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Araujo, who was going by the name "Lida" at the time,<ref name="sfgate_lida">{{cite web | last = St. John | first = Kelly | coauthors = Henry K. Lee | title = Slain Newark teen balanced between two worlds | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = 2002-10-19 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2002/10/19/MN243494.DTL| accessdate = 2008-03-11 }}</ref><ref name="lida2">{{cite web | last = Lee | first = Henry K. | title = Hayward: Murder trial jury selection | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = 2004-03-16 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/03/16/BAGLD5LHL81.DTL | accessdate = 2008-03-11 }}</ref> met Michael Magidson, Jose Merél, Jaron Nabors, and Jason Cazares in the summer of 2002.<ref name="Case of slain">{{cite web | last = Locke | first = Michelle | title = Case of slain transgender teen could go to a jury this week | publisher = [[San Diego Union-Tribune]] | date = 1 June 2004 | url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/state/20040601-0012-ca-transgenderkilling.html | accessdate = 18 November 2008 }}</ref> She was reported to have engaged in oral sex with Magidson and anal sex with Merél.<ref name="deception and betrayal">[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/16/BAG3H666781.DTL ''Defense calls transgender victim guilty of 'deception and betrayal''']</ref> She claimed to be menstruating and during sex would push her partners' hands away from her [[Sex organ|genitalia]] to prevent them from discovering that she was biologically male.<ref>Lee, Henry K. "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/27/BAGIL6BL9I1.DTL Araujo begged for mercy, witness says]." ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', 27 April 2004. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref> On October 3, 2002, she attended a party at a house rented by Merél and his brother, Paul Merél.<ref>Murphy, Dean E. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E4DF113DF93AA25753C1A9649C8B63 3 Are Charged In Death of Man Who Dressed Like a Woman]." ''[[New York Times]]'', 19 October 2002. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Lee | first = Henry K. | title = One year since transgender teen's death | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = 3 October 2003 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/10/03/BA20787.DTL | accessdate = 18 November 2008 }}</ref> Also in attendance at the party were Magidson, Jose Merél, Nabors, Cazares, Paul Merél, Paul Merél's girlfriend Nicole Brown, and Emmanual Merél.
Araujo, who was going by the name "Lida" at the time,<ref name="sfgate_lida">{{cite web | last = St. John | first = Kelly | coauthors = Henry K. Lee | title = Slain Newark teen balanced between two worlds | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = 2002-10-19 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2002/10/19/MN243494.DTL| accessdate = 2008-03-11 }}</ref><ref name="lida2">{{cite web | last = Lee | first = Henry K. | title = Hayward: Murder trial jury selection | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = 2004-03-16 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/03/16/BAGLD5LHL81.DTL | accessdate = 2008-03-11 }}</ref> met Michael Magidson, Jose Merél, Jaron Nabors, and Jason Cazares in the summer of 2002.<ref name="Case of slain">{{cite web | last = Locke | first = Michelle | title = Case of slain transgender teen could go to a jury this week | publisher = [[San Diego Union-Tribune]] | date = 1 June 2004 | url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/state/20040601-0012-ca-transgenderkilling.html | accessdate = 18 November 2008 }}</ref> She was reported to have engaged in oral sex with Magidson and anal sex with Merél.<ref name="deception and betrayal">[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/16/BAG3H666781.DTL ''Defense calls transgender victim guilty of 'deception and betrayal''']</ref> She claimed to be menstruating and during sex would push her partners' hands away from her [[Sex organ|genitalia]] to prevent them from discovering that she was biologically male.<ref>Lee, Henry K. "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/27/BAGIL6BL9I1.DTL Araujo begged for mercy, witness says]." ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', 27 April 2004. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref> On October 3, 2002, she attended a party at a house rented by Merél and his brother, Paul Merél.<ref>Murphy, Dean E. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E4DF113DF93AA25753C1A9649C8B63 3 Are Charged In Death of Man Who Dressed Like a Woman]." ''[[New York Times]]'', 19 October 2002. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Lee | first = Henry K. | title = One year since transgender teen's death | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = 3 October 2003 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/10/03/BA20787.DTL | accessdate = 18 November 2008 }}</ref> Also in attendance at the party were Magidson, Jose Merél, Nabors, Cazares, Paul Merél, Paul Merél's girlfriend Nicole Brown, and Emmanual Merél.


