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'''Negawatt power''' is a theoretical unit of [[energy|power]] representing the amount of energy saved in [[watt]]s. The energy saved is a direct result of[[energy conservation]] or increased efficiency. The term was coined by, Chief Scientist of the [[Rocky Mountain Institute]] and environmentalist, [[Amory Lovins]] in 1989. However, there is some controversy surrounding the negawatt [[Market]] in the [[United States]].


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Many argue positively for the negawatt market by taking note of the incentives: monetary gain, reduction of national energy dependency, and the local electricity deregulation within certain regions or states. As for the monetary incentive, those who produce negawatts, or simply conserve energy, can earn money by selling the saved energy. On a more national scale, negawatts can help the U.S. decrease [[Nationalization of oil|dependency on foreign oil]]. Certain states within the U.S. require electricity [[regulation]]; however, some argue that negawatts could help these states deregulate by allowing them to receive their electricity from the negawatt market.


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'''Negawatt power''' is a theoretical unit of [[energy|power]] representing an amount of energy (measured in [[watt]]s) saved. The energy saved is a direct result of [[energy conservation]] or increased efficiency. The term was coined by the Chief Scientist of the [[Rocky Mountain Institute]] and environmentalist, [[Amory Lovins]] in 1989. Negawatts currently cannot be precisely measured, only theoretically. However there is some controversy surrounding the negawatt [[Market]].
The negawatt market also many drawbacks. Some of these drawbacks include negative implications on manufacturers and electricity providers, as well as excess costs to the consumer. The price of electricity is relatively low in the United States, so some consumers argue that there is no need for energy saving equipment. Some argue that negawatts are not a commodity and therefore should not be sold. There is also a present concern that creating a negawatt market will actually impose more regulations on the energy market itself.

A negawatt market can be thought of as a [[Secondary market]], in which electricity is allocated from one consumer to another consumer within the [[Energy market]]. In this market, negawatts could be treated as a [[Commodity]]. Commodities have the ability to be traded across time and space, which would allow negawatts to be incorporated in the international trading system. However, creating negawatt markets would be very difficult to achieve on a large-scale.

The concept of negawatt power is being implemented in several states in the [[United States]] and is emerging as an international strategy to reduce energy consumption. Electric companies are beginning to inform their customers on how to use energy more efficiently, and thus increase the amount of negawatts. The negawatt market has gained some recognition on an international scale; however, the market is still a controversial proposal that has not yet fully developed.
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Many argue positively for the negawatt market by taking note of the incentives: receiving money, reduction of national energy dependency, and the local electricity deregulation within certain nations or states. As for the cost incentive; those who produce negawatts or simply conserve energy can earn money by selling the saved energy. Some argue that negawatts can potentially help a country decrease its [[Nationalization of oil|dependency on oil]]. The negawatt market could help nations or states obtain a deregulated electricity system by allowing another market to purchase electricity from.
The negawatt market also has many drawbacks. Some of these drawbacks include the difficulty of creating a negawatt market and the expense of [[Efficiency]]. Due to the inability of measuring a negawatt, lack of negawatt measuring devices, and the potential necessity of electricity price caps, some argue that a negawatt market would be very difficult to implement. There are also negative cost, technical, and time implications on manufacturers, electricity providers, and the consumers. Some argue that a negawatt market would allow electricity to be treated as a product rather than a service, in which consumers would get paid for not using something that they do not own.


Negawatts are already being implemented in states such as [[New York]], [[California]], and [[Texas]]. Electric companies are informing their customers on how to use energy more efficiently, saving money for them and their customers. Although negawatts are gaining recognition, the discussions about the negawatt market itself is still highly controversial.


==Definition==
==Definition==
Negawatt power is a theoretical unit of power representing an amount of energy (measured in [[Watt]]s) saved. The energy saved is an outcome of increased efficiency or reduced energy consumption; both conserve energy or create "negawatts". The concept of a negawatt is simply a measure of power that is not used. Negawatts have the potential to be measured in the furture with grid systems, smart meters, and other energy tracking devices; however, they currently cannot be accurately measured, only theoretically determined based on the history of consumption. Negawatts are a form of encouragement to get "people to conserve energy" <ref>Bartram, Rodgers, & Muise (2010).</ref>
Negawatt power is a theoretical unit of power representing an amount of energy (measured in [[Watt]]s) saved. Energy is saved by either increased efficiency or reduced energy consumption; the conserved energy is a "negawatt". The concept of a negawatt is simply a measure of power that is not used. Negawatts are a form of encouragement to get people to conserve energy. <ref>Bartram, Rodgers, & Muise (2010).</ref>
[[Amory Lovins]] considers the concept of conservation "a change in behavior based on the attitude 'Do Less to Use Less'". Whereas he makes a distinction between conservation and efficiency by defining efficiency as "the application of technologies and best practices to eliminate waste based on the attitude, 'Do the same or more with less.'" <ref name="autogenerated2">Knickerbocker. (2001). </ref> Although negawatts are measured in watts, the naming concept could be expanded; cf. negajoules or negawatt-hours.<ref>Presentation on European Green Paper on Energy Efficiency p. 12.</ref>
[[Amory Lovins]] considers the concept of conservation "a change in behavior based on the attitude 'Do Less to Use Less'". He makes a distinction between conservation and efficiency by defining efficiency as "the application of technologies and best practices to eliminate waste based on the attitude, 'Do the same or more with less.'" <ref name="autogenerated2">Knickerbocker. (2001). </ref> Negawatts have the potential to be measured in the future with grid systems, smart meters, and other energy tracking devices; however, they currently cannot be accurately measured. Negawatts can only be theoretically determined based on the history of consumption.


