}}
|established_title = Established
|established_date = 1875
|established_title2 = Incorporated
|established_date2 = 1884 (town)
|established_title3 = &nbsp;
|established_date3 = 1894 (city)
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
|area_footnotes =<ref name=statscan1/>
|area_total_km2 = 726.50
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 = 5107.43
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_as_of = 2006
|population_note = <ref name=statscan1>[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=Calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= 2006 Statistics Canada Community Profiles: Calgary].</ref><ref name=statscan2>[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=825__&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=Calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= 2006 Statistics Canada Community Profiles: Calgary CMA].</ref>
|population_total = 988,193 <!-- StatsCan population only; civic estimates can be noted in the article body. -->
|population_density_km2 = 1435.5
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro = 1,079,310 <!-- StatsCan population only; civic estimates can be noted in the article body. -->
|population_density_metro_km2 = 227.5
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title =[[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|Population rank]]
|population_blank1 =3rd
|population_blank2_title =[[List of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada|Metro rank]]
|population_blank2 =5th
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
|timezone = [[Mountain Standard Time|MST]]
|utc_offset = −7
|timezone_DST = MDT
|utc_offset_DST = −6
|latd=51 |latm=02 |lats= 42|latNS=N
|longd=114 |longm=03 |longs= 26|longEW=W
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m = 1048
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = Postal code span
|postal_code = [[List of T Postal Codes of Canada|T1Y to T3R]]
|area_code = [[Area code 403|403]] [[Area code 587|587]]
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
|website = [http://www.calgary.ca/ City of Calgary]
|footnotes =
}} <!-- Infobox ends -->

'''Calgary''' ({{pron-en|ˈkælɡri, ˈkælɡəri, ˈkælˌgeri}}) is the largest city in the [[Province]] of [[Alberta]], Canada.
The Calgary [[Census geographic units of Canada#Census_metropolitan_areas|census metropolitan area]] (CMA) is the third most diverse in Canada in terms of visible minorities after Toronto and Vancouver when considering only CMAs with population greater than 200,000.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Dist&StartRec=1&Sort=5&Display=Page Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It is located in the south of the province, in an area of [[foothills]] and [[High Plains|high plains]], approximately {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} east of the front ranges of the [[Canadian Rockies]]. The city is located in the Parkland region of Alberta. Calgary is the third largest civic municipality, [[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|by population]] in Canada, and is also an emerging [[global city]]. According to the GaWC, Calgary is a "gamma negative world city."

In the [[Canada 2006 Census]], the city had a population of 988,193<ref name=statscan1/> and the CMA had a population of 1,079,310.<ref name=statscan2 /> As of the 2009 civic census, Calgary's population was 1,065,455 and the CMA had a population of 1,182,446.<ref name="civicpop">[http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/posted/archive/2009/07/22/growth-spurt-makes-calgary-third-largest-canadian-municipality-census-finds.aspx "Growth spurt makes Calgary third largest Canadian municipality, census finds "]. ''[[National Post]]'', July 22, 2009.</ref>

[[Calgary Region|Greater Calgary]] is the fifth largest CMA in the country after [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], [[Vancouver]], and [[Ottawa]]. Located 300&nbsp;km (200&nbsp;mi) due south of [[Edmonton]], statisticians define the narrow populated area between these cities as the "[[Calgary-Edmonton Corridor]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Highlights/Page9/Page9d_e.cfm|title=Calgary-Edmonton Corridor|author= Statistics Canada|authorlink=Statistics Canada|accessdate=2006-01-06}}</ref> Calgary is the largest Canadian [[metropolitan area]] between [[Toronto]] and [[Vancouver]].

Calgary is well-known as a destination for [[winter sport]]s and [[ecotourism]] with a number of major mountain resorts near the city and metropolitan area. Economic activity in Calgary is mostly centred on the [[Petroleum production in Canada|petroleum industry]]; however, agriculture, tourism, and high-tech industries also contribute to the city's [[economic growth]]. Calgary holds many major annual festivals which include the [[Calgary Stampede]], the [[Folk music|Folk Music]] Festival, the [[Lilac Festival (Calgary)|Lilac Festival]], [[One Yellow Rabbit]] High Performance Rodeo — Calgary's International Festival of the Arts, Wordfest: Banff-Calgary International Writers Festival, [[Calgary International Spoken Word Festival]], One World Festival ([[GlobalFest]]), and the fourth largest [[Caribbean]] festival in the country (Carifest). In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the [[1988 Winter Olympics|Olympic Winter Games]], and one of the fastest [[long track speed skating]] ice rinks in the world was built at the [[University of Calgary]] to accommodate these Games.

== History ==
{{main|Timeline of Calgary history}}

=== First settlement ===
Before the Calgary area was settled by [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]], it was inhabited by Pre-[[Clovis culture|Clovis]] people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.ucalgary.ca/~walde/testtime.html | title= Archaeology Timeline of Alberta| author= University of Calgary |authorlink= University of Calgary |accessdate= 2007-05-10}}</ref> In 1787, [[Cartography|cartographer]] [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]] spent the winter with a band of [[Northern Peigan|Peigan]] encamped along the [[Bow River]]. He was the first recorded European to visit the area, and [[John Glenn (Alberta)|John Glenn]] was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://tprc.alberta.ca/parks/fishcreek/glenns.asp| title=The Glenns| author=Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture| accessdate=2007-08-24}}</ref>

[[File:Calgary Alberta circa 1885.jpg|thumb|left|Calgary as it appeared circa 1885]]

The site became a post of the [[North-West Mounted Police]] (now the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]]). The NWMP detachment was assigned to protect the western plains from U.S. whiskey traders. Originally named [[Fort Brisebois]], after NWMP officer [[Éphrem-A. Brisebois]], it was renamed [[Fort Calgary]] in 1876 by Colonel [[James Macleod]]. It was named after [[Calgary, Mull|Calgary]] on the [[Isle of Mull]], Scotland. While there is some disagreement on the naming of the town, the Museum on the Isle of Mull explains that ''kald'' and ''gart'' are similar [[Old Norse]] words, meaning 'cold' and 'garden', that were likely used when named by the Vikings who inhabited the [[Inner Hebrides]].<ref>Mull Museum, Tobermory, Isle of Mull, Scotland retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Alternatively, the name might come from the [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]], ''Cala ghearraidh'', meaning 'beach of the meadow (pasture)'.

The [[Calgary Fire of 1886]] occurred on Sunday, Nov. 7, 1886. 14 buildings were razed and losses estimated at $103,200. Nobody was killed or injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_766_240_0_43/http%3B/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Hall/About+Calgary/History/Calgary+Fire+Department+History/Late+1800s/The+Great+Fire+of+1886.htm|title=The Great Fire of 1886 |accessdate=2008-12-17}}</ref> To ensure this would never happen again, city officials drafted a law that all large downtown buildings were to be built with [[Paskapoo Formation|Paskapoo]] [[sandstone]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gauntlet.ucalgary.ca/story/8857|title= The Sandstone City|accessdate=2008-12-17}}</ref>

When the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] reached the area in 1883 and a [[Train station|rail station]] was constructed, Calgary began to grow into an important commercial and agricultural centre. The [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] headquarters are located in Calgary today. Calgary was officially [[municipal incorporation|incorporated]] as a town in 1884 and elected its first mayor, [[George Murdoch]]. In 1894, it was incorporated as "The City of Calgary" in what was then the [[North-West Territories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Hall/Business+Units/City+Clerks+Department/Administration+Services/Corporate+Records/Archives/Historical+Information/index.htm| title= Historical Information|author=City of Calgary|accessdate=2007-09-23}}</ref>

=== The oil boom ===
[[File:69 Calgary.jpg|thumb|right|Calgary circa 1969]]
Oil was first discovered in [[Alberta]] in 1902,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/alberta100/en_text/categories/oil_gas/|title=Oil and Gas in Alberta|author=CBC Article| authorlink=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-01-06}}{{dead link|url=http://www.cbc.ca/alberta100/en_text/categories/oil_gas/|date=June 2009}}</ref> but it did not become a significant industry in the province until 1947 when huge reserves of it were discovered. Calgary quickly found itself at the centre of the ensuing oil boom. The city's economy grew when oil prices increased with the [[Arab Oil Embargo]] of 1973. The population increased by 272,000 in the eighteen years between 1971 (403,000) and 1989 (675,000) and another 345,000 in the next eighteen years (to 1,020,000 in 2007). During these boom years, [[List of Calgary's 10 tallest skyscrapers|skyscrapers]] were constructed at a pace seen by few cities anywhere. The relatively low-rise [[Downtown Calgary|downtown]] quickly became dense with tall buildings,<ref>''Calgary architecture : the boom years, 1972-1982'', Pierre S Guimond; Brian R Sinclair, Detselig Enterprises, 1984, ISBN 0-920490-38-7</ref> a trend that continues to this day.

Calgary's economy was so closely tied to the oil industry that the city's boom peaked with the average annual [[Petroleum|price of oil]] in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/Historical_Oil_Prices_Table.asp|title=Historical oil prices|author=Inflation Data|accessdate=2006-01-06}}</ref>
The subsequent drop in oil prices and the introduction of the [[National Energy Program]] (NEP) were cited by industry as reasons for a collapse in the oil industry and consequently the overall Calgary economy. The NEP was cancelled in the mid-1980s by the [[Brian Mulroney]] federal government. However, low oil prices prevented a full recovery until the 1990s.

