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'''Howqua''' (Chinese: 伍秉鉴 [[Pinyin]]: Wu Bingjian) was the most important of the [[Hong (Chinese word)|Hong merchants]] in the [[Thirteen Factories]], and the leader of the Canton [[Cohong]]. He was once one of the richest men in the world. <ref>[http://www.amazon.ca/Rich-How-They-Got-That/dp/product-description/0812932676 Amazon.ca: The Rich and How They Got That Way: How the Wealthiest People of All Time - From Genghis Khan to Bill Gates - Made Their Fortunes: Books<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref> ''The Rich And How They Got That Way'' By Cynthia Crossen Publisher: Crown Publishing Group Pub. Date: 2000 ISBN 0812932676 </ref> <ref> http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1008/1/4/2/100814207.html?coluid=6&kindid=26&docid=100814207&mdate=1129102451 </ref> <ref> http://news.sina.com.tw/books/novel/barticle/3409.html </ref>
'''Howqua''' (Chinese: 伍秉鉴 [[Pinyin]]: Wu Bingjian) was the most important of the [[Hong (Chinese word)|Hong merchants]] in the [[Thirteen Factories]], and the leader of the Canton [[Cohong]] - Ewo (怡和). He was once one of the richest men in the world. <ref>[http://www.amazon.ca/Rich-How-They-Got-That/dp/product-description/0812932676 Amazon.ca: The Rich and How They Got That Way: How the Wealthiest People of All Time - From Genghis Khan to Bill Gates - Made Their Fortunes: Books<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref> ''The Rich And How They Got That Way'' By Cynthia Crossen Publisher: Crown Publishing Group Pub. Date: 2000 ISBN 0812932676 </ref> <ref> http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1008/1/4/2/100814207.html?coluid=6&kindid=26&docid=100814207&mdate=1129102451 </ref> <ref> http://news.sina.com.tw/books/novel/barticle/3409.html </ref>


==Biography==
Born in [[Fujian]], China, he was known to the West as "Howqua" (the second). His father, Wu Guorong was also "Howqua" (the first) and was founder of the family company. He became rich on the trade between China and the [[British Empire]] in the middle of the 19th century during the [[Opium Wars]]. Perhaps the wealthiest man in China during the nineteenth century, Howqua was the senior of the hong merchants in Canton, one of the few authorized to trade silk and porcelain with foreigners. The volume of his wealth was almost unimaginable. According historic records, <ref> <<觸藩始末>> '''''The Start and End of Upsetting The Foreigners''''', Chapter 3 </ref> there was a fire in 1822 and many of the [[cohong]]s were burned down. The melted silver formed a little stream, the length was almost 2 miles. <ref> http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1008/1/4/2/100814207.html?coluid=6&kindid=26&docid=100814207&mdate=1129102451 </ref> <ref> http://news.sina.com.tw/books/novel/barticle/3409.html </ref> In [[Nanjing Treaty]], amount the 3 million dollars of compensations that were required to pay back to the British, he single-handedly contributed one million, one third of the total sum. <ref>[http://www.szdaj.gov.cn/dadg/rwzz/19.html 档案揭秘:被称为“天下第一大富翁”的伍秉鉴-欢迎进入深圳档案网<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Because his Chinese name was too difficult for western traders to pronounce, the name Howqua comes from his Chinese Business Name "浩官" ([[Pinyin]]: Haoguan), very similar to a [[Doing business as|DBA]]. <ref> http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/廣州十三行 </ref> Portraits of the pigtailed Howqua in his robes still hang in [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] and [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport mansions]] built by U.S. merchants grateful for his assistance.
Born in [[Fujian]], China, he was known to the West as "Howqua" (the second). His father, Wu Guorong was also "Howqua" (the first) and was founder of the family company. Because his Chinese name was too difficult for western traders to pronounce, the name Howqua comes from his Chinese Business Name "浩官" ([[Pinyin]]: Haoguan), very similar to a [[Doing business as|DBA]]. <ref> http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/廣州十三行 </ref> He became rich on the trade between China and the [[British Empire]] in the middle of the 19th century during the [[Opium Wars]]. Perhaps the wealthiest man in China during the nineteenth century, Howqua was the senior of the hong merchants in Canton, one of the few authorized to trade silk and porcelain with foreigners. The volume of his wealth was almost unimaginable. According historic records, <ref> <<觸藩始末>> '''''The Start and End of Upsetting The Foreigners''''', Chapter 3 </ref> there was a fire in 1822 and many of the [[cohong]]s were burned down. The melted silver formed a little stream, the length was almost 2 miles. <ref> http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1008/1/4/2/100814207.html?coluid=6&kindid=26&docid=100814207&mdate=1129102451 </ref> <ref> http://news.sina.com.tw/books/novel/barticle/3409.html </ref> In [[Nanjing Treaty]], amount the 3 million dollars of compensations that were required to pay back to the British, he single-handedly contributed one million, one third of the total sum, <ref>[http://www.szdaj.gov.cn/dadg/rwzz/19.html 档案揭秘:被称为“天下第一大富翁”的伍秉鉴-欢迎进入深圳档案网<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> he later died in [[Guangzhou]] the same year.


