Kingdom of Greece: Difference between revisions
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Greece is a country somewhere in Europe. |
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{{Infobox Former Country |
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|native_name = {{Polytonic|Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος}} <br /> ''Vasílion tis Elládos'' |
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|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Greece |
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|common_name = Greece |
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|continent = Europe |
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|region = Balkans |
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|country = Greece |
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|era = [[Enlightenment Era]] |
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|government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]] 1832 - 1843<br />[[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary democracy]] and [[constitutional monarchy]] 1843 - 1924, 1935 - 1973 |
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|life_span = 1832 – 1924 <br /> 1935 – 1941 <br /> 1944 – 1973 |
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|event_start = [[London Conference of 1832|London Protocol]] |
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|year_start = 1832 |
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|date_start = 30 August |
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|event_end = [[Greek plebiscite, 1974|Third Republic]] |
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|year_end = 1974 |
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|date_end = 8 December |
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| |
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|event1 = [[Otto of Greece#September 3 revolution and later reign|Constitution granted]] |
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|date_event1 = 3 September 1843 |
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|event2 = [[Second Hellenic Republic|Second Republic]] |
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|date_event2 = 25 March 1924 |
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|event3 = [[Greek plebiscite, 1935|Monarchy restored]] |
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|date_event3 = 3 November 1935 |
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|event4 = [[Axis occupation of Greece during World War II|Axis occupation]] |
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|date_event4 = 1941 |
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|event5 = Liberation |
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|date_event5 = 1944 |
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|event6 = [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|Military dictatorship]] |
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|date_event6 = 21 April 1967 |
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| |
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|p1 = Ottoman Empire |
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|flag_p1 = Ottoman Flag.svg |
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|p2 = First Hellenic Republic |
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|flag_p2 = Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978).svg |
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|p3 = Second Hellenic Republic |
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|flag_p3 = Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978).svg |
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|p4 = Axis occupation of Greece during World War II |
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|flag_p4 = Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978).svg |
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|s1 = Second Hellenic Republic |
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|flag_s1 = Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978).svg |
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|s2 = Hellenic State |
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|flag_s2 = Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978).svg |
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|s3 = Third Hellenic Republic |
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|flag_s3 = Flag of Greece.svg |
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| |
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|image_flag = Hellenic Kingdom Flag 1935.svg |
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|flag_type = State Flag <br />(1863-1924 and 1935-1967) |
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|symbol_type = Small State Coat of Arms <br />(1863-1924 and 1935-1967) |
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|image_coat =State Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Greece.svg |
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|image_map = Greekhistory.GIF |
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|image_map_caption = Territorial evolution of the Greek kingdom 1832-1947 |
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|capital = Athens |
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|national_anthem = {{polytonic|Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν}}<br />''Ýmnos eis tīn Eleftherían''<br/>[[Hymn to Liberty]] |
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|national_motto = [[Eleftheria i Thanatos]], (Greek: "Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος", ''"Freedom or Death"'') (traditional)<br>'''[[Royal motto]]''': [[The people's love, my strength]] (Greek: "Ἰσχύς μου ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ λαοῦ") |
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|currency = ₯ [[Drachma]] |
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|common_languages =[[Greek language|Greek]] |
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|religion = Greek Orthodox |
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| |
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|leader1 = [[Otto of Greece|Otto]] |
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|year_leader1 = 1832-1862 |
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|leader2 = [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]] |
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|year_leader2 = 1964-1974 |
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|title_leader = [[Monarch|King]] |
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}} |