=== Recent history ===
[[File:PengrowthSaddledomeNight.jpg|thumb|right|[[Downtown Calgary]]]]
With the energy sector employing a huge number of Calgarians, the fallout from the economic slump of the early 1980s was understandably significant. The [[Unemployment|unemployment rate]] soared.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/1971econ.html | title= Calgary's History 1971–1991| author= University of Calgary| authorlink= University of Calgary| year= 1998| accessdate= 2007-06-28}}</ref> By the end of the decade, however, the economy was in recovery. Calgary quickly realized that it could not afford to put so much emphasis on oil and gas, and the city has since become much more diverse, both economically and culturally. The period during this recession marked Calgary's transition from a mid-sized and relatively nondescript prairie city into a major cosmopolitan and diverse centre. This transition culminated in February 1988, when the city hosted the [[XV Olympic Winter Games]].<ref name=timeline>{{cite web| url= http://calgarypubliclibrary.com/calgary/calgarytimeline.htm| title= Calgary Timeline| author= Calgary Public Library| authorlink= Calgary Public Library| accessdate= 2007-06-28}}{{Dead link|url=http://calgarypubliclibrary.com/calgary/calgarytimeline.htm|date=March 2009}}</ref> The success of these games<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-41-1322/sports/calgary_olympic_games/|title=The Winter of '88: Calgary's Olympic Games|author=CBC Article| authorlink=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-01-05}}</ref> essentially put the city on the world stage.

Thanks in part to escalating oil prices, the economy in Calgary and [[Alberta]] was booming until the end of 2008, and the region of nearly 1.1 million people was the fastest growing economy in the country.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.conferenceboard.ca/press/2005/Metro_winter06_Natl.asp | title= Western cities enjoy fastest growing economies | author= The Conference Board of Canada| year= 2005 | accessdate= 2007-03-07}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.conferenceboard.ca/press/2005/Metro_winter06_Natl.asp|date=April 2009}}</ref> While the oil and gas industry comprise an important part of the economy, the city has invested a great deal into other areas such as tourism and high-tech manufacturing. Over 3.1 million people now visit the city annually<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alberta-canada.com/statpub/tourismStatistics/pdf/AB_Calgary04.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tourism in Calgary and Area; Summary of Visitor Numbers and Revenue|author=Alberta Tourism | year= 2004|sccessdate=2006-01-06}}</ref> for its many festivals and attractions, especially the [[Calgary Stampede]]. The nearby [[Ski resort|mountain resort]] towns of [[Banff, Alberta|Banff]], [[Lake Louise, Alberta|Lake Louise]], and [[Canmore, Alberta|Canmore]] are also becoming increasingly popular with tourists, and are bringing people into Calgary as a result. Other modern industries include [[Manufacturing|light manufacturing]], high-tech, film, transportation, and services. The city has ranked highly<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/liveWorkPlay/Live/health.cfm|title=Quality of life|author=Calgary Economic Development|accessdate=2006-12-31| year=2005}}</ref> in [[quality of life]] surveys: 25th in 2006, 24th in 2007 and 25th again in the 2008 [[Mercer Quality of Living Survey]],<ref name=quality>{{cite web| url= http://www.mercerhr.com/attachment.dyn?idContent=1216315&filePath=/attachments/English/QOL_Survey2006_table.pdf Mercer | title= Quality of Living Survey | author= Mercer Human Resource Consulting | authorlink= Mercer Human Resource Consulting | year= 2006 | accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> and 10th best city to live in according to [[The Economist|the Economist Intelligence Unit]] (EIU).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4306936.stm|title=EUI Best Cities|author=BBC| month= October | year= 2005 | accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> Despite the oil industry's dominance in Alberta's economy, Calgary ranked as the world's cleanest city by [[Forbes Magazine]] in 2007.<ref name=forbes>{{cite web| url= http://www.forbes.com/2007/04/16/worlds-cleanest-cities-biz-logistics-cx_rm_0416cleanest.html | title= Which Are The World's Cleanest Cities? | author= Forbes Magazine | authorlink= Forbes | year= 2007| month= April| accessdate= 2007-05-10}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Calgary street map.png|thumb|right|Map of Calgary]]
Calgary is located at the transition zone between the [[Canadian Rockies]] foothills and the [[Canadian Prairies]], and is relatively hilly as a result. Calgary's elevation is approximately {{convert|1048|m|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] downtown, and {{convert|1083|m|abbr=on}} at the airport. The city proper covers a land area of {{convert|726.5|km2|abbr=on}} (as of 2006)<ref name=statcan2006>[[Statistics Canada]] [[Canada 2006 Census|2006 Census]] (March 13, 2007) [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=Calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=4806016 Calgary 2006 Community Profile]. Catalogue no. 92-591-XWE. Ottawa. Retrieved on March 13, 2007</ref> and as such exceeds the land area of the City of [[Toronto]].

There are two major rivers that run through the city. The [[Bow River]] is the largest and flows from the west to the south. The [[Elbow River]] flows northwards from the south until it converges with the Bow River near [[Downtown Calgary|downtown]]. Since the climate of the region is generally dry, dense vegetation occurs naturally only in the river valleys, on some north-facing slopes, and within [[Fish Creek Provincial Park]].

The city is large in physical area, consisting of an [[inner city]] surrounded by various communities of decreasing density. Unlike most cities with a sizable metropolitan area, most of Calgary's suburbs are incorporated into the city proper, with the notable exceptions of the city of [[Airdrie, Alberta|Airdrie]] to the north, [[Cochrane, Alberta|Cochrane]] to the northwest, [[Strathmore, Alberta|Strathmore]] to the east, and the Springbank district to the west. Though it is not technically within Calgary's metropolitan area, the town of [[Okotoks, Alberta|Okotoks]] is only a short distance to the south and is considered a suburb as well. The [[Calgary Region|Calgary Economic Region]] includes slightly more area than the [[Census Metropolitan Area|CMA]] and has a population of 1,146,900.

The city of Calgary proper is immediately surrounded by two municipal districts, [[Rocky View No. 44, Alberta|Rocky View No. 44]] to the north, west and east; and [[Municipal District of Foothills No. 31, Alberta|Foothills No. 31]] to the south.

=== Calgary's neighbourhoods ===
{{main|List of neighbourhoods in Calgary}}
[[File:Signal Hill1.JPG|thumb|The Calgary neighbourhood of [[Signal Hill, Calgary|Signal Hill]], with the [[Rocky Mountains]] seen in the background.]]

The [[Downtown Calgary|downtown region]] of the city consists of five neighbourhoods: [[Eau Claire, Calgary|Eau Claire]] (including the Festival District), the [[Downtown West End, Calgary|Downtown West End]], the [[Downtown Calgary|Downtown Commercial Core]], [[Chinatown, Calgary|Chinatown]], and the [[Downtown East Village]] (also part of the [[Beltline, Calgary|Rivers District]]). The commercial core is itself divided into a number of districts including the [[Stephen Avenue]] Retail Core, the Entertainment District, the Arts District and the Government District. Distinct from downtown and south of 9th Avenue is Calgary's densest neighbourhood, the [[Beltline, Calgary|Beltline]]. The area includes a number of communities such as Connaught, Victoria Crossing and a portion of the Rivers District. The Beltline is the focus of major planning and rejuvenation initiatives on the part of the [[Local government|municipal government]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgary.ca/DocGallery/BU/planning/pdf/centre_city/beltline/beltline_plan_one.pdf|format=PDF|title=Beltline—Area Redevelopment Plan| author=City of Cagary|accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref> to increase the density and liveliness of Calgary's centre. The Movie Brokeback Mountain was mainly filmed in the hills near Calgary.

Adjacent to, or directly radiating from [[Downtown Calgary|the downtown]] are the first of the inner-city communities. These include [[Crescent Heights, Calgary|Crescent Heights]], [[Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill, Calgary|Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill]], [[Hillhurst, Calgary|Hillhurst]]/[[Sunnyside, Calgary|Sunnyside]] (including [[Kensington, Calgary|Kensington]] [[List of Neighbourhoods in Calgary#Business Revitalization Zones|BRZ]]), [[Bridgeland, Calgary|Bridgeland]], [[Renfrew, Calgary|Renfrew]], [[Mount Royal, Calgary|Mount Royal]], [[Mission, Calgary|Mission]], [[Ramsay, Calgary|Ramsay]] and [[Inglewood, Calgary|Inglewood]] and [[Radisson Heights, Calgary|Albert Park/Radisson Heights]] directly to the east. The inner city is, in turn, surrounded by relatively dense and established neighbourhoods such as [[Rosedale, Calgary|Rosedale]] and [[Mount Pleasant, Calgary|Mount Pleasant]] to the north; [[Bowness, Calgary|Bowness]], [[Parkdale, Calgary|Parkdale]] and [[Glendale, Calgary|Glendale]] to the west; [[Park Hill, Calgary|Park Hill]], [[South Calgary, Calgary|South Calgary]] (including [[Marda Loop]]), [[Bankview, Calgary|Bankview]], [[Altadore, Calgary|Altadore]], Chapparal, and [[Killarney, Calgary|Killarney]] to the south; and [[Forest Lawn, Calgary|Forest Lawn]]/[[International Avenue, Calgary|International Avenue]] to the east. Lying beyond these, and usually separated from one another by highways, are the suburban communities. In all, there are over 180 distinct neighbourhoods within the city limits.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_766_244_0_43/http;/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%20Living/Communities/Community%20Profiles/Community%20Profiles.htm | title= Community Profiles | author= City of Calgary | accessdate= 2007-02-14 | month= January |year= 2007}}</ref>

Several of Calgary's neighbourhoods were initially separate towns that were annexed by the city as it grew. These include [[Bowness, Calgary|Bowness]], [[Montgomery, Calgary|Montgomery]], [[Forest Lawn, Alberta|Forest Lawn]], [[Midnapore, Alberta|Midnapore]], [[Rosedale, Calgary|Rosedale]] and, most recently in 2007, [[Shepard, Alberta|Shepard]].<ref>{{cite web|author= City of Calgary| url= http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Hall/Business+Units/Development+and+Building+Approvals+and+Land+Use+Planning+and+Policy/Land+Use+Planning/Current+Studies+and+Ongoing+Activities/Annexation+Information/Annexation+Information.htm |title=Annexation Information| accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:Nose-hill-view.jpg|thumb|left|[[Downtown Calgary]] as seen from Nose Hill Park]]
Calgary has a [[semi-arid]], highland [[continental climate]] with long, dry, but highly variable, winters and short, moderately warm summers ([[Koppen climate classification]] ''BSk'', USDA [[Hardiness zone|Plant Hardiness Zone]] 3b). The climate is greatly influenced by the city's elevation and close proximity to the [[Rocky Mountains]]. Calgary's winters can be uncomfortably cold; but warm, dry [[Chinook wind]]s routinely blow into the city from the [[Pacific Ocean]] during the winter months, giving Calgarians a break from the cold. These winds have been known to raise the winter temperature by up to {{convert|15|C-change}} in just a few hours, and may last several days. The chinooks are such a common feature of Calgary's winters that only one month (January 1950) has failed to witness a thaw over more than 100 years of weather observations. More than one half of all [[Winter Days|winter days]] see the daily maximum rise above {{convert|0|C|abbr=on}}. Some winter days even approach {{convert|17|C|abbr=on}} on occasion.