==Origin and development==
==Origin and development==
The term negawatt is derived from megawatt and was created by [[Amory Lovins]]. Lovins saw a typo — "negawatt" instead of "megawatt" — in a Colorado Public Utilities Commission report in 1989 <ref>(2008). "[http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.htm?programID=08-P13-00013&segmentID=4]"</ref>. He adopted the term to describe electricity that, by means of energy efficiency and conservation, was not created <ref> Kolbert, (2007). p.1-22 </ref>. Amory Lovins was concerned with the inefficiencies of the United States use of energy, saw it as a hefty expenditure,and came up with many different ways to remedy the problem. The most inefficient system in his perspective was the way we use electricity for lighting. He advocated more efficient light bulbs and relfective metal to increase the intensity of light produced. He wanted to use the energy we have in a smarter way by "wringing more work from the electricity we already have."<ref> Lovins, (1989). "[http://www.ccnr.org/amory.html The negawatt revolution-solving the co2 problem]."</ref> Lovins iterated the necessity of a behavioral change to begin decreasing countries' dependence on excessive amounts of energy; with one way to begin this process being the usage of negawatt power <ref name="autogenerated2"/>.
The term negawatt is derived from megawatt and was created by [[Amory Lovins]]. Lovins saw a typo — "negawatt" instead of "megawatt" — in a Colorado Public Utilities Commission report in 1989. <ref>(2008). "[http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.htm?programID=08-P13-00013&segmentID=4]"</ref> He adopted the term to describe electricity was not created using energy efficiency and conservation. <ref> Kolbert, (2007). p.1-22 </ref> Amory Lovins was concerned with the large inefficiencies of energy use and came up with ways to remedy the problem. Lovins advocated for more efficient light bulbs and relfective metals that increase the intensity of light produced. He wanted consumers to use the energy produced in a smarter way by "wringing more work from the electricity we already have."<ref> Lovins, (1989). "[http://www.ccnr.org/amory.html The negawatt revolution-solving the co2 problem]."</ref> Lovins felt an international behavioral change was necessary in order to decrease countries' dependence on excessive amounts of energy. The concept of a negawatt could influence a behavioral change in consumers by encouraging them to think about the energy that they spend.


==Market==
==Market==
Those who know of negawatts argue that creating a negawatt market would be very difficult to achieve on a large-scale, and may only have a "modest chance" of succeeding. <ref> Jim, (2001).</ref> The creator of the term negawatt, Lovins, defines the negawatt market as a way to reduce the gap between the cost of making and saving electricity.<ref> Rochlin,(2009). “http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VSS-4XHT4CJ-1/2/bd40582ccab039609079cc8751ad2ecd." </ref>
"Lovins characterizes the negawatt market as a way to reduce the arbitrage opportunities between the costs of making and saving electricity."<ref> Rochlin,(2009). P. 9.</ref> Establishing a market may require legislation and cooperation between primary producers, distributors, traders and consumers. For instance, generators' income is commonly derived from selling electricity and their [[cash flow]] may be reduced by trade in efficiencies, but increasing supply by raising consumption efficiency is often less expensive than building new powerplants. The market of negawatts can be thought of as a secondary market where electricity is being allocated from areas of less use to areas of greater use. <ref> Rochlin, (2009). P. 22.</ref> Some feel that in order to establish a viable market, the government and companies must work together by "governments put regulations and clear targets in place, but leave it to the markets to set prices and allocate resources." <ref>Fotopoulos, (2007). </ref>
The negawatt market can be thought of as a [[secondary market]] where electricity is allocated from areas of less use to areas of greater use. <ref> Rochlin, (2009). "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VSS-4XHT4CJ-1/2/bd40582ccab039609079cc8751ad2ecd." </ref> This would be a secondary market, due to the fact that it would reallocate electricity from one consumer to another within the already existing [[Energy market]]. Some feel that in order to establish a viable market, legislation and cooperation between primary producers, distributers, traders and consumers, may be required. This proposal would encourage the market to have legislative regulations, while still allowing the market to work within itself to set prices and allocate resources. <ref> Fotopoulos, (2007).</ref>


New markets have developed in several regions across the United States to allow "demand side resources" to participate in [[wholesale]] energy markets. These markets are commonly referred to as demand response. "Further savings may be achieved by methods that seek not merely to market 'negawatts' (saved electricity) but to make markets in negawatts:saved electricity can be treated as a commodity just like copper or sowbellies" <ref>Fickett, Gellings, & Lovins, (1990). </ref> In order to create a market for negawatts, energy companies will need to focus on energy efficiency and not on sales, the problem being that "the energy companies are traditionally biased
A negawatt market would allow "demand side resources" to participate in [[wholesale]] energy markets. These markets are commonly referred to as a demand response. Demand response can be defined as "enrolling large users of energy in programs to lower their usage in return for compensation, which helps take pressure off the grid" <ref> Gulyas, (2008). </ref> This market would help take pressure off the grid because electricity could "be treated as a commodity just like copper or sowbellies," and therefore traded to areas that need the it more than others. <ref>Fickett, Gellings, & Lovins, (1990)."http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v263/n3/pdf/scientificamerican0990-64.pdf". </ref> Just as any commodity, negawatts would have to be "tradable across time and space" in order to be an effective market. <ref> Lovins, (1989). "The negawatt revolution-solving the co2 problem." </ref>. Being able to trade negawatts across time and space would allow for an international trading system. In order to create a market for negawatts, energy companies will need to put more focus towards energy efficiency. <ref>(2010, May)."[http://sri.dexia-am.com/LibrarySRI/ResearchPaper_Utilities_EnergyEfficiency_2010_UK.pdf Generating "negawatts"]".</ref> This shift in focus would require a new "business structure that will thrive in the 'negawatt market'", which has not yet been developed. Market possibilities are being implemented internationally, implying that one day an official negawatt market will become a reality. <ref>Weinberg, (2001).</ref>

towards large-scale generation projects, while energy efficiency is about small-scale systems at user
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==Implementation==
sites...large institutional investors are focused on large projects
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===Government implementation===
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while the “energy revolution” needed requires the aggregation of small projects" <ref>(2010, May)."[http://sri.dexia-am.com/LibrarySRI/ResearchPaper_Utilities_EnergyEfficiency_2010_UK.pdf Generating "negawatts"]".</ref>
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Negawatt power is currently being implemented in many states in the U.S. and is emerging as an international strategy to reduce energy consumption. "Test negawatt auctions began in 1999 in [[Connecticut]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and more than a dozen utility exchanges were in existence [in 2000]." In an effort to move towards energy efficiency, New York has created programs "supported through Energy $mart, which is run by the [[New York State Energy Research and Development Authority]] (NYSERDA), with money from a small surcharge on utility bills"<ref>Alliance for clean energy, New York. (2008). "[http://www.aceny.org/clean-technologies/energy-efficiency.cfm Energy Efficieny]"</ref> Negawatt power is currently implemented in California as well as Texas. "Some Texas congressmen and energy companies are trying to help California avert blackouts and utility price shocks this summer with [...] 'negawatts' <ref name="autogenerated3"/>.

