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The areolate grouper ([[Epinephelus]] ''areolatus'', [[Forsskål]], 1775) is part of a genus of [[grouper]]s. It is a sea fish that inhabits coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. It can grow up to 47 cm long and weigh 1.4 kg.<ref> Moran, M, Jenke J, Burton C, and Clarke D. 1988 The Western Australian trap and line fishery on the Northwest Shelf. Western Australian Marine Research Laboratories. FIRTA Project 86/28, Final Report. 79 p.</ref> It is whitish to gray with rounded brownish spots; it is particularly identifiable by a narrow, white, straight margin on its truncate tail.<ref>Ferrari A and Ferrari A. Diver’s Guide to Reef Life. Nautilus Publishing Sdn. Bhd, Maylasia, 2007. ISBN 9832731011, p. 149</ref> They are commercially produced through [[aquaculture]] and capture. There is currently no threat to the survival of Epinephelus areolatus.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/132774/0/biblio Epinephelus areolatus page on IUCN List of Threatened Species] </ref>
The areolate grouper ([[Epinephelus]] ''areolatus'', [[Forsskål]], 1775) is part of a genus of [[grouper]]s. It is a sea fish that inhabits coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. It can grow up to 47 cm long and weigh 1.4 kg.<ref> Moran, M, Jenke J, Burton C, and Clarke D. 1988 The Western Australian trap and line fishery on the Northwest Shelf. Western Australian Marine Research Laboratories. FIRTA Project 86/28, Final Report. 79 p.</ref> It is whitish to gray with rounded brownish spots; it is particularly identifiable by a narrow, white, straight margin on its truncate tail.<ref>Ferrari A and Ferrari A. Diver’s Guide to Reef Life. Nautilus Publishing Sdn. Bhd, Maylasia, 2007. ISBN 9832731011, p. 149</ref> They are commercially produced through [[aquaculture]] and capture. There is currently no threat to the survival of Epinephelus ''areolatus''.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/132774/0/biblio Epinephelus areolatus page on IUCN List of Threatened Species] </ref>


==Description==
==Description==
The areolate grouper ([[Epinephelus]] ''areolatus'', [[Forsskål]], 1775) is part of a genus of [[grouper]]s. It is on the larger side of fish that live near coral reefs (up to 47 cm long, 1.4 kg<ref> Moran, M, Jenke J, Burton C, and Clarke D. 1988 The Western Australian trap and line fishery on the Northwest Shelf. Western Australian Marine Research Laboratories. FIRTA Project 86/28, Final Report. 79 p.</ref>). Its coloration is whitish to gray with rounded brownish spots; it is particularly identifiable by a narrow, white, straight margin on its truncate tail.<ref>Ferrari A and Ferrari A. Diver’s Guide to Reef Life. Nautilus Publishing Sdn. Bhd, Maylasia, 2007. ISBN 9832731011, p. 149</ref> It has 11 dorsal spines, 15-17 dorsal soft rays, 3 anal spines and 8 anal soft rays.
The areolate grouper ([[Epinephelus]] ''areolatus'', [[Forsskål]], 1775) is part of a genus of [[grouper]]s. It is on the larger side of fish that live near coral reefs (up to 47 cm long, 1.4 kg<ref> Moran, M, Jenke J, Burton C, and Clarke D. 1988 The Western Australian trap and line fishery on the Northwest Shelf. Western Australian Marine Research Laboratories. FIRTA Project 86/28, Final Report. 79 p.</ref>). Its coloration is whitish to gray with rounded brownish spots; it is particularly identifiable by a narrow, white, straight margin on its truncate tail.<ref>Ferrari A and Ferrari A. Diver’s Guide to Reef Life. Nautilus Publishing Sdn. Bhd, Maylasia, 2007. ISBN 9832731011, p. 149</ref> It has 11 dorsal spines, 15-17 dorsal soft rays, 3 anal spines and 8 anal soft rays.