Calgary is a city of extremes, and temperatures have ranged anywhere from a record low of {{convert|-45|C|abbr=on}} in 1893 to a record high of {{convert|36|C|abbr=on}} in 1919. Temperatures fall below {{convert|-30|C|abbr=on}} on about five days per year, though extreme cold spells usually do not last very long. According to [[Environment Canada]], the average temperature in Calgary ranges from a January daily average of {{convert|-9|C|abbr=on}} to a July daily average of {{convert|16|C|abbr=on}}.<ref name="climate"> [[Environment Canada]]—[http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?Province=ALL&StationName=calgary&SearchType=BeginsWith&LocateBy=Province&Proximity=25&ProximityFrom=City&StationNumber=&IDType=MSC&CityName=&ParkName=&LatitudeDegrees=&LatitudeMinutes=&LongitudeDegrees=&LongitudeMinutes=&NormalsClass=A&SelNormals=&StnId=2205& Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000]. Retrieved 09 March 2009.</ref>

As a consequence of Calgary's high elevation and relative dryness, summer evenings can be very cool. The average summer minimum temperature drops to {{convert|10|C|abbr=on}}. Calgary may experience summer daytime temperatures exceeding {{convert|29|C|abbr=on}} anytime in June, July, & August, and occasionally as late as September or as early as May. With an average [[relative humidity]] of 55% in the winter and 45% in the summer, Calgary has a [[semi-arid]] climate typical of other cities in the Western [[Great Plains]] and Canadian [[Prairies]]. Unlike cities further east such as [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], [[Ottawa]] or even [[Winnipeg]], humidity is rarely a factor during the Calgary summer.

The city is among the sunniest in Canada, with 2,400 hours of annual sunshine, on average. Calgary International Airport in the northeastern section of the city receives an average of {{convert|412.6|mm|abbr=on|2}} of precipitation annually, with {{convert|320.6|mm|abbr=on|2}} of that occurring in the form of rain, and the remaining {{convert|126.7|cm|abbr=on|2}} as snow.<ref name="climate" /> Most of the precipitation occurs from May to August, with June averaging the most monthly rainfall. In June 2005, Calgary received {{convert|248|mm|abbr=on|2}} of precipitation, making it the wettest month in the city's [[Recorded History|recorded history]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_766_249_0_43/http%3B/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Living/The+Environment/Water+and+Wastewater/2005+Flood+Report.htm|title=The City of Calgary: 2005 Flood Report|author=City of Calgary|accessdate=2008-11-17}}</ref> Droughts are not uncommon and may occur at any time of the year, lasting sometimes for months or even several years. Precipitation decreases somewhat from west to east; consequently, groves of trees on the western outskirts largely give way to treeless grassland around the eastern city limit.

[[File:Chinook Arch-Calgary.JPG|thumb|A [[Chinook wind|chinook]] over Calgary.]]

Calgary averages more than 22 days a year with [[thunderstorm]]s, with most all of them occurring in the summer months. Calgary lies on the edge of Alberta's [[hail]]storm alley and is prone to occasional damaging hailstorms. A hailstorm that struck Calgary on September 7, 1991, was one of the most destructive [[natural disaster]]s in [[History of Canada|Canadian history]], with over $400 million dollars in damage.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/naturalhazards/majorhailstorms/hailstorms_stats_new.html | title= Major Hailstorms | author= The Atlas of Canada | year=2004 | month= April | accessdate=2007-02-14}}{{Dead link|date=March 2009}}</ref> Being west of the [[dry line]] on most occasions, [[tornado]]es are rare in the region.
;General seasons (not well-defined in Calgary due to highly variable climate)
* Winter: mid-November to mid-March
* Spring: mid-March through May
* Summer: June through August
* Autumn: September to mid-November

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| source = Environment Canada <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?Province=ALL&StationName=calgary&SearchType=BeginsWith&LocateBy=Province&Proximity=25&ProximityFrom=City&StationNumber=&IDType=MSC&CityName=&ParkName=&LatitudeDegrees=&LatitudeMinutes=&LongitudeDegrees=&LongitudeMinutes=&NormalsClass=A&SelNormals=&StnId=2205&|title=Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000|publisher=Environment Canada|accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref>
| accessdate = May 2009
}}

== Flora and fauna ==
Numerous plant and animal species are found within and around Calgary. The most widespread commercially used [[conifer]] in western [[North America]], the [[Douglas-fir]] has the northern limit of its range at Calgary.<ref>C. Michael Hogan (2008) ''Douglas-fir: "Pseudotsuga menzesii"'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg [http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=44736]</ref> Another conifer of widespread distribution found in the Calgary area is [[White Spruce]], ''[[Picea glauca]]''.

== Culture ==
[[File:Olympic Plaza.jpg|thumb|Olympic Plaza in the Arts District]]

Calgary's urban scene has changed considerably since the beginning of the city's rapid growth. It is also starting to become recognized as one of Canada's most diverse cities. Today, Calgary is a modern cosmopolitan city that still retains much of its traditional culture of hotel [[bar (establishment)|saloons]], western bars, [[Nightclub|night clubs]], [[football]] and [[ice hockey|hockey]]. Following its revival in the 1990s, Calgary has also become a centre for [[country music]] in Canada. As such, it is referred to by some as the "[[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] of the North." Calgary is also home to a thriving all-ages music scene of many genres, including metal, folk, pop, rock, punk, indie, blues, jazz, [[Hip hop|hip-hop]], electronic and country.

As a relatively ethnically diverse city, Calgary also has a number of multicultural areas and assets. It has one of the largest [[Chinatown, Calgary|Chinatowns]] in Canada, as well as a “Little Italy” in the Bridgeland neighbourhood. Forest Lawn is among the most diverse areas in the city and as such, the area around 17 Avenue SE within the neighbourhood is also known as [[International Avenue, Calgary|International Avenue]]. The district is home to many ethnic restaurants and stores.

[[File:Stephen-Ave-Trees-Szmurlo.jpg|left|thumb|"Steel Trees" on Stephen Avenue]]
As the population has grown, and particularly as the urban density in central Calgary has increased, so too has the vitality of this area. While the city continues to embrace suburbanism, people are beginning to find a wide variety of alternatives in the inner city. This has led to significant increases in the popularity of central districts such as [[Beltline, Calgary|17 Avenue]], [[Kensington, Calgary|Kensington]], [[Inglewood, Calgary|Inglewood]], [[International Avenue, Calgary|Forest Lawn]], [[Marda Loop]] and the [[Mission, Calgary|Mission District]]. The nightlife and the availability of cultural venues in these areas has gradually begun to evolve as a result.

The [[Calgary Public Library]] is a [[public library]] network with 17 branches throughout the city, including a large [[Central Library|central library]] in the downtown core.

{{see also|List of notable Calgarians}}

Calgary is the site of the [[Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium]], a 4 million [[cubic foot|ft³]] (113,000&nbsp;m³) [[performing arts]], culture and community facility. The auditorium is one of two "twin" facilities in the province, the other located in Edmonton, each being locally known as the "Jube." The 2,538-seat auditorium was opened in 1957<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jubileeauditorium.com/southern/about/who_we_are.asp|title=Auditoria History|author=Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium|accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> and has been host to hundreds of [[Musical theatre|Broadway musical]], theatrical, stage and local productions. The Calgary Jube is the resident home of the [[Alberta Ballet]], the [[Calgary opera]], the Kiwanis Music Festival, and the annual civic [[Remembrance Day]] ceremonies. Both auditoriums operate 365 days a year, and are run by the provincial government. Both received major renovations as part of the province's centennial in 2005.

Calgary is also home to a number of contemporary and established theatre companies; among them are [[One Yellow Rabbit]], which shares the [[EPCOR Centre for the Performing Arts]] with the [[Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra]], as well as [[Theatre Calgary]], [[Alberta Theatre Projects]]and Theatre Junction Grand, culture house dedicated for the contemporary live arts. Calgary was also the birthplace of the [[improvisational theatre]] games known as [[Theatresports]]. The [[Calgary International Film Festival]] is also held in the city annually, as well as the [[International Festival of Animated Objects]].

Visual and conceptual artists like the art collective [[United Congress]], have contributed their ideas and energy to the city. There are also a number of art galleries in the downtown, many of them concentrated along the [[Stephen Avenue]] and [[Beltline, Calgary|17 Avenue]] corridors.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://uptown17.ca/default.asp?webpage=285 | title= Hip to Haute | author= 17 Avenue Business Revitalisation Zone | accessdate= 2007-05-22}}</ref> The largest of these is the Art Gallery of Calgary (AGC). Calgary is also home to the [[Alberta College of Art and Design]].