On January 1, 2009, the states of [[South Australia]] and [[Victoria (Australia)]] became the first in Australia to offer "householders energy efficiency incentives programs delivered via local electricity retailers." <ref>Energy Matters.(2008, December 31).</ref> The UK is looking to balance the demand of electricity by proposing a bill in which "the government may pay major users for each “negawatt” of capacity they switch off" during high use. Payment may also be issued for supplying the grid.<ref>(Airlie, 2010)</ref>

===Private Implementation===
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The negawatt market is not only being used by governments, but by companies as well. Aluminum manufacturers in the Pacific Northwest shut down their power plants and sold the unused energy because selling the negawatts was more profitable for the company than selling the aluminum product. This was possible because "The smelters hold power contracts with the federal Bonneville Power Administration that contain clauses allowing them to market the electricity" <ref name="autogenerated4"/> The Associated Electric company in rural Missouri is implementing the usage and spreading the knowledge of negawatts by performing energy audits at their customer's homes to show them where they could be saving electricity. Rebates are also being given to help cutomers pay for more energy efficient, energy star appliances. Keith Hartner, the CEO of Associated Electric Cooperative Inc, feels that negawatts are not only generating savings for their customers, but for the company as well;“The goal of this program is to save money not only at the generator but also at the meter for the members.” <ref> McCarty, (2008)."[http://www.ruralmissouri.org/08pages/08AprilWatts9.html]"</ref>. [[Google]] is making it easier for comsumers to limit their energy consumption with the launch of Google PowerMeter.<ref>http://www.google.com/powermeter/about/index.html</ref> [[Google PowerMeter]] has partnered with electric companies across the U.S. to give customers "a history of consumption every 15 minutes, allowing consumers to compare electricity consumption data by the day, week or month."<ref> MIT Portugal, (2010)."[http://www.mitportugal.org/research-highlights/the-negawatts-project-changing-the-paradigm-of-family-energy-consumption.html]".</ref>


==Advantages==
==Advantages==
===Cost===
===Cost===
The most noteworthy advantage to the negawatt market is the cost incentive. As many will say, "The cheapest watt is the one that's never created" <ref> Bartram, Rodgers, & Muise, (2010). P. 8-14.</ref> The consumers who increase their home efficiency, or decrease their energy consumption, can earn money by selling the saved energy. This is similar to an [[emissions trading]] or a cap and trade system, in which the energy that is not used can be bought from the consumers who saved the energy and sold to those who need to purchase the extra energy. If a consumer conserves a substantial amount of energy then there can even be an allowance for a [[tax deduction]]. According to the Negawatt Power Solutions Group <ref>http://gonegawatts.com/incentives.php</ref>, "building that achieved a 50% energy cost reduction may be eligible for tax deduction up to $1.80 per square foot" <ref>NegaWatt Power Solutions Group.(2009). "http://gonegawatts.com/incentives.php"</ref>. Negawatts can help alleviate some of the costs of constructing new, efficient buildings. "The negawatt revolution now provides a way to cut construction costs, capture big returns on capital in renovations, [and] dramatically cut operating expenses" <ref>Lovins, & Browning, (1992) "[http://sustainca.org/files/BGPrUSACO-RMI_3_.pdf Negawatts for buildings]"</ref>.
The most noteworthy advantage in creating a negawatt market is the cost incentive. As many will say, "The cheapest watt is the one that's never created" <ref> Bartram, Rodgers, & Muise, (2010). P. 8-14.</ref> In this market, the consumers who increase their home efficiency, or decrease their energy consumption, can earn money by selling the saved elecricity. This is similar to an [[emissions trading]] or a cap and trade system, in which the energy that is not used can be bought from the consumers who saved the energy and sold to those who need to purchase the extra energy. Providers of electricity can encourage consumers to sell back their unused energy, or negawatts, especailly during peak hours. A major question that electric companies need to ask themselves, is whether it is less expensive to pay consumers to reduce consumption for a few instances a year, or to build and maintain a side-supply resource that would only be used a few times a year. Many argue that the "cost of foregone consumption is less than the cost of increasing the supply of electricity." <ref> Rochlin, (2009). "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VSS-4XHT4CJ-1/2/bd40582ccab039609079cc8751ad2ecd." </ref>

If a consumer conserves a substantial amount of energy then there can even be an allowance for a [[tax deduction]]. According to the Negawatt Power Solutions Group <ref>http://gonegawatts.com/incentives.php</ref>, a "building that achieved a 50% energy cost reduction may be eligible for tax deduction up to $1.80 per square foot" <ref>NegaWatt Power Solutions Group.(2009). "http://gonegawatts.com/incentives.php"</ref>. Negawatts can help alleviate some of the costs of constructing new, efficient buildings. "The negawatt revolution now provides a way to cut construction costs, capture big returns on capital in renovations, [and] dramatically cut operating expenses" <ref>Lovins, & Browning, (1992) "[http://sustainca.org/files/BGPrUSACO-RMI_3_.pdf Negawatts for buildings]"</ref>. Existing buildings can be made more efficient by renovationg the insulation to cut back on electricity used for heating, installing more efficient light fixtures, and an upgraded [[HVAC]] design. Renovating an existing building to be more energy efficient will cost less than creating entirely new, more efficient buildings.


=== Reduction of national energy dependency===
=== Reduction of national energy dependency===
On a more national scale, the reduction of the amount of energy that a region emits can slowly separate the U.S. from a high energy consumption of oil. The desire to become a less energy dependent country will promote behavioral changes and a different societal outlook on U.S. energy usage. These potential societal perspective changes could lead to an overall more sustainable country. The reduced consumption of energy would also produce less [[Greenhouse gas]]es, which could have positive outcomes for the U.S. economy, political parties, and interest groups such as [[Environmentalism|environmentalists]]. According to Lovins, improvements in energy efficiency and conservation, due to a change in behavioral attitudes, have a huge potential to "reduce the United States 'long-term energy needs'" <ref name="autogenerated2"/>.
The reduction of the amount of energy that a region emits can slowly separate a nation from a high energy consumption of oil.
The desire to become a less energy dependent country may promote behavioral changes and a different societal outlook on energy usage. These potential societal perspective changes could lead to an overall more sustainable country. The reduced consumption of energy would also produce less [[Greenhouse gas]]es, which could have positive outcomes on the economy, political parties, and interest groups, such as [[Environmentalism|environmentalists]], of a particular country. According to Lovins, improvements in energy efficiency and conservation, due to a change in behavioral attitudes, have a huge potential to reduce a country's "long-term energy needs," such as the United States. <ref name="autogenerated2"/>