At the party on October 3, 2002 she was discovered, by forced inspection (conducted by Brown<ref name="how she learned">St. John, Kelly. "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/21/BAGH568CBP1.DTL Witness tells how she learned transgender teen was male]." ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', 21 April 2004. Retrieved on 18 November 2008</ref>), that she had male genitalia, following which the men with whom she had had sexual relations became violent. Magidson put Araujo in a chokehold.<ref name="brutal slaying">Dennis, Rob. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_/ai_n15834641 Witness relates brutal slaying]." ''[[Oakland Tribune]]'', 8 Jun 2005. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref> Later, he punched Araujo in the face and began to choke her, but was pulled off by others.<ref name="how she learned"/> At some point after that, Paul Merél, Emmanuel Merél, and Brown left the apartment.<ref>Wronge, Yomi S. "[http://www.tampabaycoalition.com/files/225GewnAraujoFourArticles.htm Attack Witnesses Unlikely to Face Criminal Charges]." Mercury News, 23 February 2003. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref><ref name="brutal slaying"/> Jose Merél struck Araujo in the head with a can of food and a frying pan.<ref name="brutal slaying"/><ref>Lee, Henry K. "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/01/27/MNGT3GTKOG36.DTL Three sentenced to prison in Araujo slaying]." ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', 27 January 2006. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref> Nabors and Cazares left in Magidson's truck to go to Cazares's house to get shovels and a pickax.<ref name="brutal slaying"/><ref>"[http://www.gpac.org/violence/news.html?cmd=view&msgnum=0476 'We're Going to Get Some Shovels' -- Witness Testifies in Murder Being Compared to Brandon Teena's]." [[Gender Public Advocacy Coalition]], 19 February 2003. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref>
At the party on October 3, 2002 he was discovered, by forced inspection (conducted by Brown<ref name="how she learned">St. John, Kelly. "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/21/BAGH568CBP1.DTL Witness tells how she learned transgender teen was male]." ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', 21 April 2004. Retrieved on 18 November 2008</ref>), that she had male genitalia, following which the men with whom he had had sexual relations became violent. Magidson put Araujo in a chokehold.<ref name="brutal slaying">Dennis, Rob. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_/ai_n15834641 Witness relates brutal slaying]." ''[[Oakland Tribune]]'', 8 Jun 2005. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref> Later, he punched Araujo in the face and began to choke him, but was pulled off by others.<ref name="how she learned"/> At some point after that, Paul Merél, Emmanuel Merél, and Brown left the apartment.<ref>Wronge, Yomi S. "[http://www.tampabaycoalition.com/files/225GewnAraujoFourArticles.htm Attack Witnesses Unlikely to Face Criminal Charges]." Mercury News, 23 February 2003. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref><ref name="brutal slaying"/> Jose Merél struck Araujo in the head with a can of food and a frying pan.<ref name="brutal slaying"/><ref>Lee, Henry K. "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/01/27/MNGT3GTKOG36.DTL Three sentenced to prison in Araujo slaying]." ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', 27 January 2006. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref> Nabors and Cazares left in Magidson's truck to go to Cazares's house to get shovels and a pickax.<ref name="brutal slaying"/><ref>"[http://www.gpac.org/violence/news.html?cmd=view&msgnum=0476 'We're Going to Get Some Shovels' -- Witness Testifies in Murder Being Compared to Brandon Teena's]." [[Gender Public Advocacy Coalition]], 19 February 2003. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref>