A number of world class [[marching bands]] are based in Calgary. They include the Calgary Round-Up Band, the Calgary Stetson Show Band, and the two-time World Association for Marching Show Bands champions, the Calgary Stampede Showband, as well as military bands including the Band of HMCS Tecumseh, the Regimental Band of the King's Own Calgary Regiment, and the [[Regimental Pipes and Drums of The Calgary Highlanders]]. There are many other civilian pipe bands in the city, notably the [[Calgary Police Service]] Pipe Band.<ref>Calgary Marching Bands: [http://www.roundupband.org/ Round-Up Band], [http://www.stetsonband.org/ Stetson Show Band], [http://www.stampedeshowband.com/ Calgary Stampede Showband], [http://www.wamsb.org/ World Association for Marching Show Bands]</ref>

[[File:StampedeRodeo2002.JPG|right|thumb|[[Calgary Stampede]]]]
Calgary hosts a number of major annual festivals and events. These include the growing [[Calgary International Film Festival]], the Calgary Folk Music Festival, FunnyFest Calgary Comedy Festival, the Folk Music Festival, the [[Greek festival|Greek Festival]], Carifest, Wordfest Banff-Calgary International Writers Festival, the Lilac Festival, [[GlobalFest]], the [[Calgary Fringe Festival]], [[Summerstock Theatre Festival|Summerstock]], Fiestaval, [[Expo Latino]], Calgary Gay Pride, and many other cultural and ethnic festivals. Calgary's best-known event is the [[Calgary Stampede]], which occurs every July. It is one of the largest [[festivals in Canada]]. The event has a 93-year history. In 2005, attendance at the 10-day rodeo and exhibition totalled 1,242,928.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.stampede.coolattractions.com/history.html | title= History of the Stampede | author= Calgary Stampede | authorlink= Calgary Stampede | year= 2006 | accessdate= 2006-05-08}}</ref>

{{See also|List of festivals in Calgary}}

Several museums can be found in the city. The [[Glenbow Museum]] is the largest in [[western Canada]] and includes an [[art gallery]] and [[first nation]]s gallery.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgarykiosk.ca/calgary-tour/Glenbow-Museum.php| title= Glenbow Museum| author= Calgary Kiosk| year= 2006| accessdate= 2007-06-28}}</ref> Other major museums include the Chinese Cultural Centre (at {{convert|70000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}, the largest stand-alone cultural centre in Canada),<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.where.ca/calgary/guide_listing~listing_id~652.htm| title= Calgary Chinese Cultural Centre| author= Where Magazine| year= 2007| accessadate= 2007-06-28}}</ref> the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame and Museum (at [[Canada Olympic Park]]), [[The Military Museums]], the Cantos Music Museum and the Aero Space Museum.

The Calgary area also draws filmmakers. Numerous motion pictures have been filmed in the general area. The [[Tom Selleck]] picture ''[[Crossfire Trail (film)|Crossfire Trail]]'' was shot on a [[ranch]] near Calgary though the stated setting of the film is [[Wyoming]].

The ''[[Calgary Herald]]'' and the ''[[Calgary Sun]]'' are the main newspapers in Calgary. [[Global Television Network|Global]], [[Citytv]], [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] and [[CBC Television|CBC]] [[television network]]s have local studios in the city.

{{see also|Media in Calgary}}

== Sports and recreation ==
{{main|Sport in Calgary}}
[[File:Cop.jpg|thumb|left|[[Canada Olympic Park]] ]]

In large part due to its proximity to the [[Canadian Rockies|Rocky Mountains]], Calgary has traditionally been a popular destination for winter sports. Since hosting the [[1988 Winter Olympics]], the city has also been home to a number of major winter sporting facilities such as [[Canada Olympic Park]] ([[luge]], [[cross-country skiing]], [[ski jumping]], [[Downhill|downhill skiing]], [[snowboarding]], and some summer sports) and the [[Olympic Oval]] ([[speed skating]] and [[ice hockey|hockey]]). These facilities serve as the primary training venues for a number of competitive athletes.

{{See also|1988 Winter Olympics}}

In the summer, the [[Bow River]] is very popular among fly-fishermen. [[Golf]]ing is also an extremely popular activity for Calgarians and the region has a large number of courses.

Calgary will play host to the 2009 World Water Ski Championship Festival in August, at the Predator Bay Water Ski Club which is situated approximately 40 Kilometers south of the city.

[[File:Prince's Island Park.jpg|thumb|Right|[[Prince's Island Park (Calgary)|Prince's Island Park]].]]

As part of the wider [[Battle of Alberta]], the city's sports teams enjoy a popular rivalry with their Edmonton counterparts, most notably the rivalries between the [[National Hockey League]]'s [[Calgary Flames]] and [[Edmonton Oilers]], and the [[Canadian Football League]]'s [[Calgary Stampeders]] and [[Edmonton Eskimos]].

The city also has a large number of [[urban park]]s including [[Fish Creek Provincial Park]], [[Nose Hill Park]], [[Bowness, Calgary|Bowness Park]], [[Edworthy Park]], the [[Inglewood, Calgary|Inglewood]] [[Animal Sanctuary|Bird Sanctuary]], [[Confederation Park, Calgary|Confederation Park]], and [[Prince's Island Park]]. Nose Hill Park is the largest municipal park in Canada. Connecting these parks and most of the city's neighbourhoods is one of the most extensive multi-use (walking, bike, rollerblading, etc) path systems in North America.<ref name=pathway>{{cite web| url=http://www.calgary.ca/docgallery/BU/engineering_services/emaps/bicycle_pathways_map_2002.pdf|format=PDF| author=City of Calgary| title=Pathway map| accessdate=2006-06-15}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.calgary.ca/docgallery/BU/engineering_services/emaps/bicycle_pathways_map_2002.pdf|date=March 2009|date=March 2009}}</ref>

A founder of the city's professional wrestling tradition was [[Stu Hart]], patriarch of [[Hart wrestling family|one of the most prominent families]] in the history of the business.

:'''Professional sports teams'''
<tr style="background:#adadad;">

<td style="width:150px;">'''''Club'''''</td>
<td style="width:200px; text-align:left;">'''''League'''''</td>
<td style="width:200px; text-align:left;">'''''Venue'''''</td>
<td style="width:50px; text-align:center;">'''''Established'''''</td>
<td style="width:20px; text-align:center;">'''''Championships'''''</td>
</tr>

<tr style="background:white;">
<td>[[Calgary Flames]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[National Hockey League]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Pengrowth Saddledome]] </td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1980</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>

<tr bgcolor="#ffffff'>
<td>[[Calgary Stampeders]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Canadian Football League]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[McMahon Stadium]]</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1945</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">6</td>

<tr style="background:white;">
<td>[[Calgary Roughnecks]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[National Lacrosse League]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Pengrowth Saddledome]]</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">2001</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">2</td>

<tr style="background:white;">
<td>[[Calgary Vipers]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Golden Baseball League]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Foothills Stadium]]</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">2004</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">0</td>

</tr>
</table>

:'''Amateur and junior clubs'''
<tr style="background:#adadad;">
<td style="width:150px;">'''''Club'''''</td>
<td style="width:200px; text-align:left;">'''''League'''''</td>
<td style="width:200px; text-align:left;">'''''Venue'''''</td>
<td style="width:50px; text-align:center;">'''''Established'''''</td>
<td style="width:20px; text-align:center;">'''''Championships'''''</td>
</tr>

<tr style="background:white;">
<td>[[Calgary Hitmen]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Western Hockey League]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Pengrowth Saddledome]]</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1995</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>

<tr style="background:white;">
<td>[[Calgary Canucks]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Alberta Junior Hockey League]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Max Bell Centre]]</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1971</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">9</td>

<tr style="background:white;">
<td>[[Calgary Royals]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Alberta Junior Hockey League]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Father David Bauer Olympic Arena]]</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1990</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>

<tr style="background:white;">
<td>[[Calgary Oval X-Treme]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Western Women's Hockey League]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Olympic Oval]]</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1995</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">4</td>
</tr>

<tr style="background:white;">
<td>[[Calgary Mavericks]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Rugby Canada Super League]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Calgary Rugby Park]]</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1998</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
</tr>

<tr style="background:white;">
<td>Calgary Speed Skating Association</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Speed Skating Canada]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Olympic Oval]]</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">1990</td>
<td style="text-align:center;"><nowiki>10</nowiki></td>
</tr>

<tr style="background:white;">
<td>[[Calgary United F.C.]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Canadian Major Indoor Soccer League]]</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">[[Stampede Corral]]</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">2007</td>
<td style="text-align:center;"><nowiki>0</nowiki></td>
</tr>

</table>

== Attractions ==
{{main|List of attractions and landmarks in Calgary}}
[[File:Petro-Canada-Centre-Szmurlo.jpg|left|thumb|[[Suncor Energy Centre]]]]

[[Downtown Calgary|Calgary's downtown]] features an eclectic mix of restaurants and bars, cultural venues, shopping (most notably, [[TD Square]], [[Calgary Eaton Centre]], [[Stephen Avenue]] and [[Eau Claire Market]]), and public squares such as [[Olympic Plaza (Calgary)|Olympic Plaza]]. Downtown [[tourist attraction]]s include the [[Calgary Zoo]], the [[Telus World of Science, Calgary|Telus World of Science]], the [[Telus]] [[Convention center|Convention Centre]], the [[Chinatown, Calgary|Chinatown]] district, the [[Glenbow Museum]], the [[Calgary Tower]], the Art Gallery of Calgary (AGC) and the [[EPCOR Centre for the Performing Arts]]. At 2.5 acres (1.01&nbsp;[[Hectare|ha]]), the [[Devonian Gardens (Calgary)|Devonian Gardens]] is one of the largest urban indoor gardens in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_780_247_0_43/http%3B/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Living/Parks+and+Cemeteries/Parks/Devonian+Gardens/Devonian+Gardens.htm| title= Devonian Gardens|author=City of Calgary|accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> and it is located on the 4th floor of TD Square (above the shopping). Located here is The Core Shopping center, resident to many popular stores including Urban, Henry Singer, [[Holt Renfrew]] and [[Harry Rosen]]. The [[Downtown Calgary|downtown region]] is also home to [[Prince's Island Park (Calgary)|Prince's Island Park]], an urban park located just north of the Eau Claire district. Directly to the south of downtown is [[Beltline, Calgary|Midtown]] and the [[Beltline, Calgary|Beltline]]. This area is quickly becoming one of the city's densest and most active mixed use areas. At the district's core is the popular "[[Beltline, Calgary|17 Avenue]]", which is known for its many bars and nightclubs, restaurants, and shopping venues. During the [[Calgary Flames]]' playoff run in 2004, 17 Avenue was frequented by over 50,000 fans and supporters per game night. The concentration of red jersey-wearing fans led to the street's playoff moniker, the "[[Red Mile]]." [[Downtown Calgary]] is easily accessed using the city's [[C-Train]] light rail (LRT) [[Public transport|transit system]].