===Local deregulation===
===Local deregulation===
Some conservatives claim that negawatt power benefits the U.S. because "it deepens the nations experiment in electricity deregulation," and "demand reductions could be purchased with a minimum of disruption to businesses, workers and the economy" <ref>Jim, (2001). </ref> By allowing the economy to assist California with rolling blackouts by providing electricity, the state could achieve the goal of [[deregulation]]. In which "the ultimate purpose of deregulation was to allow competition in the electricity market and consumer choice of electricity providers" <ref>"[http://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2005/050129.htm]".</ref> Negawatt power would allow the consumers in the economy to decide how the energy will be distributed; which could essentially benefit certain states that hope to deregulate their electricity.
Some conservatives claim that the negawatt market could help nations or states have a deregulated electricity system. This would allow a nation or a state to experiment with "electricity deregulation," in which "demand reductions could be purchased with a minimum of disruption to businesses, workers and the economy" <ref>Jim, (2001). </ref> In the United States, for instance, the negawatt market could assist California with [[rolling blackout]]s by making more power available from consumers who choose to conserve energy, or increase their negawatts. California could achieve the goal of [[deregulation]] by allowing a deficit area to "purchase an emergency supply from anywhere within with West" <ref> Jim, (2001). </ref> In which "the ultimate purpose of deregulation was to allow competition in the electricity market and consumer choice of electricity providers" <ref>"[http://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2005/050129.htm]".</ref> Negawatt power would allow the consumers in a country's economy to decide how the energy will be distributed; essentially benefitting regions that hope to have a deregulated electricity system.


==Drawbacks==
==Drawbacks==
===Difficulty in Creating a Negawatt Market===
Using negawatt power can be profitable for consumers and home owners, but for manufacturers and electricity providers, there can be some drawbacks. Manufacturers are less inclined to make energy efficient devices up to a certain code, such as [[energy star]] because of the increased time and cost, with minimal benefit. Customers are less inclined to buy products that are more energy efficient, because they are almost always more expensive. "Even when the information is known and, despite the overall long-term cost-saving potential, the price of energy is too low...for individuals to justify the initial cost of energy efficiency
measures" <ref>(2010). "[http://sri.dexia-am.com/LibrarySRI/ResearchPaper_Utilities_EnergyEfficiency_2010_UK.pdf Generating "negawatts"]."</ref> Not only are energy efficient devices more expensive, but "consumers are poorly informed about the savings on offer. Even when they can do the sums, the transaction costs are high: it is a time-consuming chore for someone to identify the best energy-saving equipment, buy it and get it installed." <ref name="autogenerated1"> Economist, (2008). P. 78. </ref> Electricity providers do not want customers to use less energy due to the loss of profit. Some municipally owned utilities and cooperatives argue that negawatt power "lets consumers treat electricity as a property right rather than a service [...giving them] legal entitlement to power [that they] don't consume" <ref name="autogenerated3"> Jim, (2001).''</ref> There is no way to precisely measure the amount of energy saved. [[Smart meter]]s are becoming a more developed technology to measure energy usage, but "consumers are calling on state regulators to move cautiously on smart meters, citing complaints in some states that the meters are raising electric bills rather than lowering them".<ref> Peters, (2010). "[http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=500546 Comsumers wary of smart meters]"</ref>
Currently, there is no way to precisely measure the amount of energy saved in negawatts, it can only be theoretically determined based on the consumer’s history of energy use. Visualizing has a very important role in “enabling residents to understand and manage their energy use,” which serves as a form of encouragement for consumers to conserve energy. <ref> Bartram, Rodgers, & Muise, (2010). P. 8-14. </ref> Without the visualization of the energy use, it is difficult to conceptualize negawatts because the consumer cannot see a precise value of the amount of saved energy. [[Smart meter]]s are becoming a more developed technology to measure energy usage, but "consumers are calling on state regulators to move cautiously on smart meters, citing complaints in some states that the meters are raising electric bills rather than lowering them".<ref> Peters, (2010). "[http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=500546 Comsumers wary of smart meters]."</ref>


Some municipally owned utilities and cooperatives argue that negawatt power "lets consumers treat electricity as a property right rather than a service [...giving them] legal entitlement to power [that they] don't consume.” <ref name="autogenerated3"> Jim, (2001).''</ref> This would indicate that consumers would treat electricity as a property, not a service. Some people, including the Senior Vice President Joe Nipper from the [[American Public Power Association]], oppose the idea that people would receive money for power that they did not even spend. Due to the imprecision of measuring negawatts, some argue that people may receive more money than they should for something that is not even theirs in the first place.


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Electricity price caps may also need to be implemented in order for the emerging negawatts market to function correctly. <ref name="autogenerated4">Jim,(2001).''</ref> To some, government limitations on markets are unfavorable. There is a current view that negawatts are worth pursuing, but that they are unlikely to satisfy the world's thirst for energy to the extent their advocates assume. <ref name="autogenerated1"/>
<!----This is a hidden comment, WHERE DID THIS QUOTE COME FROM??----->


===Expense of Efficiency===
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A drawback to some is that in legislating the use of negawatts, the power market may need to be regulated once again. Electricity price caps may also need to be implemented in order for the emerging negawatts market to function correctly.<ref name="autogenerated4">Jim,(2001).''</ref> To some, government limitations on markets are unfavorable. There is a current view that negawatts are worth pursuing. But they are unlikely to satisfy the world's thirst for energy to the extent their advocates assume <ref name="autogenerated1"/>
Saving energy by the negawatt and creating a negawatt market, can present several drawbacks for manufacturers and electricity providers. Manufacturers are less inclined to make energy efficient devices which meet a specific standard, such as [[Energy star]]'s standard, because of increased time and cost, while receiving minimal profit. Overall, electricity providers may not want customers to use less energy due to the loss of profit. Some even argue that producing energy efficient products, such as light bulbs, actually simulate more demand, “resulting in more energy being purchased for conversion into light” of the same strength. <ref> The Economist, (2010). "Energy Conservation: Not Such a Bright Idea." </ref>