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The '''Kingdom of [[Greece]]''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{Polytonic|'''Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος'''}}, ''Vasílion tis Elládos'') was a state established in 1832 in the [[London Conference of 1832|Convention of London]] by the [[Great Powers]] (the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[July Monarchy|France]] and the [[Russian Empire]]). It was internationally recognized in the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1832)|Treaty of Constantinople]], where it also secured full [[independence]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]], marking the birth of the first fully independent Greek state since the fall of the last remnants of the [[Byzantine Empire]] to the Ottomans in the mid-15th century. It succeeded from the [[First Hellenic Republic|Greek provisional governments]] of the [[Greek War of Independence]], and lasted until 1924, when the monarchy was abolished, and the [[Second Hellenic Republic]] declared. The Kingdom was restored in 1935, and lasted until 1974, when, in the aftermath of a [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|seven-year military dictatorship]], the current [[Third Hellenic Republic|Third Republic]] came into existence. |
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== House of Wittelsbach == |
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The Greeks had risen up against the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1821, leading to a struggle which lasted until 1829. Greece had been led since 1828 by Count [[John Capodistria]], but after his assassination in 1831 the country descended into civil war. At this stage, the Great Powers stepped in and decided to make Greece a kingdom. At the [[London Conference]] of 1832, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]], [[July Monarchy|France]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]] (the [[Great Power]]s at the time) offered the Greek throne to the 17-year-old [[Bavaria]]n [[Otto of Greece|Prince Otto]] of the ruling House of [[Wittelsbach]], who became the first [[List of Kings of Greece|King of Greece]]. Otto was a minor when he arrived in Greece and thus a Council of [[Regents]] ruled in his name until 1835. In 1835, Otto began a period of absolute [[monarchy]] in which he selected an advisor (usually Bavarian) to serve as the President of the Council of State. At times, he himself was his own chief councilor. |
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== 3 September 1843 revolution == |
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By 1843, public dissatisfaction with Otto and the "Bavarocracy" had reached a tipping point, and the people were starting to make demands for a constitution. Initially Otto refused to grant a [[constitution]], but as soon as German troops were withdrawn from the kingdom, a [[military coup]] was launched. On 3 September 1843, the infantry, led by Colonel [[Dimitrios Kallergis]] and the respected Revolution captain [[Ioannis Makriyannis]] assembled in the square in front of the palace in Athens. The rebellion refused to disperse until the king agreed to grant a constitution, which would require that there be Greeks in the council, that he convene a permanent national assembly, and that Otto personally thank the leaders of the uprising. King Otto gave in to the pressure and agreed to the demands of the crowd. |
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== House of Glücksburg == |
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[[File:Greek 30 Drachma coin 1863.JPG|thumb|180px|left|30 [[Drachma]] coin of 1963, [[Commemorative coins of Greece|commemorating]] the [[centennial]] of the reign of the [[House of Glücksburg]]. Clockwise from the top: [[Paul I of Greece|Paul]], [[George II of Greece|George II]], [[Alexander I of Greece|Alexander]], [[Constantine I of Greece|Constantine I]] and [[George I of Greece|George I]].]] |
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[[Image:King George's Portrait by Georgios Iakovidis.jpg|thumb|George I, King of the Hellenes.]] |
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[[Image:Hellenic Royal Flag 1935.svg|thumb|The Royal Flag of the Kingdom of Greece. Similar to the State Flag, but with a detailed crown and fringe]] |
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[[Image:Naval Ensign of Kingdom of Greece.svg|thumb|The State and War version of the Naval Ensign of the Kingdom of Greece]] |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Glucksbergstamp.jpg|thumb|Greek stamp printed in 1963 on the 100th Anniversary of the accession of the [[House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg|House of Glücksburg]] in Greece, depicting 5 of the 6 Greek kings of that House <small>(Constantine II is not included, as he had not yet ascended the throne)</small>.|{{ifdc|1=Glucksbergstamp.jpg|log=2009 October 6}}]] --> |
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After King Otto was deposed in 1862, 17-year-old [[George I of Greece|Prince William]] of [[Denmark]] was elected to the throne as a [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarch]], known as George I. He reigned for 50 years, and his tenure is remembered for expanding the boundaries of Greece (upon his accession to the crown, Britain ceded the [[Ionian Islands]] to Greece), its economic progress and the acceptance of the concept that the government should be headed up by the leader of the party that received the most votes in the previous election, not whichever minister was most favoured by the king. Nevertheless, King George I was quite politically active. He was assassinated in 1913 in [[Thessaloniki]], which had recently fallen to Greece as a result of the victory of the [[Balkan League]] (of which Greece was a part) in the [[First Balkan War]]. |
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King George I was succeeded by his son, [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]], who had distinguished himself as a military leader in Greece's drive to add territory to her demesne. He was educated in [[Germany]], and married [[Sophie of Prussia|Sophia]], the daughter of the Kaiser. Constantine was perceived as pro-German, in opposition to [[Eleftherios Venizelos]]' support for the [[Triple Entente]]. Further bolstering this view was the king's overt efforts to keep Greece neutral in the [[First World War]]. The [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]] backed Eleftherios Venizelos and after a period, known as the [[National Schism]], where separate governments were established in [[Athens]] and [[Thessaloniki]], Greece joined the [[Triple Entente|Entente]] and King Constantine was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, [[Alexander of Greece|Alexander]] in 1917. Greece was rewarded for her support of the winning side in the war with territories in [[Asia Minor]] including [[Smyrna]]. King Alexander died in 1920 from a monkey bite and his father returned as king. After the disastrous [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)]], King Constantine was deposed again and he died in exile in [[Sicily]]. |