Attractions on the west side of the city include the [[Heritage Park Historical Village]] historical park, depicting life in pre-1914 Alberta and featuring working historic vehicles such as a [[Steam locomotive|steam train]], paddlewheel boat and electric streetcar. The village itself comprises a mixture of replica buildings and historic structures relocated from southern Alberta. Other major city attractions include [[Canada Olympic Park]], and [[Spruce Meadows]]. In addition to the many shopping areas in the city centre, there are a number of large suburban shopping complexes in Calgary. Among the largest are [[Chinook Centre]] and [[Southcentre Mall]] in the south, WestHills and Signal Hill in the southwest, South Trail Crossing and Deerfoot Meadows in the southeast, [[Market Mall]] in the northwest, and [[Sunridge Mall]] in the northeast.

[[File:StephenAve.jpg|thumb|Historic [[Stephen Avenue]] in [[Downtown Calgary]].]]

[[Downtown Calgary|Calgary's downtown]] can easily be recognized by its numerous skyscrapers. Some of these structures, such as the [[Calgary Tower]] and the [[Pengrowth Saddledome]] are unique enough to be symbols of Calgary. Office buildings tend to concentrate within the commercial core, while residential towers occur most frequently within the Downtown West End and the [[Beltline, Calgary|Beltline]], south of downtown. These buildings are iconographic of the city's booms and busts, and it is easy to recognize the various phases of development that have shaped the image of downtown. The first skyscraper building boom occurred during the late 1950s and continued through to the 1970s. After 1980, during the recession, many high-rise construction projects were immediately halted. It was not until the late 1980s and through to the [[1990s|early 1990s]] that major construction began again, initiated by the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] and stimulated by the growing economy.

In total, there are 10 office towers that are at least 150 metres (500&nbsp;ft) (usually around 40 floors) or higher. The tallest of these is the [[Suncor Energy Centre]] (formerly known as the Petro-Canada Centre), which is the tallest [[Skyscraper|office tower]] in Canada outside of [[Toronto]].<ref name=emporis>{{cite web|url= http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=112525| title= Petro-Canada Centre—West Tower| author= Emporis | authorlink= Emporis| year= 2007| accessdate= 2007-04-12}}</ref> Calgary's [[Bankers Hall]] Towers are also the tallest twin towers in Canada. Several larger office towers are planned for downtown: [[The Bow (skyscraper)|The Bow]], Jamieson Place, [[Eighth Avenue Place (Calgary)|Eighth Avenue Place]] (two towers), Centennial Place (two towers), City Centre (two towers), and the highly anticipated (although only rumoured) Imperial Oil and [[First Canadian Centre]] II towers.
As of 2008, Calgary had 264 completed [[high-rise building]]s, with 42 more under construction, another 13 approved for construction and 63 more proposed.

To connect many of the downtown office buildings, the city also boasts the world's most extensive [[skyway]] network (elevated indoor pedestrian bridges), officially called the [[+15]]. The name derives from the fact that the bridges are usually {{convert|15|ft|m}} above grade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Living/Recreation+and+Leisure/Activities/Walking/Plus+15.htm|title=Plus 15|author=The City of Calgary|month=February|year=2007|accessdate=2007-09-25}}{{Dead link|date=March 2009}}</ref>

{{See also|List of Calgary's 10 tallest skyscrapers}}

== Demographics ==
{| cellpadding="1" style="float:right; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:salmon;"
!colspan=3|Ethnic Origin<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?T=501&Lang=E&GV=4&GID=4806016&Prov=48&S=0&O=A| author=Statistics Canada| authorlink=Statistics Canada| title=2001 Census—Ethnic Origins for Calgary|accessdate=2006-01-06}}</ref>
|-
! Ethnic Group
! Population
! Percent
|-
|[[Canadian]]
|237,740
|25.64%
|-
|[[English people|English]]
|214,500
|23.13%
|-
|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]
|164,665
|17.76%
|-
|[[German people|German]]
|164,420
|17.73%
|-
|[[Irish people|Irish]]
|140,030
|15.10%
|-
|[[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian]]
|125,720
|13.56%
|-
|[[French people|French]]
|113,005
|12.19%
|}
[[File:CalgaryStampedeGrounds2005.jpg|thumb|left|[[Calgary Stampede]] grounds.]]
According the 2006 [[Statistics Canada]] federal census,<ref name=statcan2006/> there were 1,088,193 people living within the City of Calgary proper. Of this population, 49.9 per cent were male and 50.1 per cent were female. Children under five accounted for approximately 6.0 per cent of the resident population of Calgary. This compares with 6.2 per cent in [[Alberta]], and almost 5.6 per cent for Canada overall.

In 2006, the average age in Calgary was 35.7 years of age compared with 36.0 for Alberta and 39.5 years of age for all of Canada.

In 2001, the population was 878,866,<ref name="statcan">[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= Calgary Community Profile] Statistics Canada. 2002. 2001 Community Profiles. Released June 27, 2002. Last modified: 2005-11-30. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE</ref> while in 1996 Calgary had 768,082 inhabitants.

Between 2001 and 2006, Calgary's population grew by 12.4 percent. During the same time period, the population of [[Alberta]] increased by 10.6 percent, while that of Canada grew by 5.4 percent. The population density of Calgary averaged {{Pop density km2 to mi2|1360.2}}, compared with an average of {{Pop density km2 to mi2|5.1}} for the province.

A city-administered census estimate, conducted annually to assist in negotiating financial agreements with the provincial and federal governments, showed a population of just over 991,000 in 2006. The population of the Calgary [[Census Metropolitan Area]] was just over 1.1 million, and the [[Calgary Region|Calgary Economic Region]] posted a population of just under 1.17 million in 2006. On July 25, 2006 the municipal government officially acknowledged the birth of the city's one millionth resident, with the census indicating that the population is rising by approximately 98 people per day.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=5ba492e0-95d2-472b-a06f-3237696b3f52&k=57221| title = Calgary's population hits one million| author=Calgary Herald| authorlink=Calgary Herald| date=2006-07-24| accessdate=2007-01-07}}</ref> This date was arrived at only by means of assumption and statistical approximation and only took into account children born to Calgarian parents. A net migration of 25,794 persons/year was recorded in 2006, a significant increase from 12,117 in 2005.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgary.ca/DocGallery/BU/cityclerks/city.pdf |format=PDF| title= 2006 Civic Census Summary | author= City of Calgary | year= 2006| accessdate= 2007-05-09}}</ref>

Calgary is the main city of [[Division No. 6, Alberta|Census Division No. 6]] and the [[Calgary Region|Calgary Regional Partnership]].

;Visible Minorities and Aboriginals Peoples

Calgary CMA is the third most diverse in Canada in terms of visible minorities after Toronto and Vancouver when considering only CMAs with population greater than 200,000.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! colspan="2" | City of Calgary 2006<br /><small>Source: [[Statistics Canada]] 2006<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=Toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&Custom= 2006 Community Profiles - Census Subdivision<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref></small>!! Population !! % of Group !! % of Total Population
|-
| rowspan="12" | Visible minority group || [[South Asian]] || 56,210 || 24.2 || 5.7
|-
| [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] || 65,365 || 28.1 || 6.7
|-
| [[Black Canadians|Black]] || 20,540 || 8.8 || 2.1
|-
| [[Filipino people|Filipino]] || 24,915 || 10.7 || 2.5
|-
| [[Southwest Asia|West Asian]] || 5,930 || 2.6 || 0.6
|-
| [[Arabs]] || 11,245 || 4.8 || 1.2
|-
| [[Latin America]]n || 13,120 || 5.6 || 1.3
|-
| [[Southeast Asian]] || 15,410 || 6.6 || 1.6
|-
| [[Korean people|Korean]] || 6,710 || 2.9 || 0.7
|-
| [[Japanese people|Japanese]] || 4,490 || 1.9 || 0.5
|-
| Multiple minorities || 6,605 || 2.8 || 0.7
|-
| Not Included Eleswhere || 1,920 || 0.8 || 0.2
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Total Visible Minorities'''|| '''232,465''' || '''100''' || '''23.7'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Total Aboriginal Identity Population''' || '''24,425''' || || '''2.5'''
|-
| colspan="2" | Not A Visible Minority or Aboriginal || 722,600 || || 73.8
|-
| colspan="2" | '''''Total population''''' || ''''' 979,485 ''''' || || '''''100'''''
|}

== Government and politics ==
[[File:Calgary city hall1.jpg|right|thumb|Calgary's New City Hall and Old City Hall]]

Calgary is generally considered a conservative city, dominated by traditional [[Social conservatism|small-c social conservatives]] and [[Conservatism|fiscal conservatives]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/frontierpoli.html | title= Calgary's Politics 1895-1946| author= University of Calgary | authorlink= University of Calgary| year= 1997| accessdate= 2007-06-28}}</ref> As the city is a corporate power-centre, a high percentage of the workforce is employed in white-collar jobs. The high concentration of oil and gas corporation lead to the rise of [[Peter Lougheed]]’s [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive Conservative Party]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/1971poli.html| title= Calgary's Politics 1971-1991| author= University of Calgary | authorlink= University of Calgary| year= 1997| accessdate= 2007-06-28}}</ref> During the 1990s the city's mainstream [[political culture]] was dominated by the right-wing [[Reform Party of Canada]] federally, and the Progressive Conservatives provincially.

The [[Green Party of Canada]] has also made inroads in Calgary, exemplified by results of the [[Canadian federal election, 2004|2004 federal election]] where they achieved 7.5% of the vote across the city and 11.3% in the [[Calgary Centre-North|Calgary North Centre]] riding. The right-wing [[Alberta Alliance]] became active during the [[26th Alberta general election]] and campaigned for fiscally and socially conservative reforms. However, the Alberta Alliance and its successor, the [[Wildrose Alliance]], did not manage to make inroads in the [[Alberta general election, 2008|2008 Provincial election]].