According to [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?ID=5367 FishBase], the areolate grouper is known by several other common names in English, including the areolate rock cod, squaretail rock cod, yellow-spotted rock cod, green-spotted rock cod and flat-tailed cod. Several Middle-Eastern and Asian languages have common names for this fish as well. It is often confused with the [[Brown Spotted Reef Cod | brownspotted grouper]] (Epinephelus chlorostigma) found in the Persian Gulf.<ref>[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?ID=5367 FishBase page on areolate grouper]</ref> and several other many-spotted species.<ref>Ferrari A and Ferrari A. Diver’s Guide to Reef Life. Nautilus Publishing Sdn. Bhd, Maylasia, 2007. ISBN 9832731011, p. 149</ref>
According to [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?ID=5367 FishBase], the areolate grouper is known by several other common names in English, including the areolate rock cod, squaretail rock cod, yellow-spotted rock cod, green-spotted rock cod and flat-tailed cod. Several Middle-Eastern and Asian languages have common names for this fish as well. It is often confused with the [[Brown Spotted Reef Cod | brownspotted grouper]] (Epinephelus chlorostigma) found in the Persian Gulf<ref>[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?ID=5367 FishBase page on areolate grouper]</ref> and several other many-spotted species.<ref>Ferrari A and Ferrari A. Diver’s Guide to Reef Life. Nautilus Publishing Sdn. Bhd, Maylasia, 2007. ISBN 9832731011, p. 149</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
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, involves the capture of wild grouper eggs which are then grown out in aquaculture. This is called capture based aquaculture (CBA). The wild eggs are gathered by a variety of artisianal methods, and because success is not predictable, the production varies as well.<ref>Tupper, M.; Sheriff, N. 2008. Capture-based aquaculture of groupers. In A. Lovatelli and P.F. Holthus (eds). Capture-based aquaculture. Global overview. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 508. Rome, FAO. pp. 217–253.</ref>
, involves the capture of wild grouper eggs which are then grown out in aquaculture. This is called capture based aquaculture (CBA). The wild eggs are gathered by a variety of artisianal methods, and because success is not predictable, the production varies as well.<ref>Tupper, M.; Sheriff, N. 2008. Capture-based aquaculture of groupers. In A. Lovatelli and P.F. Holthus (eds). Capture-based aquaculture. Global overview. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 508. Rome, FAO. pp. 217–253.</ref>


Commercial fishing for areolate grouper done with [[longline fishing|longlines]] and [[handline fishing|handlines]]. In Saudi Arabia, most of the catch is by small fishing vessels using traps.<ref>Tharwat AA, Al-Gaber AR. Fishery Traps (Gargours) in Saudi Territorial Waters of the Arabian Gulf JKAU: Marine Science 17:13-31, 2006 [http://www.kau.edu.sa/centers/spc/jkau/Doc/Mar/17/Fishery%20Traps%20(Gargours)%20in%20Saudi%20Territorial.pdf read online]</ref> While its popularity for food has led to some species of grouper being threatened, there is currently no threat to the survival of Epinephelus ''areolatus''.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/132774/0/biblio Epinephelus ''areolatus'' page on IUCN List of Threatened Species]</ref>The table at right shows the amount of areolate grouper produced by farming between 1992 and 2004 and the amount produced by capture in Saudi Arabia (Indian Ocean) between 1996 and 2004, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<ref>Halwart M, Soto D, Arthur JR. Cage Aquaculture: regional reviews and global overview. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007. ISBN 9251058016 p. 31; FAO Yearbook 2004: fishery statistics: capture production, Volume 98. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006. ISBN 9250055153 pp. 155,459</ref>
Commercial fishing for areolate grouper done with [[longline fishing|longlines]] and [[handline fishing|handlines]]. In Saudi Arabia, most of the catch is by small fishing vessels using traps.<ref>Tharwat AA, Al-Gaber AR. Fishery Traps (Gargours) in Saudi Territorial Waters of the Arabian Gulf JKAU: Marine Science 17:13-31, 2006 [http://www.kau.edu.sa/centers/spc/jkau/Doc/Mar/17/Fishery%20Traps%20(Gargours)%20in%20Saudi%20Territorial.pdf read online]</ref> While its popularity for food has led to some species of grouper being threatened, there is currently no threat to the survival of Epinephelus ''areolatus''.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/132774/0/biblio Epinephelus ''areolatus'' page on IUCN List of Threatened Species]</ref> The table at right shows the amount of areolate grouper produced by farming between 1992 and 2004 and the amount produced by capture in Saudi Arabia (Indian Ocean) between 1996 and 2004, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<ref>Halwart M, Soto D, Arthur JR. Cage Aquaculture: regional reviews and global overview. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007. ISBN 9251058016 p. 31; FAO Yearbook 2004: fishery statistics: capture production, Volume 98. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006. ISBN 9250055153 pp. 155,459</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 03:32, 5 October 2010