Customers may also be less inclined to buy products that are more energy efficient due to the increase in cost and time spent. "Even when the information is known and, despite the overall long-term cost-saving potential, the price of energy is too low...for individuals to justify the initial cost of energy efficiency measures" <ref> (2010). "[http://sri.dexia-am.com/LibrarySRI/ResearchPaper_Utilities_EnergyEfficiency_2010_UK.pdf Generating "negawatts"]."</ref> Not only are energy efficient devices more expensive, but "consumers are poorly informed about the savings on offer. Even when they can do the sums, the transaction costs are high: it is a time-consuming chore for someone to identify the best energy-saving equipment, buy it and get it installed." <ref name="autogenerated1"> Economist, (2008). P. 78. </ref>
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==Implementation==
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===Government implementation===
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Negawatt energy is currently being implemented in many states in the U.S. and is emerging as an international strategy to reduce energy consumption as well. "Test negawatt auctions began in 1999 in [[Connecticut]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and more than a dozen utility exchanges were in existence [in 2000]. In an effort to move towards energy efficiency, New York has created programs "supported through Energy $mart, which is run by the [[New York State Energy Research and Development Authority]] (NYSERDA), with money from a small surcharge on utility bills" <----this is a hidden comment: WHERE DID THIS QUOTE COME FROM?----> <ref>Alliance for clean energy, New York. (2008). "[http://www.aceny.org/clean-technologies/energy-efficiency.cfm Energy Efficieny]"</ref> Negawatt power is currently implemented in California as well as Texas. "Some Texas congressmen and energy companies are trying to help California avert blackouts and utility price shocks this summer with [...] 'negawatts' <ref name="autogenerated3"/>.


The technology used to measure the amount of energy that a consumer uses and saves, know as [[Smart meter]]s, grid systems, or energy dashboards, require time for the consumer to understand. Some argue that people need to have access to “simple yet effective information systems to help users understand their energy without having to become technology experts” <ref> Bartram, Rodgers, & Muise, (2010). P. 8-14. </ref> The current visual energy measuring devices could be made simpler and less expensive, which may encourage customers to save more energy thus increasing their negawatts.
===Local implementation===
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Negawatts are not only being used by governments, but by companies as well. Aluminum manufacturers in the Pacific Northwest shut down their plants and sold the unused energy because it was more profitable for the company than selling the aluminum product. This was possible because "The smelters hold power contracts with the federal Bonneville Power Administration that contain clauses allowing them to market the electricity" <ref name="autogenerated4"/> The Associated Electric company in rural Missouri is implementing the usage and spreading the knowledge of negawatts by performing energy audits at their customer's homes to show them where they could be saving electricity. Rebates are also being given to help cutomers pay for more energy efficient, energy star appliances. The CEO of [[Associated Electric]] Keith Hartner feels that negawatts are not only generating savings for their customers, but for the company as well;“The goal of this program is to save money not only at the generator but also at the meter for the members...So we save this energy at a cost of 1.3 cents per kilowatt-hour, and that’s energy we don’t have to produce from a gas generator at 6 to 10 cents per kilowatt-hour. That’s a good deal, I think.” <ref> McCarty, (2008)."[http://www.ruralmissouri.org/08pages/08AprilWatts9.html]"</ref>. [[Google]] is making it easier for comsumers to limit their energy consumption with the launch of Google PowerMeter.<ref>http://www.google.com/powermeter/about/index.html</ref> [[Google PowerMeter]] has partnered with electric companies across the U.S. to give customers "a history of consumption every 15 minutes, allowing consumers to compare electricity consumption data by the day, week or month."<ref> MIT Portugal, (2010)."[http://www.mitportugal.org/research-highlights/the-negawatts-project-changing-the-paradigm-of-family-energy-consumption.html]".</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 54: Line 68:


===Works cited===
===Works cited===
*Airlie, C. (2010, December 7). Uk plans payment for 'negawatt' to curb power use. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-07/u-k-plans-payment-for-negawatt-to-curb-power-use-update1-.html