However, as Calgary's population has increased, so has the diversity of its politics. One growing alternative movement was recently active during the 2000 World Petroleum Congress demonstrations and the [[J26 G8 Protests|J26 G8 2002 protests]]. Protesters were a mix of locals and outsiders. The city has chapters of various activist organizations, as well as an [[Anti-Capitalist Convergence]].

;Municipal politics
Calgary is governed in accordance with Alberta's Municipal Government Act (1995).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qp.gov.ab.ca/documents/Acts/M26.cfm?frm_isbn=0779747542|author=Alberta Queen's Printer|title=Municipal Government Act|date=1994-2000|accessdate= 2006-12-18}}</ref> The citizens vote for members of the [[Calgary City Council]] every three years with the most recent vote in October 2007. [[City council|City Council]] consists of the mayor and 14 ward [[Alderman#In_Canada|aldermen]]. The mayor is [[Dave Bronconnier]] who was first elected in 2001.<ref name=mungov>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt?space=Opener&control=OpenObject&cached=true&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=2&in_hi_ClassID=512&in_hi_userid=2&in_hi_ObjectID=235&in_hi_OpenerMode=2& | title= Municipal Government | author= City of Calgary | accessdate= 2007-06-22}}</ref>

The city has an [[operating budget]] of $2.1 billion for 2007, supported 41% by [[property tax]]es. $757 million in property taxes are collected annually, with $386 million from residential and $371 million from non-residential properties.<ref name=citybudget2007>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgary.ca/DocGallery/BU/finance/budget/2007_2008/financial_fast_facts.pdf |format=PDF| title= Financial Facts | author= City of Calgary | year= 2007 | month= January | accessdate= 2007-03-13}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.calgary.ca/DocGallery/BU/finance/budget/2007_2008/financial_fast_facts.pdf|date=April 2009}}</ref> 54% of expenditures are for city employee salary, wages, and benefits.<ref name=citybudget2007 />

;Provincial politics
Calgary is represented by 23 [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta|provincial MLAs]] including 18 members of the Progressive Conservatives and five members of the [[Alberta Liberal Party|Alberta Liberals]]. For exactly 14 years (from 14 December 1992 to 14 December 2006), the provincial premier and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Alberta, [[Ralph Klein]], held the [[Calgary Elbow]] seat. Klein was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in 1989 and resigned on September 20, 2006.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060331.wklein0401/BNStory/National/home| title= Klein takes devastating blow to leadership| publisher=Globe & Mail| accessdate=2006-04-01}}</ref> He was succeeded as provincial premier and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party by [[Ed Stelmach]], MLA for [[Fort Saskatchewan-Vegreville]]. Following this [[Alberta Progressive Conservative leadership election, 2006|leadership change]] Calgary saw its leadership and representation on provincial matters further reduced as its representation on the provincial cabinet was reduced from eight to three<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.cbc.ca/canada/edmonton/story/2006/12/20/ed-cabinet-reax.html | title= New Alberta cabinet too white, too male, too rural: critics | author= CBC news | authorlink= Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | month= December | year= 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-12}}</ref> with only one Calgary MLA, Greg Melchin, retaining a cabinet seat. In June 2007 Ralph Klein's old riding, a seat the PC Party held since it took office in 1971 fell to Alberta Liberal [[Craig Cheffins]] during a [[by-election]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070613/alta_rx_070613/20070613?hub=Canada | title= Byelection surprise shakes up Alberta politics | author= CTV News | year= 2007 | month= June | accessdate= 2007-06-14}}</ref> In the run up to the 2008 general election pundits predicted significant Tory losses in traditional stronghold that many felt was being taken for granted and ignored.

The [[Alberta general election, 2008|2008 election]] saw the Liberals increase their seat count in the city by one to five. While the results in Calgary were not particularly surprising given the grievances especially in Central Calgary with the Stelmach administration, the fact that they happened in the face of significant PC gains in Edmonton was. The Liberals were reduced to nine seats overall, meaning for the first time ever the majority of their caucus represents Calgary ridings.

;Federal politics
All eight of Calgary's [[Canadian House of Commons|federal MPs]] are members of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] (CPC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.ca/scripts/OVR2006/25/table11.html|title=Voting results by electoral district|author=Elections Canada|year=2006|accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> The CPC's predecessors have traditionally held the majority of the city's federal seats. The federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] of [[Calgary Southwest]] is held by Prime Minister and CPC leader [[Stephen Harper]]. Coincidentally, the same seat was also held by [[Preston Manning]], the leader of the [[Reform Party of Canada]], a predecessor of CPC. [[Joe Clark]], former [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] and former leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]] (also a predecessor of the CPC), held the riding of [[Calgary Centre]]. Of Canada's 22 prime ministers, two have represented a Calgary riding while prime minister. The first was [[Richard Bennett|R. B. Bennett]] from [[Calgary West]], who held that position from 1930 to 1935.

== Economy ==
{{see also|Economy of Alberta}}

{| cellpadding="1" style="float:left; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:salmon;"
!colspan=3|Employment by industry<ref name="statcan" />
|- style="text-align:center; background:lightsalmon;"
|Industry|| Calgary || Alberta
|-
|Agriculture|| 6.1% || 10.9%
|-
|Manufacturing|| 15.8% ||| 15.8%
|-
|Trade|| 15.9% || 15.8%
|-
|Finance|| 6.4% || 5.0%
|-
|Health and education|| 25.1% || 18.8%
|-
|Business services|| 25.1% || 18.8%
|-
|Other services|| 16.5% || 18.7%
|}
Calgary's economy is not dominated by the oil and gas industry to the extent it used to be, although it is still the single largest contributor to the city's GDP. In 2006, Calgary's real GDP (in constant 1997 dollars) was [[C$]]52.386 billion, of which Oil & Gas and Mining contributed 12%).<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/relocateAndExpand/RECalgaryEconomy/gdp.cfm | title= REAL GDP BY INDUSTRY: CALGARY ECONOMIC REGION, 2006 | author= Calgary Economic Development | year= 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-12}}</ref> The larger Oil & Gas companies are [[British Petroleum Canada|BP]], [[EnCana Corporation|EnCana]], [[Imperial Oil]], [[Petro-Canada]], [[Shell Canada]], [[Suncor Energy]], and [[TransCanada Corporation|TransCanada]], making the city home to 87% of Canada's oil and [[natural gas]] producers and 66% of coal producers.<ref name=AlbertaFirst>{{cite web | url= http://www.albertafirst.com/profiles/statspack/20366.html | title= Calgary | author = Alberta First | year= 2007 | accessdate = 2007-03-12}}</ref>
{| cellpadding="1" style="float:right; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:salmon;"
!colspan=4|Labour force (2006)<ref name=statcan2006/>
|- style="text-align:center; background:lightsalmon;"
| Rate || Calgary || Alberta || Canada
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Employment || 72.3% || 70.9% || 62.4%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Unemployment || 4.1% || 4.3% || 6.6%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Participation || 75.4% || 70.9% || 66.8%
|}
In 1996, [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] moved its [[head office]] from Montreal to Calgary, and, with 3,100 employees, is among the city's top employers.<ref name=top50empoyers>{{cite web|url= http://calgary.foundlocally.com/HR/Jobs-Employers.htm | title= Calgary's Top 50 employers| year= 2007| author= Found-Locally | accessdate= 2007-06-28}}</ref> In 2005, [[Imperial Oil]] moved its headquarters from Toronto to Calgary in order to take advantage of Alberta's favourable corporate taxes and to be closer to its oil operations.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2004/09/29/imperial_040929.html | title= Imperial Oil moving HQ to Calgary from Toronto | author= CBC news| authorlink= Canadian Broadcasting Corporation| month=September | year= 2004 |accessdate= 2007-02-23}}</ref> This involved the relocation of approximately 400 families.

Some other large employers include [[Shaw Communications]] (7,500 employees), [[NOVA Chemicals]] (4,900 employees), [[Telus]] (4,500 employees), [[Nexen]] (3,200 employees), [[Canadian Natural Resources|CNRL]] (2,500 employees), [[Shell Canada]] (2,200 employees), [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical Canada]] (2,000 employees).<ref name=top50empoyers/>

In October 2006, [[EnCana Corporation|EnCana]] announced the construction of [[The Bow (Calgary)|the Bow]], a 58-floor skyscraper in the downtown core of the city. This new corporate headquarters for the company will become, when completed, the tallest building in Canada outside of Toronto.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2006/10/12/encana-office.html|title=EnCana unveils plans for downtown Calgary office tower|author=CBC Article| authorlink=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-01-06}}</ref>

As of 2005, Calgary had a [[labour force]] of 649,300 (a 76.3% participation rate).<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/relocateAndExpand/RECalgaryEconomy/labourforce.cfm | title= Labour Force / Employment | author= Calgary Economic Development | year= 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-12}}</ref> In 2006, Calgary had the lowest unemployment rate (3.2%) among major cities in Canada,<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/labor35.htm| title= Labour force characteristics, population 15 years and older, by census metropolitan area| author= Statistics Canada | authorlink= Statistics Canada | year= 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-09}}</ref> and as a result, there is an extreme shortage of workers, both skilled and unskilled.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.expatexchange.com/lib.cfm?networkID=159&articleID=2263 | title= Worker Shortage Crisis in Alberta | month=February |year= 2006 |accessdate= 2007-02-23| author= ExpatExchange}}</ref> It is common to see signing bonuses for workers in the [[Tertiary sector of industry|service industry]] as well as starting wages for grade school students up to $15 per hour at local fast food eateries.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2006/03/05/1473832-cp.html | title=High school dropouts the dirty downside of the Alberta Advantage | month=march |year=2006 |accessdate= 2008-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.edmontonsun.com/News/Alberta/2007/06/14/4261744.html | title=http://www.edmontonsun.com/News/Alberta/2007/06/14/4261744.html | month=june | year=2007 | accessdate= 2008-01-06}}{{dead link|date=May 2009}}</ref> Downtown hotels have had to shut down floors due to a lack of staff to clean all the rooms. Calgary's housing boom, combined with large road construction projects and competition from [[oil field]]s with high wages to the north, has created a strain on the labour force.