Areolate Grouper Epinephelus areolatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Perciformes
Family:
Serranidae
Genus:
Epinephelus

Bloch, 1793
Species

areolatus

The areolate grouper (Epinephelus areolatus, Forsskål, 1775) is part of a genus of groupers. It is a sea fish that inhabits coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. It can grow up to 47 cm long and weigh 1.4 kg.[1] It is whitish to gray with rounded brownish spots; it is particularly identifiable by a narrow, white, straight margin on its truncate tail.[2] They are commercially produced through aquaculture and capture. There is currently no threat to the survival of Epinephelus areolatus.[3]

Description

The areolate grouper (Epinephelus areolatus, Forsskål, 1775) is part of a genus of groupers. It is on the larger side of fish that live near coral reefs (up to 47 cm long, 1.4 kg[4]). Its coloration is whitish to gray with rounded brownish spots; it is particularly identifiable by a narrow, white, straight margin on its truncate tail.[5] It has 11 dorsal spines, 15-17 dorsal soft rays, 3 anal spines and 8 anal soft rays.

According to FishBase, the areolate grouper is known by several other common names in English, including the areolate rock cod, squaretail rock cod, yellow-spotted rock cod, green-spotted rock cod and flat-tailed cod. Several Middle-Eastern and Asian languages have common names for this fish as well. It is often confused with the brownspotted grouper (Epinephelus chlorostigma) found in the Persian Gulf[6] and several other many-spotted species.[7]

Distribution

Year Farmed Production Capture Production
Metric Tons (Saudi Arabia
1993 512 in the Indian Ocean)
1994 508
1995 502
1996 750
1997 474
1998 180
1999 110
2000 104 306
2001 239 245
2002 157 289
2003 155 309
2004 155 349

The areolate grouper is found in the tropical region ranging from 35°N - 33°S, 29°E - 180°E.[8] They are found in the Indo-Pacific region from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf to Natal, South Africa and east to Fiji, north to Japan, south to the Arafura Sea and northern Australia. It was recently recorded to have been observed in Tonga but appears to be absent from areas in the western Indian Ocean.[9]

The areolate grouper is usually found in seagrass beds or on fine sediment bottoms near rocky reefs, dead coral, or alcyonarian corals.[10] in shallow continental shelf waters. Juveniles are common at water depths to 80 m; eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic.

Reproduction and feeding

Like other groupers, the areolate grouper is a sex-changing species; young are female, and some change to male with maturity. Maturity is reached at a fork length of 22 cm, and spawning usually occurs during the months of May, June, October and December.[11]

After hatching, wild grouper larvae eat copepods and other small zooplankton.[12] Areolate grouper feed on fish and benthic (bottom-dwelling) invertebrates, primarily prawns and crabs.[13]

Commercial production

The areolate grouper is one of about sixteen species of grouper commonly raised using aquaculture.[14] Floating net cages are the primary culture method. The net cages are supported by a floating frame of plastic pipe, wood or other material and usually anchored to the sea floor. This method is simple, has low capital investment, and uses existing bodies of water so production can be easily increased or decreased. Disadvantages compared to pond culture include vulnerability to external water quality problems and predators. Also, there is not control over water temperature, which is known to strongly affect growth rates.[15]

