Homing pigeon: Difference between revisions
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In September 2009, It was reported that a [[Durban]] IT company pitted an 11-month-old bird armed with a data packed 4GB memory stick, against the [[ADSL]] service from the country's biggest web firm, Telkom. |
In September 2009, It was reported that a [[Durban]] IT company pitted an 11-month-old bird armed with a data packed 4GB memory stick, against the [[ADSL]] service from the country's biggest web firm, Telkom. |
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Winston the [[pigeon]] took just |
Winston the [[pigeon]] took just one hour and eight minutes to carry the data 80km/50 miles - in the same time the ADSL had sent around 2% of the data.<ref>{{cite web | title =SA pigeon 'faster than broadband'| publisher =BBC (September 10, 2009)| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8248056.stm |
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Revision as of 12:43, 10 September 2009
The homing pigeon is a variety of domesticated Rock Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) that has been selectively bred to be able to find its way home over extremely long distances.[1] The wild rock pigeon has an innate homing ability,[2] meaning that it will generally return to its own nest and its own mate. This made it relatively easy to breed from the birds that repeatedly found their way home over long distances. Flights as long as 1800 kilometers have been recorded by birds in competition pigeon racing.[3] Their average flying speed over moderate distances is around 48 km/h (30 mph),[citation needed] but speeds of up to 95 km/h (59 mph) have been observed.[4]
Homing pigeons are called carrier pigeons when they are used to carry messages. This is possible where a message is written on thin light paper (such as cigarette paper) and rolled into a small tube attached to the bird's leg; this is called pigeon post. White homing pigeons are used in Release Dove ceremonies at weddings, funerals, and some sporting events.
Research has been performed with the intention of discovering how pigeons, after being transported, can find their way back from distant places they have never visited before. This had been researched for quite some time. Most researchers believe that homing ability is based on a "map and compass" model, with the compass feature allowing birds to orient and the map feature allowing birds to determine their location relative to a goal site (home loft).[5] While the compass mechanism appears to rely on the sun, the map mechanism has been highly debated.[6] Some researchers believe that the map mechanism relies on the ability of birds to detect the Earth's magnetic field. Much of this work has been conducted by Rosthina and Wolfgang Witschko and has shown that alteration of magnetic fields around the home loft result in disrupted homing ability. Recently, researchers have attempted to determine how pigeons can detect magnetic fields, and two different mechanisms have been proposed. A light-mediated mechanism that involves the eyes and is lateralized has been examined somewhat, but recent developments have implicated the trigeminal nerve in magnetoception.[7][8] Research by Floriano Papi (Italy, early 1970s) and more recent work, largely by Hans Wallraff, suggests that instead pigeons orient themselves using the spatial distribution of atmospheric odors[6] (see the August 20, 2005 issue of Science News.). Near their home lofts, in areas they have previously visited, pigeons probably are guided by visual landmarks.
Various experiments suggest that different breeds of homing pigeons rely on different cues to different extents. Charles Walcott at Cornell was able to demonstrate that one strain of pigeons was confused by a magnetic anomaly in the Earth that had no effect on another strain of birds. Other experiments have shown that altering the perceived time of day with artificial lighting or using air conditioning to eliminate odors in the pigeons' home roost affected the pigeons' ability to return home.
Some research also indicates that homing pigeons navigate by following roads and other man-made features, making 90 degree turns and following habitual routes, much the same way that humans navigate.[9]
History
Messenger pigeons, more commonly known as carrier pigeons, were used as early as 1150 in Baghdad[10] and also later by Genghis Khan. The Republic of Genoa equipped their system of watch towers in the Mediterranean Sea with pigeon posts.
In 1860, Paul Reuter, who later founded Reuters press agency, used a fleet of over 45 pigeons to deliver news and stock prices between Brussels and Aachen, the terminals of early telegraph lines. The outcome of the Battle of Waterloo was also first delivered by a pigeon to England. During the Franco-Prussian War pigeons were used to carry mail between besieged Paris and the French unoccupied territory.
Possibly the first regular air mail service in the world was Mr. Howie's Pigeon-Post service from the Auckland New Zealand suburb of Newton to Great Barrier Island, starting in 1896. Certainly the world’s first 'airmail' stamps were issued for the Great Barrier Pigeon-Gram Service from 1898 to 1908.[11]
They were used extensively during World War I, and one homing pigeon, Cher Ami, was awarded the French Croix de guerre for his heroic service in delivering 12 important messages, despite having been very badly injured.
During World War II, the Irish Paddy and the American G.I. Joe both received the Dickin Medal, and were among 32 pigeons to receive this medallion, for their gallantry and bravery in saving human lives with their actions.
Eighty-two homing pigeons were dropped into Holland with the First Airborne Division Signals as part of Operation Market Garden in World War II. The pigeons' loft was located in London which would have required them to fly 240 miles to deliver their messages.[12] Also in World War II, hundreds of homing pigeons with the Confidential Pigeon Service were airdropped into northwest Europe to serve as intelligence vectors for local resistance agents.