[[WestJet]] is headquartered in Calgary, by [[Calgary International Airport]].<ref>"[http://c3dsp.westjet.com/guest/contacts/contactUs.jsp;jsessionid=g7RhKJ4H9Rvpn1VJBLFv4GZpJFpLFY1THj2vRHZJPSdwKyRB1mPG!-1091378010 Contact Us]." ''[[WestJet]]''. Retrieved on May 20, 2009.</ref> Prior to its dissolution, [[Canadian Airlines]] was headquartered in Calgary by the airport.<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20000303181624/www.cdnair.ca/eng/corp/01corp/index.html Investor & Financial Information]." ''[[Canadian Airlines]]''. March 3, 2000. Retrieved on May 20, 2009.</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Ucalgary.jpg|right|thumb|[[University of Calgary]] Campus]]

In the year 2005 roughly 97,000 students attended [[K–12 education|K-12]] in about 215 schools in [[English language|the English language]] public school system run by the [[Calgary Board of Education]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cbe.ab.ca/media/facts.asp| author=Calgary Board of Education| authorlink=Calgary Board of Education |title=Student attendance| accessdate=2006-01-07}}</ref> Another 43,000 attend about 95 schools in the separate English language [[Calgary Catholic School District]] board.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cssd.ab.ca/schools/index.shtml| title=Calgary Schools| author=Calgary Catholic School District board| authorlink=Calgary Catholic School District| accessdate=2006-01-07}}</ref> The much smaller Francophone community has their own [[French language]] [[Board of education|school boards]] (public and Catholic), which are both based in Calgary, but serve a larger regional district. There are also several public [[Alberta charter schools|charter schools]] in the city. Calgary has a number of unique schools, including the country's first high school exclusively designed for Olympic-calibre athletes, the [[National Sport School (Canada)|National Sport School]]. Calgary is also home to many [[private school]]s including Rundle College, [[Rundle Academy]], [[Clear Water Academy]], Chinook Winds Adventist Academy, Webber Academy,Delta West Academy, Masters Academy, Menno Simons Christian School, [[West Island College]] and [[Edge School]].

Calgary is also home to Western Canada's largest public high school, [[Lord Beaverbrook High School]], with 2241 students enrolled in the 2005-2006 [[Academic term|school year]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.cbe.ab.ca/schools/view.asp?id=75 | title= Lord Beaverbrook High School | author= Calgary Board of Education | authorlink= Calgary Board of Education | year= 2007 | accessdate= 2007-05-10}}</ref>

Calgary is the site of five major public [[Higher education|post-secondary]] institutions. The [[University of Calgary]] is Calgary's primary large degree-granting facility, and enrolled 28,807 students in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oia.ucalgary.ca/oia/files/oia/06-07FB.pdf|format=PDF|title=U of C fact book—page 15| year= 2006-2007|author=University of Calgary|accessdate=2007-09-25}}{{Dead link|date=March 2009}}</ref> Other post-seconday institutions include [[Mount Royal College]], with 13,000 students, granting degrees in a number of fields; and [[SAIT Polytechnic]], with over 14,000 students, provides polytechnic and apprentice education, granting certificates, diplomas and applied degrees. SAIT's main campus is in the Northwest quadrant, just north of downtown. It will be the main venue for hosting the 40th edition of the [[World Skills]] competition in September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldskills2009.com/|title=Calgary 2009 WorldSkills}}</ref>

Smaller post-secondary institutions include [[Bow Valley College]] and [[Alberta College of Art and Design]].

There are also several private [[liberal arts]] institutions including [[Ambrose University College]], official Canadian university college of the [[Church of the Nazarene]] and the [[Christian and Missionary Alliance]] and [[St. Mary's University College, Calgary|St. Mary's University College]]. As well, Calgary is home to [[DeVry University|DeVry Career College's]] only Canadian campus.

== Media ==
{{main|Media in Calgary}}

== Infrastructure ==
;Transportation
{{main|Transportation in Calgary}}
[[File:CT2242.jpg|right|thumb|Calgary's [[C-Train]] system.]]
Calgary is considered a transportation hub for much of central and western Canada. [[Calgary International Airport|Calgary International Airport (YYC)]], in the city's northeast, is the third largest in Canada by aircraft movements and is a major cargo hub. [[Non-Stop|Non-stop]] destinations include cities throughout Canada, the United States, Europe, [[Central America]], and Asia (cargo services only). Calgary's presence on the [[Trans-Canada Highway]] and the [[Canadian Pacific Railway|Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)]] mainline (which includes the [[CPR Alyth Yard]]) also make it an important hub for freight. The [[Rocky Mountaineer]] and [[Royal Canadian Pacific]] provides intercity railtour service to Calgary; [[VIA Rail]] no longer provides rail service to Calgary.

Calgary maintains a major streets network and a freeway system. Much of the system is on a grid where roads are numbered with avenues running east–west and streets running north–south. Roads in predominantly residential areas as well as freeways and expressways do not generally conform to the grid and are usually not numbered as a result. However, it is a developer and city convention in Calgary that non-numbered streets within a new community have the same name prefix as the community itself so that streets can more easily be located within the city.

[[Calgary Transit]] provides public transportation services throughout the city with [[bus]]es and [[light rail]]. Calgary's rail system, known as the [[C-Train]] was one of the first such systems in North America and consists of three lines (two routes) on {{km to mi|42.1|spell=Commonwealth|precision=1|}} of track (mostly at grade with a dedicated [[Right-of-way (railroad)|right-of-way]] carrying 42% of the downtown working population). Light rail transit use within the downtown core is free. The bus system has over 160 routes and is operated by 800 vehicles.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.calgarytransit.com/html/about_ct.html| title=About Calgary Transit|author=Calgary Transit|authorlink=Calgary Transit|accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref>

As an alternative to the over {{km to mi|260|spell=Commonwealth|precision=0|}} of shared bikeways on streets, the city has a network of multi-use (bicycle, walking, rollerblading, etc) paths spanning over {{km to mi|635|spell=Commonwealth|precision=0|}}.<ref name=pathway/>

;Medical centres and hospitals
{{main|Health care in Calgary}}

Calgary has three major hospitals; the [[Foothills Medical Centre]], the [[Rockyview General Hospital]] and the [[Peter Lougheed Centre]], all overseen by the [[Alberta Health Services]]: [[Calgary Health Region]]. A [[MEDEVAC|medical evacuation]] helicopter operates under the auspices of the [[Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society]]. Calgary also has the [[Tom Baker]] Cancer Centre (located in the Foothills Medical Centre), [[Alberta Children's Hospital]], and Grace Women's Health Centre providing a variety of care, in addition to hundreds of smaller medical and dental clinics. The [[University of Calgary]] [[Medical Center|Medical Centre]] also operates in partnership with the Calgary Health Region, by researching cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes, joint injury, arthritis and genetics.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/liveWorkPlay/Live/health/calgaryHospitals.cfm | title= Medical Research | author= Calgary Economic Development | year= 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-13}}</ref>

The four largest Calgary hospitals have a combined total of more than 2,100 beds, and employ over 11,500 people.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/liveWorkPlay/Live/health/calgaryHospitals.cfm | title= Calgary Hospitals | author= Calgary Economic Development | year= 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-13}}</ref>

== Military ==
{{main|Military in Calgary}}
[[Image:Royalvisitcalgary.jpg|thumb|HM Queen Elizabeth II passes a Guard of Honour of the Calgary Highlanders, to whom she has been appointed [[Colonel-in-Chief]], in a 2005 photo.]]
The presence of the Canadian military has been part of Calgary's economy and culture since the early years of the 20th century, beginning with the assignment of a squadron of [[Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)|Strathcona's Horse]]. After many failed attempts to create the city's own unit, the 103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles) was finally authorized on 1 April 1910. [[CFB Calgary|Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Calgary]] was established as Currie Barracks and Harvie Barracks following the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The base remained the most significant [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence (DND)]] institution in the city until it was decommissioned in 1998, when most of the units moved to [[CFB Edmonton]]. Despite this closure, Calgary is still home to a number of [[Canadian Forces]] Reserve units, garrisoned throughout the city. They include the [[HMCS Tecumseh]] Naval Reserve Unit, [[The King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC)]], [[The Calgary Highlanders]] (and [[Regimental Pipes and Drums of The Calgary Highlanders|band]]), [[746 Communication Squadron]], 15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance Detachment Calgary, 41CER detachment Calgary (33 Engineer Squadron), along with a small cadre of Regular Force support. Calgary is also home to several cadet units, including 52 "City of Calgary" Squadron, the oldest air cadet squadron in Calgary which celebrated their 65th anniversary in 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/site/newsroom/news_e.asp?cat=114&id=3110| title= Calgary cadets honour shared heritage with 403 Squadron| author= Canada's Air Force| authorlink= Air Command (Canada)| month=April |year= 2007| accessdate= 2007-07-22}}</ref>

== Contemporary issues ==
As a city that has experienced rapid growth in recent years, Calgary has experienced issues such as [[urban sprawl]]. With no geographical barriers to its growth besides the [[Tsuu T'ina Nation 145, Alberta|Tsuu T'ina First Nation]] to the southwest and an affluent population that can afford large homes and properties, the city now has only a slightly smaller urban footprint than that of [[New York City]] and its [[borough]]s, despite having less than one-eighth the population of New York City proper.{{citation needed|date=September 2008}} This has led to difficulties in providing necessary transportation to Calgary’s population. It has also led to an interpretation of the city as being a “driver’s city”. However, the city's light rail system (the [[C-Train]]) has the highest ridership (both in total and on a per capita basis) of any North American [[light rail|light-rail]] system,<ref>{{cite web| last = Calgary Transit| title = Calgary’s CTrain – Effective Capital Utilization| publisher = City of Calgary| year = 2006| pages = page 1| url = http://www.calgarytransit.com/pdf/Calgary_CTrain_Effective_Capital_Utilization.pdf|format=PDF| accessdate = 2008-02-11}}</ref> but most cities in North America use other forms of public transit. The LRT has an average of 297,500 boardings per weekday<ref name="aptacan">{{cite web| title = Public Transportation Ridership Report - Canada| publisher = American Public Transportation Association| date = Fourth Quarter, 2008| url = http://www.apta.com/research/stats/ridership/riderep/documents/08q4can.pdf|format=PDF| accessdate = 2009-08-18}}</ref> in the fourth quarter of 2008.