When Nabors and Cazares returned, Araujo was still conscious and sitting on the couch.<ref name="brutal slaying"/> At some point, the assault resumed. Magidson kneed Araujo in the head against the living room wall, rendering her unconscious.<ref name="brutal slaying"/><ref name="Trial begins">Delventhal, Ivan. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_/ai_n14571729 Trial begins in transgender slaying]." ''[[Oakland Tribune]]'', 15 April 2004. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref> Cazares kicked Araujo.<ref name="Trial begins"/> After this, Araujo was taken to the garage of the home. Nabors testified that Magidson strangled her with a rope and that Cazares struck her with a shovel,<ref name="Case of slain"/> but Magidson testified that it was Nabors who strangled Araujo and struck her with the shovel,<ref>{{cite web | last = St. John | first = Kelly | title = Defendant says prosecution witness admitted killing Araujo | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = 16 August 2005 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/08/16/BAaraujo16.DTL | accessdate = 18 November 2008 }}</ref> and Cazares testified that he never struck her and did not see Araujo die.<ref name="Case of slain"/> Most accounts have Merél<!--¿Which of the three Meréls are we referring to here?--> cleaning blood out of the carpet at the time that she was strangled.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} Araujo was then hog-tied, wrapped in a blanket, and placed in the bed of a pick-up truck. They then drove Araujo's body four hours away and buried her near the Sierra Nevada mountains.<ref name="ERDGS"> [http://books.google.com/books?id=6O9Wj8E_PZkC&pg=PA390&dq=%22gwen+araujo%22&as_brr=3 ''Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People''] By Joan Roughgarden.</ref> Araujo's disappearance and murder went unreported for days.<ref name="ERDGS"/> It is not clear at what point during this sequence of events Araujo's death occurred. However, the autopsy showed that she died from strangulation associated with blunt force trauma to the head.<ref name="deception and betrayal"/>
When Nabors and Cazares returned, Araujo was still conscious and sitting on the couch.<ref name="brutal slaying"/> At some point, the assault resumed. Magidson kneed Araujo in the head against the living room wall, rendering him unconscious.<ref name="brutal slaying"/><ref name="Trial begins">Delventhal, Ivan. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_/ai_n14571729 Trial begins in transgender slaying]." ''[[Oakland Tribune]]'', 15 April 2004. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.</ref> Cazares kicked Araujo.<ref name="Trial begins"/> After this, Araujo was taken to the garage of the home. Nabors testified that Magidson strangled him with a rope and that Cazares struck him with a shovel,<ref name="Case of slain"/> but Magidson testified that it was Nabors who strangled Araujo and struck her with the shovel,<ref>{{cite web | last = St. John | first = Kelly | title = Defendant says prosecution witness admitted killing Araujo | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = 16 August 2005 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/08/16/BAaraujo16.DTL | accessdate = 18 November 2008 }}</ref> and Cazares testified that he never struck him and did not see Araujo die.<ref name="Case of slain"/> Most accounts have Merél<!--¿Which of the three Meréls are we referring to here?--> cleaning blood out of the carpet at the time that she was strangled.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} Araujo was then hog-tied, wrapped in a blanket, and placed in the bed of a pick-up truck. They then drove Araujo's body four hours away and buried her near the Sierra Nevada mountains.<ref name="ERDGS"> [http://books.google.com/books?id=6O9Wj8E_PZkC&pg=PA390&dq=%22gwen+araujo%22&as_brr=3 ''Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People''] By Joan Roughgarden.</ref> Araujo's disappearance and murder went unreported for days.<ref name="ERDGS"/> It is not clear at what point during this sequence of events Araujo's death occurred. However, the autopsy showed that she died from strangulation associated with blunt force trauma to the head.<ref name="deception and betrayal"/>


==Trial==
==Trial==

Revision as of 20:08, 14 June 2010

Gwen Araujo (born Eddie Araujo) an American teenage pre-operative transgender woman, was murdered in Newark, California, in October 2002.[1] She was killed by four men, two of whom she had been sexually intimate with, who beat and strangled her after discovering she was biologically male.[2][3][4] Two of the defendants were convicted of second-degree murder[5], but not convicted on the requested hate crime enhancements. The other two defendants pleaded guilty or no contest to voluntary manslaughter. In at least one of the trials, a trans panic defense - an extension of the gay panic defense - was employed.[6][5]

The crime received widespread national and international attention and prompted some authors to write about the bearing of homophobia and transphobia on Araujo's murder, along with questioning whether transgender people were being represented fairly and accurately in both mass media and the criminal justice.[7][6][8] Reaction to the case was an impetus for law reform movements in several states.[9][10] The events, including both criminal trials, have been portrayed in a TV movie, A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story.[2][4] The murder was regularly compared to the Matthew Shepard case and was a rallying cause for the transgender and ultimately the larger LGBT communities.[11][12]

Witness account of the circumstances of her death

Araujo, who was going by the name "Lida" at the time,[13][14] met Michael Magidson, Jose Merél, Jaron Nabors, and Jason Cazares in the summer of 2002.[15] She was reported to have engaged in oral sex with Magidson and anal sex with Merél.[16] She claimed to be menstruating and during sex would push her partners' hands away from her genitalia to prevent them from discovering that she was biologically male.[17] On October 3, 2002, she attended a party at a house rented by Merél and his brother, Paul Merél.[18][19] Also in attendance at the party were Magidson, Jose Merél, Nabors, Cazares, Paul Merél, Paul Merél's girlfriend Nicole Brown, and Emmanual Merél.