*Bartram, L., Rodgers, J., & Muise, K. (2010). ''Chasing the Negawatt: Visualization for Sustainable Living.'' IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 30(3), 8-14. Retrieved from Military & Government Collection database.
*Bartram, L., Rodgers, J., & Muise, K. (2010). ''Chasing the Negawatt: Visualization for Sustainable Living.'' IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 30(3), 8-14. Retrieved from Military & Government Collection database.
*Fickett, A, Gellings, C, & Lovins, A. (1990, September). Efficient use of electricity. Scientific American. Retrieved December 2010, from http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v263/n3/pdf/scientificamerican0990-64.pdf.
*Fickett, A, Gellings, C, & Lovins, A. (1990, September). Efficient use of electricity. Scientific American. Retrieved December 2010, from http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v263/n3/pdf/scientificamerican0990-64.pdf.
*Fotopoulos, T. (2007). Is degrowth compatible with a market economy?. The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy, 3(1), Retrieved from http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol3/vol3_no1_Takis_degrowth_PRINTABLE.htm
*Fotopoulos, T. (2007). Is degrowth compatible with a market economy?. The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy, 3(1), Retrieved from http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol3/vol3_no1_Takis_degrowth_PRINTABLE.htm
*Gulyas, C. (2008, May 8). Negawatts are creating a market for energy saving. Retrieved from http://cleantechnica.com/2008/05/08/negawatts-are-creating-a-market-for-energy-savings/
*H.R. ''6--109th Congress: Energy Policy Act of 2005.'' (2005). In GovTrack.us (database of federal legislation). Retrieved November 2010, 2010, from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109-6
*H.R. ''6--109th Congress: Energy Policy Act of 2005.'' (2005). In GovTrack.us (database of federal legislation). Retrieved November 2010, 2010, from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109-6
*Jim, L. (2001). ''Legislators push for bill to allow sale of "negawatts' to California.'' Dallas Morning News, The (TX), Retrieved from Newspaper Source Plus database.
*Jim, L. (2001). ''Legislators push for bill to allow sale of "negawatts' to California.'' Dallas Morning News, The (TX), Retrieved from Newspaper Source Plus database.
*Knickerbocker, B. (2001, May 29). ''Saving energy by the 'negawatt'''. Christian Science Monitor, p. 2. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.
*Knickerbocker, B. (2001, May 29). ''Saving energy by the 'negawatt'''. Christian Science Monitor, p. 2. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.
*Kolbert, Elizabeth. "Mr. Green: Environmentalism's most optimistic guru." The New Yorker, 2007-1-22
*Kolbert, Elizabeth. (2007). "Mr. Green: Environmentalism's most optimistic guru." The New Yorker 1-22
*Lovins, Amory. (1989). The negawatt revolution-solving the co2 problem. Retrieved from http://www.ccnr.org/amory.html
*Lovins, Amory. (1989). The negawatt revolution-solving the co2 problem. Retrieved from http://www.ccnr.org/amory.html
*Lovins, A, & Browning, W. (1992, July). Negawatts for buildings. Urban Land, Retrieved from http://sustainca.org/files/BGPrUSACO-RMI_3_.pdf
*Lovins, A, & Browning, W. (1992, July). Negawatts for buildings. Urban Land, Retrieved from http://sustainca.org/files/BGPrUSACO-RMI_3_.pdf
*McCarty, J. (2008, April). Negawatts. Rural Missouri, Retrieved from http://www.ruralmissouri.org/08pages/08AprilWatts9.html
*McCarty, J. (2008, April). Negawatts. Rural Missouri, Retrieved from http://www.ruralmissouri.org/08pages/08AprilWatts9.html
*Parfomak, P., & Lave, L. (1996). How many kilowatts are in a Negawatt? Verifying ex post. Energy Journal, 17(4), 59. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database.
*Rochlin, C. (2009). The alchemy of demand resopnse: turning demand into supply. The Electricity Journal, 22(9), Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VSS-4XHT4CJ-1&_user=650596&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1571240058&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000035098&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=650596&md5=9d5ec872cfba0a355251cd94c05f369e&searchtype=a doi: doi:10.1016/j.tej.2009.09.004
*Peters, Joey. "Consumers Wary of Smart Meters." (2010).http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=500546
*Generating "negawatts". (2010, May). Retrieved from http://sri.dexia-am.com/LibrarySRI/ResearchPaper_Utilities_EnergyEfficiency_2010_UK.pdf
*Rochlin, C. (2009). The alchemy of demand resopnse: turning demand into supply. The Electricity Journal, 22(9), Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VSS-4XHT4CJ-1/2/bd40582ccab039609079cc8751ad2ecd
*Weinberg, CJ. (2001). Keeping the lights on-sustainable scenarios for the future. Renewable Energy World, Retrieved from http://www.cleanenergystates.org/CaseStudies/Weinberg.pdf
*Alliance for clean energy, New York.(2008).http://www.aceny.org/clean-technologies/energy-efficiency.cfm Energy Efficieny
*"Energy Conservation: Not Such a Bright Idea." The Economist 10 Aug. 2010. Web. 9 Dec. 2010. <http://www.economist.com/node/16886228>
*Energy Matters, . (2008, December 31). Energy efficiency focus for australis in 2009. Retrieved from http://www.energymatters.com.au/index.php?main_page=news_article&article_id=265
⚫
*"Generating 'negawatts'". (2010, May). Retrieved from http://sri.dexia-am.com/LibrarySRI/ResearchPaper_Utilities_EnergyEfficiency_2010_UK.pdf
*NegaWatt Power Solutions Group (2009). ''Incentives''. Retrieved from http://gonegawatts.com/incentives.php
*NegaWatt Power Solutions Group (2009). ''Incentives''. Retrieved from http://gonegawatts.com/incentives.php
⚫
*Presentation on European Green Paper on Energy Efficiency p.&nbsp;12
*The negawatts project: changing the paradigm of family energy consumption. (2010, August 6). Retrieved from http://www.mitportugal.org/research-highlights/the-negawatts-project-changing-the-paradigm-of-family-energy-consumption.html
*The negawatts project: changing the paradigm of family energy consumption. (2010, August 6). Retrieved from http://www.mitportugal.org/research-highlights/the-negawatts-project-changing-the-paradigm-of-family-energy-consumption.html
⚫
* Presentation on European Green Paper on Energy Efficiency p.&nbsp;12
*(2008). The elusive negawatt. Economist, 387(8579), 78. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database.
*(2008). The elusive negawatt. Economist, 387(8579), 78. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database.
⚫
*http://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2005/050129.htm
*(2008, March). http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.htm?programID=08-P13-00013&segmentID=4. "From Megawatts to Negawatts"
*(2008, March). http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.htm?programID=08-P13-00013&segmentID=4. "From Megawatts to Negawatts"
⚫
*http://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2005/050129.htm


==External links==
==External links==
*http://gonegawatts.com/
*http://gonegawatts.com/
*http://www.google.com/powermeter/about/index.html
*http://www.google.com/powermeter/about/index.html



[[Category:Energy conservation]]
[[Category:Energy conservation]]

Revision as of 02:17, 11 December 2010


Negawatt power is a theoretical unit of power representing an amount of energy (measured in watts) saved. The energy saved is a direct result of energy conservation or increased efficiency. The term was coined by the Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute and environmentalist, Amory Lovins in 1989. Negawatts currently cannot be precisely measured, only theoretically. However there is some controversy surrounding the negawatt Market.

A negawatt market can be thought of as a Secondary market, in which electricity is allocated from one consumer to another consumer within the Energy market. In this market, negawatts could be treated as a Commodity. Commodities have the ability to be traded across time and space, which would allow negawatts to be incorporated in the international trading system. However, creating negawatt markets would be very difficult to achieve on a large-scale.

The concept of negawatt power is being implemented in several states in the United States and is emerging as an international strategy to reduce energy consumption. Electric companies are beginning to inform their customers on how to use energy more efficiently, and thus increase the amount of negawatts. The negawatt market has gained some recognition on an international scale; however, the market is still a controversial proposal that has not yet fully developed.

Many argue positively for the negawatt market by taking note of the incentives: receiving money, reduction of national energy dependency, and the local electricity deregulation within certain nations or states. As for the cost incentive; those who produce negawatts or simply conserve energy can earn money by selling the saved energy. Some argue that negawatts can potentially help a country decrease its dependency on oil. The negawatt market could help nations or states obtain a deregulated electricity system by allowing another market to purchase electricity from.

The negawatt market also has many drawbacks. Some of these drawbacks include the difficulty of creating a negawatt market and the expense of Efficiency. Due to the inability of measuring a negawatt, lack of negawatt measuring devices, and the potential necessity of electricity price caps, some argue that a negawatt market would be very difficult to implement. There are also negative cost, technical, and time implications on manufacturers, electricity providers, and the consumers. Some argue that a negawatt market would allow electricity to be treated as a product rather than a service, in which consumers would get paid for not using something that they do not own.