[[File:Beltline-Calgary.JPG|thumb|left|Calgary's high density Beltline district.]]
With the redevelopment of the [[Beltline, Calgary|Beltline]] and the [[Downtown East Village]] at the forefront, efforts are underway to vastly increase the density of the inner city, but the sprawl continues.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/sprawl/0928a.html | title= Growing pains plague Calgary | author= The Globe and Mail| authorlink= The Globe and Mail| month= September |year= 2000| accessdate= 2007-06-28|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070930041738/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/sprawl/0928a.html|archivedate=2007-09-30}}</ref> In 2003, the combined population of the downtown neighbourhoods ([[Downtown Calgary|the Downtown Commercial Core]], the [[Downtown East Village, Calgary|Downtown East Village]], the [[Downtown West End, Calgary|Downtown West End]], [[Eau Claire, Calgary|Eau Claire]], and [[Chinatown, Calgary|Chinatown]]) was just over 12,600. In addition, the Beltline to the south of downtown had a population of 17,200.<ref name=popcalgary>{{cite web| url=http://www.calgary.ca/DocGallery/BU/cityclerks/popcomparisonbycomm.pdf |format=PDF| author= City of Calgary | title= Community Population Comparison | year=2006 | accessdate= 2007-07-03}}</ref>

Because of the growth of the city, its southwest borders are now immediately adjacent to the [[Tsuu T'ina Nation 145, Alberta|Tsuu T'ina Nation Indian reserve]]. Recent [[residential development]]s in the deep southwest of the city have created a need for a major roadway heading into the interior of the city,<ref>{{cite web| url= http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Hall/Business+Units/Transportation+Planning/Southwest+Ring+Road/Southwest+Ring+Road+Introduction.htm | title= Southwest Calgary Ring Road | author= City of Calgary | month= October | year= 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-07}}{{Dead link|url=http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Hall/Business+Units/Transportation+Planning/Southwest+Ring+Road/Southwest+Ring+Road+Introduction.htm|date=March 2009}}</ref> but because of complications in negotiations with the [[Tsuu T'ina Nation|Tsuu T'ina]] about the construction, the construction has not yet begun.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.infratrans.gov.ab.ca/INFTRA_Content/docType490/Production/SWCRRCommunityUpdateJuly06.pdf |format=PDF| title= Southwest Calgary Ring Road | author= Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation | year= 2006 | month= July | accessdate= 2007-03-07}}</ref>

[[File:Calgary West End.jpg|thumb|right|[[Condominium]]s in the [[Downtown West End, Calgary|Downtown West End]]]]

The city has many [[socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] issues including [[homelessness]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgary.ca/docgallery/bu/cns/homelessness/2006_calgary_homeless_count.pdf |format=PDF| title= Count of Homeless Persons in Calgary | year= 2006 | accessdate=2007-02-27| author= City of Calgary}}</ref> Certain portions of [[Downtown Calgary|downtown core]] and inner city have been singled out as being home to much higher proportions of disadvantaged residents, as well as some neighbourhoods in the city’s east. The share of poor families living in very poor neighbourhoods increased from 6.4% to 20.3% between 1980 and 1990.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/cs/sp/sdc/pkrf/publications/bulletins/1998-000028/page13.shtml | title= More Poor Families Living in Very Poor Neighbourhoods| author= Human Resources and Social Development Canada| month= May | year= 1998| accessdate= 2007-06-28}}</ref>

Although Calgary and Alberta have traditionally been affordable places to live, substantial growth (much of it due to the prosperous energy sector and the northern [[Tar sands|oil sands]] projects) has led to increasing demand on [[Real estate|real-estate]]. As a result, [[Real estate pricing|house prices]] in Calgary have increased significantly in recent years, but have stagnated over the last half of 2007, and into 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgaryrep.com |title= Summary Listings & Sales, Average Price Graphs | author= Calgary Real Estate Board | year= 2008 | accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref> As of November 2006, Calgary is the most expensive city in Canada for commercial/downtown office space,<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.colliersmn.com/prod/cclod.nsf/publish/61FCCBBD88CFB7DD852571B5006E26EB/$File/OfficeMarket.pdf |format=PDF| title= Calgary’s Office Space Most Expensive in Canada | author= Colliers International | year= 2006 | month= July |accessdate= 2007-02-27}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.colliersmn.com/prod/cclod.nsf/publish/61FCCBBD88CFB7DD852571B5006E26EB/$File/OfficeMarket.pdf|date=March 2009}}</ref> and the second most expensive city (second to Vancouver) for residential real-estate. The cost of living and inflation is now the highest in the country, recent figures show that inflation was running at 6% in April 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/calgarybusiness/story.html?id=7eb8cbf4-df63-4910-a4c3-c8a89e955750&k=30022 | title= Calgary country's inflation capital | author= Calgary Herald | year= 2007 | month= June |accessdate= 2008-02-19}}</ref>

;Crime and CCTV
In March 2008, City Council approved a pilot project to test [[closed circuit television]] surveillance cameras. A total of sixteen CCTV cameras are being installed in three downtown locations. They are being deployed in the East Village and along the Stephen Avenue Mall. The project began in early 2009, primarily being led by Animal & Bylaw Services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.calgary.ab.ca/citybeat/public/2009/01/release.20090113_121033_1694_0 |title=CITYBEAT - CITY OF CALGARY PRESS RELEASE |accessdate=2009-02-01 |work=Press Release |publisher=City of Calgary |date=2009-01-13 }}</ref>

Even though Calgary has a relatively low [[crime rate]] when compared to other cities in North America, [[gang]]s and [[Drug-Related Crime|drug-related crime]] have increased along with the booming economy in Calgary. In 2009, 62 additional police officers were deployed as foot patrols in the downtown area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://calgary.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20090527/CGY_Beat_Downtown_090527/20090527?hub=CalgaryHome|title=Beat cops hit the streets|author=CTV|authorlink=CTV|accessdate=2009-06-06}}</ref>

== Sister cities ==
The city of Calgary maintains trade development programs, cultural and educational partnerships in [[town twinning|twinning]] agreements with six cities:<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/AboutCED/CEDdetails/sisterCities.cfm| author=Calgary Economic Development| title=Sister Cities|accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Common/Municipal+Handbook/+Welcome+to+Calgary/Welcome+to+Calgary.htm#sister| author=City of Calgary| title=Welcome to Calgary| accessdate=2009-07-04}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! Country
! City
! Province/State
! Date
|-
| {{flag|Canada}}
| '''[[Quebec City]]'''
| ''[[Quebec]]''
| 1956
|-
| {{flag|India}}
| '''[[Jaipur]]'''
| ''[[Rajasthan]]''
| 1973
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
| '''[[Naucalpan]]'''
| ''[[Mexico State]]''
| 1994
|-
| {{flag|China}}
| '''[[Daqing]]'''
| ''[[Heilongjiang]]''
| 1995
|-
| {{flag|South Korea}}
| '''[[Daejeon]]'''
| ''[[Chungnam]]''
| 1996
|-
| {{flag|USA}}
| '''[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]'''
| ''[[Arizona]]''
| 1997
|}

== See also ==
* [[Calgary Region]]
* [[Downtown Calgary]]
* [[List of mayors of Calgary, Alberta]]
* [[List of notable Calgarians]]
* [[Media in Calgary]]
* [[Calgary Stampede]]
* [[List of riots and civil unrest in Calgary]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | last = Martin | first = James | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2002 | title = Calgary: the Unknown City | publisher = [[Arsenal Pulp Press]] | location = Vancouver | id = ISBN 1-55152-111-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Janz | first = Darrel | authorlink = | year = 2001 | title = Calgary : heart of the new west | publisher = Towery Pub | location = Memphis, TN | id = ISBN 1-881096-93-9}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Calgary}}
* [http://www.calgary.ca/ Official Website]
* [http://www.tourismcalgary.com/ Tourism ]
* [http://www.wikia.com/wiki/Calgary Calgary Wiki]
* {{wikitravel}}
* [http://www.calgaryfolkfest.com/ Folk Music Festival]
* [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=Calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=48&B1=All&Custom= 2001 Census Profile]

{{Geographic Location (8-way)
|Centre = Calgary
|Northwest = [[Cochrane, Alberta|Cochrane]]
|North = [[Airdrie, Alberta|Airdrie]]
|Northeast = [[Rocky View No. 44, Alberta|Rocky View No. 44]]
|East = [[Chestermere, Alberta|Chestermere]]
|Southeast = [[Municipal District of Foothills No. 31, Alberta|Foothills No. 31]]
|South = [[Okotoks, Alberta|Okotoks]]
|Southwest = [[Tsuu T'ina Nation 145, Alberta|Tsuu T'ina Nation 145]]<br/>[[Bragg Creek, Alberta|Bragg Creek]]
|West = [[Canmore, Alberta|Canmore]]
|image = Flag of Alberta.svg
}}

{{Subdivisions of Alberta}}
{{Calgary landmarks}}
{{Calgary neighbourhoods}}
{{Olympic Winter Games Host Cities}}
{{Coord|51|02|42|N|114|03|26|W|type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Calgary| ]]
[[Category:Host cities of the Winter Olympic Games]]
[[Category:Settlements established in 1884]]
[[Category:Towns and cities with limited zero-fare transport]]

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Revision as of 02:59, 21 August 2009

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