At the party on October 3, 2002 he was discovered, by forced inspection (conducted by Brown[20]), that she had male genitalia, following which the men with whom he had had sexual relations became violent. Magidson put Araujo in a chokehold.[21] Later, he punched Araujo in the face and began to choke him, but was pulled off by others.[20] At some point after that, Paul Merél, Emmanuel Merél, and Brown left the apartment.[22][21] Jose Merél struck Araujo in the head with a can of food and a frying pan.[21][23] Nabors and Cazares left in Magidson's truck to go to Cazares's house to get shovels and a pickax.[21][24]

When Nabors and Cazares returned, Araujo was still conscious and sitting on the couch.[21] At some point, the assault resumed. Magidson kneed Araujo in the head against the living room wall, rendering him unconscious.[21][25] Cazares kicked Araujo.[25] After this, Araujo was taken to the garage of the home. Nabors testified that Magidson strangled him with a rope and that Cazares struck him with a shovel,[15] but Magidson testified that it was Nabors who strangled Araujo and struck her with the shovel,[26] and Cazares testified that he never struck him and did not see Araujo die.[15] Most accounts have Merél cleaning blood out of the carpet at the time that she was strangled.[citation needed] Araujo was then hog-tied, wrapped in a blanket, and placed in the bed of a pick-up truck. They then drove Araujo's body four hours away and buried her near the Sierra Nevada mountains.[27] Araujo's disappearance and murder went unreported for days.[27] It is not clear at what point during this sequence of events Araujo's death occurred. However, the autopsy showed that she died from strangulation associated with blunt force trauma to the head.[16]

Trial

The partygoers did not report the crime and the assailants said nothing to anyone about the murder. Two days after Araujo's death, a friend of Jaron Nabors described him as appearing distraught.[13] Nabors, one of the four attackers, led authorities to the grave site in "exchange for his guilty plea to voluntary manslaughter and a promise to testify at the trial."[28][29]

Alameda County Sheriff's Office dispatched four crime scene investigators and two detectives to recover the body from the grave site. The four accused of the murder were: Michael Magidson, 22; Jaron Nabors, 19; José Merél, 22; and Paul Merél, Jose's older brother. Paul Merél was quickly released because his girlfriend came forward to the police telling them that Paul had left that night with her. Paul Merél and his girlfriend were never charged and became witnesses for the prosecution. Jason Cazares was arrested over a month after the other defendants, and only after Nabors implicated Cazares in a letter to Nabors' girlfriend, explaining how he (Nabors) wasn't involved in the killing.[citation needed] Nabors later testified against the other three in a deal with the DA for a lesser charge of manslaughter and an 11-year prison sentence after police monitored a telephone conversation between Nabors and his girlfriend, Delores Ojeda.[30]

First trial

Magidson argued that he should not be charged with murder, rather manslaughter at worst, under California law.[31] Merél's attorney denied any involvement by Merél in the killing[citation needed]. Cazares denied involvement[citation needed]. Prosecution witnesses pointed out[citation needed] that Cazares attempted to intervene on behalf of Araujo (to stop the beating) on as many as five separate occasions prior to everyone fleeing the house. All three attacked Nabors' credibility[citation needed], arguing that he minimized his own role in Araujo's death and had the most to gain by lying. The jury deadlocked on all three defendants, and a mistrial was recorded[citation needed].

Second trial

Three defendants testified in this trial — and blamed each other as well as Nabors. On 8 September, the jury announced that it had reached verdicts on two of the three defendants. As Judge Harry Sheppard instructed, the verdicts were kept secret. [32]

On 12 September, after the jury announced that it had deadlocked on the third defendant, the verdicts were announced. The defendant on whom the jury had deadlocked was Cazares. Magidson and Merél were each convicted of second degree murder [33] , but not convicted of the hate crime enhancement allegations.