Homing pigeons were still employed in the 21st century by certain remote police departments in Orissa state in eastern India to provide emergency communication services following natural disasters. In March 2002, it was announced that India's Police Pigeon Service messenger system in Orissa was to be retired, due to the expanded use of the Internet. [13]
The use of pigeons to carry messages is commonly called Pigeon post. Pigeons can also carry small light-weight packages, and have been used to smuggle drugs into a prison.[14]
The humorous IP over Avian Carriers (RFC 1149) is an Internet protocol for the transmission of messages via homing pigeon. Originally intended as an April Fools' Day RFC entry, this protocol has in fact been implemented and used, once, to transmit a message in Bergen, Norway on April 28, 2001. [15]
Notable pigeon enthusiasts in the United Kingdom include Gerry Francis (football manager) and Duncan Ferguson (Everton and Scotland footballer).
In Chinese martial arts (wushu) films and dramas, homing pigeons are often used for "Pigeon Mail" (飛鴿傳書). People often labor under the misapprehension that the pigeons know where to deliver the mail. The fact is that they can only go back to one "mentally marked" point that they have identified as their home. So "pigeon mail" can only work when the sender is actually holding the receiver's pigeons.
The Taliban banned homing pigeons[16] (or probably more realistically the keeping of homing pigeons and/or the use for sport) in Afghanistan.
In September 2009, It was reported that a Durban IT company pitted an 11-month-old bird armed with a data packed 4GB memory stick, against the ADSL service from the country's biggest web firm, Telkom.
Winston the pigeon took just one hour and eight minutes to carry the data 80km/50 miles - in the same time the ADSL had sent around 2% of the data.[17]
References
- ^ Levi, Wendell (1977 Pg82). The Pigeon. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. ISBN 0853900132.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|year=(help) - ^ Blechman, Andrew (2007). Pigeons-The fascinating saga of the world's most revered and reviled bird. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702236419.
- ^ Walcott, Charles. "Pigeon Homing: Observations, Experiments and Confusions" (Pdf article). Journal of Experimental Biology. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ^ "The Speed of Birds" (Web article). BBC.Co.UK. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ^ Bingman, V. P. (1998). Spatial representations and homing pigeon navigation. In S. Healy (Ed). Spatial representation in animals. (pp. 67-85). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b Wallraff, H.G. (2004). Avian olfactory navigation: its empirical foundation and conceptual state. Animal Behaviour, 67, 189-204.
- ^ Mora, C. V., Davison, M., Wild, J. M., and Walker, M. M. (2004). Magnetoreception and its trigeminal mediation in the homing pigeon. Nature, 432, 508-511.
- ^ Gagliardo, A., Ioale, P., Savini, M., and Wild, J. M. (2006). Having the nerve to home: trigeminal magnetoreceptor versus olfactory mediation of homing in pigeons. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 2888-2892.
- ^ "Pigeons reveal map reading secret". BBC News (5 Feb, 2004). Retrieved 2008-07-02.
- ^ First Birds' Inn: About the Sport of Racing Pigeons
- ^ The Great Barrier Island Pigeon-Gram Service
- ^ Cornelius Ryan - A Bridge Too Far
- ^ [1]
- ^ Wingrove, Josh. "Brazilian prisoners use pigeons to get high". GlobeLife (June 27, 2009). Retrieved 2008-07-05.
- ^ Bergen Linux User Group - The highly unofficial CPIP WG
- ^ "Some of the restrictions imposed by Taliban on women in Afghanistan" (Web article). Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA). Retrieved 2008-01-03.
- ^ "SA pigeon 'faster than broadband'". BBC (September 10, 2009). Retrieved 2009-10-09.
Cher Ami
Cher Ami was a homing pigeon owned and flown by the U.S. Army Signal Corps in France during World War I. He helped save the Lost Battalion of the 77th Division in the battle of the Argonne, October 1918. In his last mission, he delivered a message despite having been shot through the breast, being blinded in one eye, covered in blood, and having a leg hanging only by a tendon. The bird was awarded the Croix de Guerre for heroic service delivering 12 important messages in Verdun.
G.I. Joe
The story of the homing pigeon that saved at least One Thousand Troops in WWII recieving The Dickin Gen. Mark Clark, Commanding the U.S. Fifth Army, estimated that “G.I. JOE” saved the lives of at least 1000 of our British allies. In November 1946, “G.I. JOE” was shipped from Fort Monmouth, N.J. to London, England, where he was cited and awarded the Dickin Medal for gallantry by the Lord Mayor of London.
Books
- Chico, The story of a Homing Pigeon in the Great War Lucy M Blanchard, Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1846850394
- Wringer by Jerry Spinelli.
The definitive publication listed below as it appeared in "The Thoroughbred"
See the books by noted European author Victor Vansalen;*
VANSALEN, VICTOR. Vleugelkwaliteiten bij sportduiven*
Champions Reveal Their Untold Stories*
Masters of Breeding & Racing: Racing Pidgeons and Mendelian Principles- Chromosomes and Genes- Origins and Strains- Breeding and Racing Methods of Internationally Famous Champions*
- Many publications are available in English although originally printed in Flemish, Francais and Deutsch
See also
- List of pigeon breeds
- American Show Racer
- Domestic pigeon
- Dovecote
- Pigeon intelligence
- Pigeon post
- Pigeons in aerial photography
- Tippler
- War pigeon
External links
- An informative magazine article written in the 1880s
- The three most important things that every pigeon fancier should know
- [2] (Newspaper article on the '97 pigeon race "disaster")
- The System of Military Dovecotes in Europe from an 1891 Scientific American article at Project Gutenberg
- RFC 1149 - A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers
- http://www.pigeon.org/beginnerscorner.htm - Great site for beginners.
- Resource for pigeon racers
- pigeons Holland