Definition

Negawatt power is a theoretical unit of power representing an amount of energy (measured in Watts) saved. Energy is saved by either increased efficiency or reduced energy consumption; the conserved energy is a "negawatt". The concept of a negawatt is simply a measure of power that is not used. Negawatts are a form of encouragement to get people to conserve energy. [1] Amory Lovins considers the concept of conservation "a change in behavior based on the attitude 'Do Less to Use Less'". He makes a distinction between conservation and efficiency by defining efficiency as "the application of technologies and best practices to eliminate waste based on the attitude, 'Do the same or more with less.'" [2] Negawatts have the potential to be measured in the future with grid systems, smart meters, and other energy tracking devices; however, they currently cannot be accurately measured. Negawatts can only be theoretically determined based on the history of consumption.

Origin and development

The term negawatt is derived from megawatt and was created by Amory Lovins. Lovins saw a typo — "negawatt" instead of "megawatt" — in a Colorado Public Utilities Commission report in 1989. [3] He adopted the term to describe electricity was not created using energy efficiency and conservation. [4] Amory Lovins was concerned with the large inefficiencies of energy use and came up with ways to remedy the problem. Lovins advocated for more efficient light bulbs and relfective metals that increase the intensity of light produced. He wanted consumers to use the energy produced in a smarter way by "wringing more work from the electricity we already have."[5] Lovins felt an international behavioral change was necessary in order to decrease countries' dependence on excessive amounts of energy. The concept of a negawatt could influence a behavioral change in consumers by encouraging them to think about the energy that they spend.

Market

Those who know of negawatts argue that creating a negawatt market would be very difficult to achieve on a large-scale, and may only have a "modest chance" of succeeding. [6] The creator of the term negawatt, Lovins, defines the negawatt market as a way to reduce the gap between the cost of making and saving electricity.[7] The negawatt market can be thought of as a secondary market where electricity is allocated from areas of less use to areas of greater use. [8] This would be a secondary market, due to the fact that it would reallocate electricity from one consumer to another within the already existing Energy market. Some feel that in order to establish a viable market, legislation and cooperation between primary producers, distributers, traders and consumers, may be required. This proposal would encourage the market to have legislative regulations, while still allowing the market to work within itself to set prices and allocate resources. [9]

A negawatt market would allow "demand side resources" to participate in wholesale energy markets. These markets are commonly referred to as a demand response. Demand response can be defined as "enrolling large users of energy in programs to lower their usage in return for compensation, which helps take pressure off the grid" [10] This market would help take pressure off the grid because electricity could "be treated as a commodity just like copper or sowbellies," and therefore traded to areas that need the it more than others. [11] Just as any commodity, negawatts would have to be "tradable across time and space" in order to be an effective market. [12]. Being able to trade negawatts across time and space would allow for an international trading system. In order to create a market for negawatts, energy companies will need to put more focus towards energy efficiency. [13] This shift in focus would require a new "business structure that will thrive in the 'negawatt market'", which has not yet been developed. Market possibilities are being implemented internationally, implying that one day an official negawatt market will become a reality. [14]

Implementation

Government implementation

Negawatt power is currently being implemented in many states in the U.S. and is emerging as an international strategy to reduce energy consumption. "Test negawatt auctions began in 1999 in Connecticut and Georgia and more than a dozen utility exchanges were in existence [in 2000]." In an effort to move towards energy efficiency, New York has created programs "supported through Energy $mart, which is run by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), with money from a small surcharge on utility bills"[15] Negawatt power is currently implemented in California as well as Texas. "Some Texas congressmen and energy companies are trying to help California avert blackouts and utility price shocks this summer with [...] 'negawatts' [16].

On January 1, 2009, the states of South Australia and Victoria (Australia) became the first in Australia to offer "householders energy efficiency incentives programs delivered via local electricity retailers." [17] The UK is looking to balance the demand of electricity by proposing a bill in which "the government may pay major users for each “negawatt” of capacity they switch off" during high use. Payment may also be issued for supplying the grid.[18]

Private Implementation

The negawatt market is not only being used by governments, but by companies as well. Aluminum manufacturers in the Pacific Northwest shut down their power plants and sold the unused energy because selling the negawatts was more profitable for the company than selling the aluminum product. This was possible because "The smelters hold power contracts with the federal Bonneville Power Administration that contain clauses allowing them to market the electricity" [19] The Associated Electric company in rural Missouri is implementing the usage and spreading the knowledge of negawatts by performing energy audits at their customer's homes to show them where they could be saving electricity. Rebates are also being given to help cutomers pay for more energy efficient, energy star appliances. Keith Hartner, the CEO of Associated Electric Cooperative Inc, feels that negawatts are not only generating savings for their customers, but for the company as well;“The goal of this program is to save money not only at the generator but also at the meter for the members.” [20]. Google is making it easier for comsumers to limit their energy consumption with the launch of Google PowerMeter.[21] Google PowerMeter has partnered with electric companies across the U.S. to give customers "a history of consumption every 15 minutes, allowing consumers to compare electricity consumption data by the day, week or month."[22]

Advantages

Cost

The most noteworthy advantage in creating a negawatt market is the cost incentive. As many will say, "The cheapest watt is the one that's never created" [23] In this market, the consumers who increase their home efficiency, or decrease their energy consumption, can earn money by selling the saved elecricity. This is similar to an emissions trading or a cap and trade system, in which the energy that is not used can be bought from the consumers who saved the energy and sold to those who need to purchase the extra energy. Providers of electricity can encourage consumers to sell back their unused energy, or negawatts, especailly during peak hours. A major question that electric companies need to ask themselves, is whether it is less expensive to pay consumers to reduce consumption for a few instances a year, or to build and maintain a side-supply resource that would only be used a few times a year. Many argue that the "cost of foregone consumption is less than the cost of increasing the supply of electricity." [24]

If a consumer conserves a substantial amount of energy then there can even be an allowance for a tax deduction. According to the Negawatt Power Solutions Group [25], a "building that achieved a 50% energy cost reduction may be eligible for tax deduction up to $1.80 per square foot" [26]. Negawatts can help alleviate some of the costs of constructing new, efficient buildings. "The negawatt revolution now provides a way to cut construction costs, capture big returns on capital in renovations, [and] dramatically cut operating expenses" [27]. Existing buildings can be made more efficient by renovationg the insulation to cut back on electricity used for heating, installing more efficient light fixtures, and an upgraded HVAC design. Renovating an existing building to be more energy efficient will cost less than creating entirely new, more efficient buildings.

