South Australian Railways 520 class

South Australian Railways 520 class
A preserved example of the 520 class, the SteamRanger 520 Sir Malcolm Barclay Harvey in the Steamranger workshops, Mount Barker SA.
Type and origin Power type steam Designer P. H. Harrison Builder South Australian Railways, Islington Workshops Serial number 81–92 Build date 1943–1947 Total produced 12
Specifications Configuration: ​  • Whyte 4-8-4  • UIC 2'D2'h Gauge 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) Length 87 ft 4 in (26.62 m) Axle load 15.8 long tons (16.1 t) Tender cap. Coal: 9.75 long tons (9.91 t); Water: 9,100 imp gal (41,000 L) Firebox: ​  • Grate area 45 sq ft (4.2 m2) Boiler pressure 215 psi (1.48 MPa) Heating surface: ​  • Firebox 291 sq ft (27.0 m2)  • Tubes 2,163 sq ft (200.9 m2) Superheater: ​  • Heating area 651 sq ft (60.5 m2) Cylinders Two Cylinder size 20½ × 28 in (520 × 710 mm)
Performance figures Tractive effort 32,600 lbf (145 kN) at 85% BP
Career Nicknames Whispering Giants Preserved 520, 523 Scrapped 1961–1971 Disposition Two preserved, ten scrapped.

The South Australian Railways 520 class is a class of 4-8-4 steam locomotives built in the early 1940s for fast passenger and mixed freight work.

Development of the 520 class

During the war years in the early 1940s, the South Australian Railways (SAR) had a desperate need for additional tractive power on increasingly growing troop and supply trains and with the combined need for quick acceleration and high speed running on the flat and general straight mainlines to the north to Port Pirie, as well as power "under the belt" for the long 19-mile (31 km), 1-in-45 (2.2%) graded slog up the Adelaide Hills to Melbourne, a new locomotive design was required by the SAR. With this in mind, the 520 class was commissioned, combining the better features of the earlier 500 and 620 class locomotives.

The class used the 4-8-4 "Northern" configuration of the modified 500B class, but was also designed for work on branch lines with light 60-lb/yard (29.7 kg/m) rail with a reduced tender load. The considerable weight of the locomotive was spread over eight axles, four driving and four pony leading and trailing trucks, yielding the necessary light axle loading for operation over the aforementioned territory. The 520s used this to the fullest, their normal mainline stamping grounds being on fast crack express services on the Pirie line, namely the East-West Express, but also serving upon many of the Tailem Bend mixed and radiating branchline trains. The only lines that they were restricted from running on were those laid with very light 40 lb or 50 lb rail.

The class featured extravagant streamlining, in the style of the Pennsylvania Railroad's T1 in the United States. The original streamlining was more closely based on the T1, and class members 520-522 were fitted with such. Members 523-531 were built with a narrower front profile, attributed to by the "crown" of grill around the chimney front. The earlier streamlined model had a lower front, resulting in a squat chimney profile extended from an otherwise graceful, albeit useless, streamlined casing. During their service life, some of the class lost the cowling around their front buffer beam, a move which simplified maintenance.

The 520 class locomotives were noted for their impressive displays of power and speed. They featured specially balanced driving wheels that while only 66 inches (1,676 mm) in diameter, were designed for 70-mile-per-hour (113 km/h) operation, and were also the first locomotives in Australia to feature Timken roller bearings on all axles. Classleader 520 attained a speed of 78 miles per hour (126 km/h) between Red Hill and Port Pirie when it entered service on 10 November 1943. Surviving test records show the locomotive was capable of developing an indicated horsepower output of 2,600 horsepower (1,940 kW) at 70 mph while hauling a 510-tonne (500-long-ton) load.

A total of 12 locomotives were built at the SAR Islington Workshops between 1943 and 1947. They were progressively replaced in service from the early 1960s by diesel locomotives, and in particular the SAR 830 class, as repairs, namely to boilers, were required. It is interesting to note that the 520s were the first class in South Australia, and possibly Australia, to facilitate the use of completely welded boiler assemblies, an idea adopted by their designer Harrison after a trip to the United States of America. Locomotive numbers 520 and 523 survive, the former at Steamranger and the latter at the Port Dock Museum, now called the National Railway Museum. 520 was operational until the mid 1990's, when necessary repairs to the boiler, namely the removal of oil burning equipment, and a rusted tender frame, sidelined the engine. 523 had been used extensively as a tour engine, finally failing on its final farewell ARHS fantrip at Blackwood in the late 1960s.

The class earned themselves the name the "whispering giants". They were known as such, not for their soft exhaust - the 520s, while not as much as their larger 500B cousins, still shook the earth on their ascent into Mount Lofty Yard, due to their long boilers the class had the characteristic feature of requiring blower assistance while in yards to prevent blowback or drifting smoke into the cab, which was nearly entirely closed. Hence, when drifting or in stations or stationary, the class were known to quietly whisper.

• 
  Preserved 523 at the National Railway Museum, showing the significantly different front-end styling of the second group of 520 class locomotives.
• 
  Preserved 520 Sir Malcolm Barclay Harvey at Adelaide Railway Station during the SteamRanger "Festival of Steam", Sunday 21 May 1978.

References

• McNicol, Steve (1996). S.A.R. Locomotives. Railmac Publications, SA.
• Chris Drymalik. "Comrails 520 class". Retrieved 2008-04-16.

External links

• SteamRanger's Steam Locomotives