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King Constantine was now succeeded by his eldest son, [[George II of Greece|King George II]], who left the country in 1924 when the [[Second Hellenic Republic]] was declared. In 1935 a military coup headed by General [[Georgios Kondylis]] abolished the Republic, and staged a [[Greek plebiscite, 1935|plebiscite]] which approved the restoration of the monarchy. King George II returned to the country, where he subsequently actively supported the dictatorial [[4th of August Regime|Metaxas Regime]]. During the [[Battle of Greece|German invasion]] of Greece in 1941, he fled with the government to Egypt. He returned to Greece in 1946 and reigned until his death in 1947. |
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King George was followed by his last brother, [[Paul of Greece|King Paul]] who reigned from 1947 until his death in 1964. His son, [[Constantine II of Greece|King Constantine II]] was king until he was exiled after a failed counter coup against the [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|military junta]] in December 1967. The Junta appointed an illegal Regent in place of the King and eventually staged a carefully controlled [[Greek plebiscite, 1973|plebiscite]] in 1973, which led to the illegal abolition of the monarchy. [[Georgios Papadopoulos]] became the new [[List of Presidents of Greece|President of Greece]] on 1 June 1973. |
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The reign of the military junta effectively ended the following year but King Constantine II was not restored to the throne. The matter of his restoration was set in [[Greek plebiscite, 1974|another plebiscite]] in December 1974, where 69% of Greeks voted for the final abolition of the monarchy. |
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== List of Kings of Greece == |
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* [[Otto of Greece|King Otto]] - 6 February 1833 - 23 October 1862 |
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* [[George I of Greece|King George I]] - 30 March 1863 – 18 March 1913 |
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* [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]] - 18 March 1913 - 11 June 1917 and 19 December 1920 - 27 September 1922 |
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* [[Alexander I of Greece|King Alexander]] - 11 June 1917 - 25 October 1920 |
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* [[George II of Greece|King George II]] - 27 September 1922 - 25 March 1924 and 3 November 1935 – 1 April 1947 |
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* [[Paul of Greece|King Paul]] - 1 April 1947 - 6 March 1964 |
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* [[Constantine II of Greece|King Constantine II]] - 6 March 1964 - 1 June 1973 |
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''Note: The dates signify reign not life span.'' |
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== Heir == |
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During the kingdom, the [[heir apparent]] carried the title of ''[[Crown Prince|Diadochos]]'', as unique as [[Dauphin of France|dauphin]] in France (but not linked to any territory). During the [[Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg|Glücksburg]] dynasty, the heir also enjoyed the title of "Duke of [[Sparta]]". |
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{{History of Greece}} |
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== See also == |
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* [http://www.greekroyalfamily.gr Greek Royal Family Official Site] |
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* [[History of modern Greece]] |
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* [[List of heads of state of Greece]] |
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* [[House of Glücksburg]] |
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* [[Royal Family of Greece]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom Of Greece}} |
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[[Category:1974 disestablishments]] |
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[[Category:History of modern Greece]] |
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[[Category:Greek monarchy]] |
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[[Category:Former kingdoms|Greece]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1832]] |
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[[Category:Former monarchies of Europe|Greece]] |
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[[ar:مملكة اليونان]] |
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[[bg:Кралство Гърция]] |
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[[ca:Regne de Grècia]] |
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[[cs:Řecké království]] |
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[[de:Königreich Griechenland]] |
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[[el:Βασίλειο της Ελλάδας]] |
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[[es:Reino de Grecia]] |
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[[fr:Royaume de Grèce]] |
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[[gl:Reino de Grecia]] |
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[[ko:그리스 왕국]] |
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[[hr:Kraljevina Grčka]] |
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[[id:Kerajaan Yunani]] |
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[[it:Regno di Grecia]] |
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[[he:ממלכת יוון]] |
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[[mk:Кралство Грција]] |
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[[nl:Koninkrijk Griekenland]] |
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[[ja:ギリシャ王国]] |
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[[no:Kongeriket Hellas]] |
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[[ro:Regatul Greciei]] |
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[[ru:Королевство Греция]] |
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[[fi:Kreikan kuningaskunta]] |
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[[sv:Grekiska kungadömet]] |
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[[th:ราชอาณาจักรกรีซ]] |
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[[tr:Yunanistan Krallığı]] |
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[[uk:Королівство Греція]] |
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[[yo:Kingdom of Greece]] |
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[[zh:希臘王國]] |
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Revision as of 07:14, 4 June 2010
Greece is a country somewhere in Europe.