Grouper consistently demands a high market price, so there is a lot of fishing pressure. In order to alleviate the pressure on wild grouper stocks, many nations have promoted aquaculture in the hopes of producing a more sustainable grouper yield. Hong Kong is the primary producer of areolate grouper raised by aquaculture and about 155 metric tons were produced in 2004.[16] Full-cycle culture of most grouper species, including the areolate grouper, is not yet possible, although several important advances have been made in recent years. For this reason, about two-thirds of all grouper culture, including culture of Epinephelus areolatus , involves the capture of wild grouper eggs which are then grown out in aquaculture. This is called capture based aquaculture (CBA). The wild eggs are gathered by a variety of artisianal methods, and because success is not predictable, the production varies as well.[17]

Commercial fishing for areolate grouper done with longlines and handlines. In Saudi Arabia, most of the catch is by small fishing vessels using traps.[18] While its popularity for food has led to some species of grouper being threatened, there is currently no threat to the survival of Epinephelus areolatus.[19] The table at right shows the amount of areolate grouper produced by farming between 1992 and 2004 and the amount produced by capture in Saudi Arabia (Indian Ocean) between 1996 and 2004, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations[20]

References

  1. ^ Moran, M, Jenke J, Burton C, and Clarke D. 1988 The Western Australian trap and line fishery on the Northwest Shelf. Western Australian Marine Research Laboratories. FIRTA Project 86/28, Final Report. 79 p.
  2. ^ Ferrari A and Ferrari A. Diver’s Guide to Reef Life. Nautilus Publishing Sdn. Bhd, Maylasia, 2007. ISBN 9832731011, p. 149
  3. ^ Epinephelus areolatus page on IUCN List of Threatened Species
  4. ^ Moran, M, Jenke J, Burton C, and Clarke D. 1988 The Western Australian trap and line fishery on the Northwest Shelf. Western Australian Marine Research Laboratories. FIRTA Project 86/28, Final Report. 79 p.
  5. ^ Ferrari A and Ferrari A. Diver’s Guide to Reef Life. Nautilus Publishing Sdn. Bhd, Maylasia, 2007. ISBN 9832731011, p. 149
  6. ^ FishBase page on areolate grouper
  7. ^ Ferrari A and Ferrari A. Diver’s Guide to Reef Life. Nautilus Publishing Sdn. Bhd, Maylasia, 2007. ISBN 9832731011, p. 149
  8. ^ Heemstra PC, Randall JE. 1993 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p.
  9. ^ FishBase page on areolate grouper
  10. ^ Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p.
  11. ^ Pakoa, K. Vital statistics of marine fishes of Vanuatu. FishByte July-September, 1998 read online
  12. ^ Tupper, M.; Sheriff, N. 2008. Capture-based aquaculture of groupers. In A. Lovatelli and P.F. Holthus (eds). Capture-based aquaculture. Global overview. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 508. Rome, FAO. pp. 217–253.
  13. ^ FishBase page on areolate grouper
  14. ^ Tupper, M.; Sheriff, N. 2008. Capture-based aquaculture of groupers. In A. Lovatelli and P.F. Holthus (eds). Capture-based aquaculture. Global overview. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 508. Rome, FAO. pp. 217–253.
  15. ^ Australia Department of Primary Industries page on cage aquaculture
  16. ^ Pillay, TVR, Kutty MN. Aquaculture: principles and practices. Wiley-Blackwell 2005, ISBN1405105321 p. 50
  17. ^ Tupper, M.; Sheriff, N. 2008. Capture-based aquaculture of groupers. In A. Lovatelli and P.F. Holthus (eds). Capture-based aquaculture. Global overview. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 508. Rome, FAO. pp. 217–253.
  18. ^ Tharwat AA, Al-Gaber AR. Fishery Traps (Gargours) in Saudi Territorial Waters of the Arabian Gulf JKAU: Marine Science 17:13-31, 2006 read online
  19. ^ Epinephelus areolatus page on IUCN List of Threatened Species
  20. ^ Halwart M, Soto D, Arthur JR. Cage Aquaculture: regional reviews and global overview. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007. ISBN 9251058016 p. 31; FAO Yearbook 2004: fishery statistics: capture production, Volume 98. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006. ISBN 9250055153 pp. 155,459

Category:Epinephelus

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