Till this day, portraits of the pigtailed Howqua in his robes still hang in [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] and [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport mansions]] built by U.S. merchants grateful for his assistance.
He had close ties to [[James Matheson]], [[William Jardine (surgeon)|William Jardine]], [[Samuel Russell]] and [[Abiel Abbot Low]].

==Legacy==
During his time as one of the Hong merchants in the Thirteen Factories, the Qing Dynasty saw a short period of trade prosperity. [[Guangzhou|Canton]] also became one of the most populated city in the world. <ref> http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201e.htm </ref>

The founders of world-renowned company [[Jardine Matheson Holdings]] - [[James Matheson]], [[William Jardine (surgeon)|William Jardine]], [[Samuel Russell]] and [[Abiel Abbot Low]] had a closed relationship with Howqua. After the [[Nanking Treaty|fall of the Thirteen Factories]], they continued the name of Ewo (怡和) and used it as Jardine's Chinese name till this day. <ref> http://www.jardines.com/profile/history_1830.html </ref>


With the spelling ''Hu-Kwa'' his name and likeness are used for a brand of imported [[lapsang souchong]] smoked [[tea]].
With the spelling ''Hu-Kwa'' his name and likeness are used for a brand of imported [[lapsang souchong]] smoked [[tea]].

Revision as of 00:13, 27 January 2010

Howqua (Chinese: 伍秉鉴 Pinyin: Wu Bingjian) was the most important of the Hong merchants in the Thirteen Factories, and the leader of the Canton Cohong - Ewo (怡和). He was once one of the richest men in the world. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Biography

Born in Fujian, China, he was known to the West as "Howqua" (the second). His father, Wu Guorong was also "Howqua" (the first) and was founder of the family company. Because his Chinese name was too difficult for western traders to pronounce, the name Howqua comes from his Chinese Business Name "浩官" (Pinyin: Haoguan), very similar to a DBA. [5] He became rich on the trade between China and the British Empire in the middle of the 19th century during the Opium Wars. Perhaps the wealthiest man in China during the nineteenth century, Howqua was the senior of the hong merchants in Canton, one of the few authorized to trade silk and porcelain with foreigners. The volume of his wealth was almost unimaginable. According historic records, [6] there was a fire in 1822 and many of the cohongs were burned down. The melted silver formed a little stream, the length was almost 2 miles. [7] [8] In Nanjing Treaty, amount the 3 million dollars of compensations that were required to pay back to the British, he single-handedly contributed one million, one third of the total sum, [9] he later died in Guangzhou the same year.

Till this day, portraits of the pigtailed Howqua in his robes still hang in Salem and Newport mansions built by U.S. merchants grateful for his assistance.

Legacy

During his time as one of the Hong merchants in the Thirteen Factories, the Qing Dynasty saw a short period of trade prosperity. Canton also became one of the most populated city in the world. [10]

The founders of world-renowned company Jardine Matheson Holdings - James Matheson, William Jardine, Samuel Russell and Abiel Abbot Low had a closed relationship with Howqua. After the fall of the Thirteen Factories, they continued the name of Ewo (怡和) and used it as Jardine's Chinese name till this day. [11]

With the spelling Hu-Kwa his name and likeness are used for a brand of imported lapsang souchong smoked tea.

External links

References

  1. ^ Amazon.ca: The Rich and How They Got That Way: How the Wealthiest People of All Time - From Genghis Khan to Bill Gates - Made Their Fortunes: Books
  2. ^ The Rich And How They Got That Way By Cynthia Crossen Publisher: Crown Publishing Group Pub. Date: 2000 ISBN 0812932676
  3. ^ http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1008/1/4/2/100814207.html?coluid=6&kindid=26&docid=100814207&mdate=1129102451
  4. ^ http://news.sina.com.tw/books/novel/barticle/3409.html
  5. ^ http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/廣州十三行
  6. ^ <<觸藩始末>> The Start and End of Upsetting The Foreigners, Chapter 3
  7. ^ http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1008/1/4/2/100814207.html?coluid=6&kindid=26&docid=100814207&mdate=1129102451
  8. ^ http://news.sina.com.tw/books/novel/barticle/3409.html
  9. ^ 档案揭秘:被称为“天下第一大富翁”的伍秉鉴-欢迎进入深圳档案网
  10. ^ http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201e.htm
  11. ^ http://www.jardines.com/profile/history_1830.html
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