Alameda County Assistant District Attorney Chris Lamiero, who represented the prosecution in the case, determined criminal intent by commenting: "Gwen being transgender was not a provocative act. She's who she was. However, I would not further ignore the reality that Gwen made some decisions in her relation with these defendants that were impossible to defend. I don't think most jurors are going to think it's OK to engage someone in sexual activity knowing they assume you have one sexual anatomy when you don't."[34]

Aftermath

At Araujo's mother's request, a judge posthumously changed Araujo's legal name from Eddie to Gwen on June 23, 2004.[35]

On the first anniversary of the murder, Horizons Foundation created the Gwen Araujo Memorial Fund for Transgender Education. The Fund's purpose is to support school-based programs in the nine-county Bay Area that promote understanding of transgender people and issues, through annual grants. Through this fund, Araujo's mother and family speaks in middle and high schools about transgender awareness and understanding.[36]

A Lifetime Network Movie called A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story, starring J. D. Pardo and Mercedes Ruehl, aired in June 2006. The case was also the subject of a 2007 documentary, Trained in the Ways of Men.[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies by Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld
  2. ^ a b What's On Tonight
  3. ^ Body politics
  4. ^ a b Two Guilty of Murder in Death of a Transgender Teenager
  5. ^ a b "Two murder convictions in Araujo case", Zak Szymanski; Bay Area Reporter 15 September 2005.
  6. ^ a b Transpeople: Repudiation, Trauma, Healing by Christopher A. Shelley.
  7. ^ Narrative Therapy: Making Meaning, Making Lives by Catrina Brown, Tod Augusta-Scott.
  8. ^ The Transgender Studies Reader by Susan Stryker, Stephen Whittle.
  9. ^ News and Sexuality: Media Portraits of Diversity by Laura Castañeda, Shannon B. Campbell.
  10. ^ Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men by Lori B. Girshick, Jamison Green.
  11. ^ "'Laramie' creator mourns new victim of anti-gay slaying"
  12. ^ "Slaying of transgender boy haunts city" by John Ritter, USA TODAY.
  13. ^ a b St. John, Kelly (2002-10-19). "Slain Newark teen balanced between two worlds". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-03-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Lee, Henry K. (2004-03-16). "Hayward: Murder trial jury selection". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  15. ^ a b c Locke, Michelle (1 June 2004). "Case of slain transgender teen could go to a jury this week". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  16. ^ a b Defense calls transgender victim guilty of 'deception and betrayal'
  17. ^ Lee, Henry K. "Araujo begged for mercy, witness says." San Francisco Chronicle, 27 April 2004. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  18. ^ Murphy, Dean E. "3 Are Charged In Death of Man Who Dressed Like a Woman." New York Times, 19 October 2002. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  19. ^ Lee, Henry K. (3 October 2003). "One year since transgender teen's death". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  20. ^ a b St. John, Kelly. "Witness tells how she learned transgender teen was male." San Francisco Chronicle, 21 April 2004. Retrieved on 18 November 2008
  21. ^ a b c d e f Dennis, Rob. "Witness relates brutal slaying." Oakland Tribune, 8 Jun 2005. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  22. ^ Wronge, Yomi S. "Attack Witnesses Unlikely to Face Criminal Charges." Mercury News, 23 February 2003. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  23. ^ Lee, Henry K. "Three sentenced to prison in Araujo slaying." San Francisco Chronicle, 27 January 2006. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  24. ^ "'We're Going to Get Some Shovels' -- Witness Testifies in Murder Being Compared to Brandon Teena's." Gender Public Advocacy Coalition, 19 February 2003. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  25. ^ a b Delventhal, Ivan. "Trial begins in transgender slaying." Oakland Tribune, 15 April 2004. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  26. ^ St. John, Kelly (16 August 2005). "Defendant says prosecution witness admitted killing Araujo". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  27. ^ a b Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People By Joan Roughgarden.
  28. ^ "One year since transgender teen's death Gwen Araujo's family still struggling to cope" Henry K. Lee; San Francisco Chronicle, October 3, 2003.
  29. ^ Gwen Araujo Memorial Transgender Education Fund. "Relationship Risks!"
  30. ^ Dennis, Rob. "Tape played of witness, girlfriend," Oakland Tribune, 15 June 2005. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  31. ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20040918/ai_n14584740/
  32. ^ "Newark Transgender Teen Murder Verdicts Upheld". CBS 5 CrimeWatch. Retrieved 2009-05-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  33. ^ "2 Convicted of Murdering Transgender Teen". Fox News. Retrieved 2005-09-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  34. ^ "Lawyers Debate 'Gay Panic' Defense". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-11-20. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  35. ^ St. John, Kelly (2004-07-01). "Araujo name change request granted". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  36. ^ "Group creates Araujo memorial fund". Oakland Tribune. 2004-05-03. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  37. ^ Fests go in for a piece of the action: Cinequest to distribute 'Ways of Men' Michael Jones, Variety, 14 March 2008.

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