Reduction of national energy dependency

The reduction of the amount of energy that a region emits can slowly separate a nation from a high energy consumption of oil. The desire to become a less energy dependent country may promote behavioral changes and a different societal outlook on energy usage. These potential societal perspective changes could lead to an overall more sustainable country. The reduced consumption of energy would also produce less Greenhouse gases, which could have positive outcomes on the economy, political parties, and interest groups, such as environmentalists, of a particular country. According to Lovins, improvements in energy efficiency and conservation, due to a change in behavioral attitudes, have a huge potential to reduce a country's "long-term energy needs," such as the United States. [2]

Local deregulation

Some conservatives claim that the negawatt market could help nations or states have a deregulated electricity system. This would allow a nation or a state to experiment with "electricity deregulation," in which "demand reductions could be purchased with a minimum of disruption to businesses, workers and the economy" [28] In the United States, for instance, the negawatt market could assist California with rolling blackouts by making more power available from consumers who choose to conserve energy, or increase their negawatts. California could achieve the goal of deregulation by allowing a deficit area to "purchase an emergency supply from anywhere within with West" [29] In which "the ultimate purpose of deregulation was to allow competition in the electricity market and consumer choice of electricity providers" [30] Negawatt power would allow the consumers in a country's economy to decide how the energy will be distributed; essentially benefitting regions that hope to have a deregulated electricity system.

Drawbacks

Difficulty in Creating a Negawatt Market

Currently, there is no way to precisely measure the amount of energy saved in negawatts, it can only be theoretically determined based on the consumer’s history of energy use. Visualizing has a very important role in “enabling residents to understand and manage their energy use,” which serves as a form of encouragement for consumers to conserve energy. [31] Without the visualization of the energy use, it is difficult to conceptualize negawatts because the consumer cannot see a precise value of the amount of saved energy. Smart meters are becoming a more developed technology to measure energy usage, but "consumers are calling on state regulators to move cautiously on smart meters, citing complaints in some states that the meters are raising electric bills rather than lowering them".[32]

Some municipally owned utilities and cooperatives argue that negawatt power "lets consumers treat electricity as a property right rather than a service [...giving them] legal entitlement to power [that they] don't consume.” [16] This would indicate that consumers would treat electricity as a property, not a service. Some people, including the Senior Vice President Joe Nipper from the American Public Power Association, oppose the idea that people would receive money for power that they did not even spend. Due to the imprecision of measuring negawatts, some argue that people may receive more money than they should for something that is not even theirs in the first place.

Electricity price caps may also need to be implemented in order for the emerging negawatts market to function correctly. [19] To some, government limitations on markets are unfavorable. There is a current view that negawatts are worth pursuing, but that they are unlikely to satisfy the world's thirst for energy to the extent their advocates assume. [33]

Expense of Efficiency

Saving energy by the negawatt and creating a negawatt market, can present several drawbacks for manufacturers and electricity providers. Manufacturers are less inclined to make energy efficient devices which meet a specific standard, such as Energy star's standard, because of increased time and cost, while receiving minimal profit. Overall, electricity providers may not want customers to use less energy due to the loss of profit. Some even argue that producing energy efficient products, such as light bulbs, actually simulate more demand, “resulting in more energy being purchased for conversion into light” of the same strength. [34]

Customers may also be less inclined to buy products that are more energy efficient due to the increase in cost and time spent. "Even when the information is known and, despite the overall long-term cost-saving potential, the price of energy is too low...for individuals to justify the initial cost of energy efficiency measures" [35] Not only are energy efficient devices more expensive, but "consumers are poorly informed about the savings on offer. Even when they can do the sums, the transaction costs are high: it is a time-consuming chore for someone to identify the best energy-saving equipment, buy it and get it installed." [33]

The technology used to measure the amount of energy that a consumer uses and saves, know as Smart meters, grid systems, or energy dashboards, require time for the consumer to understand. Some argue that people need to have access to “simple yet effective information systems to help users understand their energy without having to become technology experts” [36] The current visual energy measuring devices could be made simpler and less expensive, which may encourage customers to save more energy thus increasing their negawatts.

References

  1. ^ Bartram, Rodgers, & Muise (2010).
  2. ^ a b Knickerbocker. (2001).
  3. ^ (2008). "[1]"
  4. ^ Kolbert, (2007). p.1-22
  5. ^ Lovins, (1989). "The negawatt revolution-solving the co2 problem."
  6. ^ Jim, (2001).
  7. ^ Rochlin,(2009). “http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VSS-4XHT4CJ-1/2/bd40582ccab039609079cc8751ad2ecd."
  8. ^ Rochlin, (2009). "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VSS-4XHT4CJ-1/2/bd40582ccab039609079cc8751ad2ecd."
  9. ^ Fotopoulos, (2007).
  10. ^ Gulyas, (2008).
  11. ^ Fickett, Gellings, & Lovins, (1990)."http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v263/n3/pdf/scientificamerican0990-64.pdf".
  12. ^ Lovins, (1989). "The negawatt revolution-solving the co2 problem."
  13. ^ (2010, May)."Generating "negawatts"".
  14. ^ Weinberg, (2001).
  15. ^ Alliance for clean energy, New York. (2008). "Energy Efficieny"
  16. ^ a b Jim, (2001).
  17. ^ Energy Matters.(2008, December 31).
  18. ^ (Airlie, 2010)
  19. ^ a b Jim,(2001).
  20. ^ McCarty, (2008)."[2]"
  21. ^ http://www.google.com/powermeter/about/index.html
  22. ^ MIT Portugal, (2010)."[3]".
  23. ^ Bartram, Rodgers, & Muise, (2010). P. 8-14.
  24. ^ Rochlin, (2009). "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VSS-4XHT4CJ-1/2/bd40582ccab039609079cc8751ad2ecd."
  25. ^ http://gonegawatts.com/incentives.php
  26. ^ NegaWatt Power Solutions Group.(2009). "http://gonegawatts.com/incentives.php"
  27. ^ Lovins, & Browning, (1992) "Negawatts for buildings"
  28. ^ Jim, (2001).
  29. ^ Jim, (2001).
  30. ^ "[4]".
  31. ^ Bartram, Rodgers, & Muise, (2010). P. 8-14.
  32. ^ Peters, (2010). "Comsumers wary of smart meters."
  33. ^ a b Economist, (2008). P. 78.
  34. ^ The Economist, (2010). "Energy Conservation: Not Such a Bright Idea."
  35. ^ (2010). "Generating "negawatts"."
  36. ^ Bartram, Rodgers, & Muise, (2010). P. 8-14.

Works cited

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negawatt_market&oldid=401713332"