Ape: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[hominoid]] |
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{{Taxobox |
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| color = pink |
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| name = Apes |
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| image = Weisshandgibbon tierpark berlin.jpg |
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| image_width = 250px |
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| image_caption = [[Lar Gibbon]] (''Hylobates lar'') |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Mammal]]ia |
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| ordo = [[Primate]]s |
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| subordo = [[Haplorrhini]] |
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| unranked_familia = [[Catarrhini]] |
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| superfamilia = '''Hominoidea''' |
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| superfamilia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1825]] |
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Families]] |
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| subdivision = |
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[[Hylobatidae]]<br> |
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[[Hominidae]] |
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}} |
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'''Apes''' are the members of the '''Hominoidea''' [[superfamily]] of [[primates]], including [[human]]s. Currently, there are two [[family (biology)|families]] of '''hominoids''': |
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*the family [[Hylobatidae]] consists of 4 genera and 12 species of [[gibbon]]s, including the [[Lar Gibbon]] and the [[Siamang]], collectively known as the "lesser apes" |
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*the family [[Hominidae]] consisting of [[gorilla]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s, [[orangutan]]s, and humans, collectively known as the "great apes". |
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A few other primates have the word "ape" in their name, but they are not regarded as true apes. |
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Except for gorillas and humans, all true apes are agile climbers of trees. They are best described as omnivorous, their diet consisting of fruit, grass seeds, and in most cases some quantities of meat and invertebrates—either hunted or scavenged—along with anything else available and easily digested. They are native to [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], although humans have spread to all parts of the world. |
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Most non-human ape species are rare or [[Endangered_species|endangered]]. The chief threat to most of the endangered species is loss of tropical rainforest habitat, though some populations are further imperiled by hunting for [[bushmeat]]. |
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==Historical and modern terminology== |
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"Ape" (Old Eng. ''apa''; Dutch ''aap''; Old Ger. ''affo''; Welsh ''epa''; Old Czech ''op'') is a word of uncertain origin and is possibly an [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoetic]] imitation of animal chatter. The term has a history of rather imprecise usage. Its earliest meaning was a tailless (and therefore exceptionally human-like) non-human primate, but as [[zoology|zoological]] knowledge developed it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise unrelated [[species]]. |
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The original usage of "ape" in English may have referred to the [[baboon]], an [[Africa]]n [[Old World monkey|monkey]]. Two tailless species of [[macaque]] are commonly named as apes, the [[Barbary Ape]] of North Africa (introduced into [[Gibraltar]]), ''Macaca sylvanus'', and the Sulawesi Black Ape or [[Celebes Crested Macaque]], ''M. nigra''. |
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Until a handful of decades ago, humans were thought to be distinctly set apart from the other apes (even from the other great apes), so much so that many people still don't think of the term "apes" to include humans at all. However, it is not considered accurate by many biologists to think of apes in a biological sense without considering humans to be included. The terms "non-human apes" or "non-human great apes" is used with increasing frequency to show the relationship of humans to apes while yet talking only about the non-human species. |
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A group of apes may be referred to as a troop of apes or a shrewdness of apes. Both of these [[collective noun]]s seems to be equally common. |
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==Biology== |
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The gibbon family, Hylobatidae, is composed of thirteen medium-sized species. Their major distinction are their long arms which they use to [[brachiation|brachiate]] through the trees. As an evolutionary adaption to this [[arboreal]] lifestyle, their wrists are ball and socket joints. The largest of the gibbons, the [[Siamang]] weighs up to 23 kg. In comparison, the smallest great ape is the [[Common Chimpanzee]] at a modest 40 to 65 kg. |
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The great ape family was previously referred to as [[Pongidae]], and humans (and fossil hominids) were omitted from it, but on grounds of relatedness there is no argument for doing this. Chimpanzees, gorillas, humans and orangutans are all more closely related to one another than any of these four genera are to the gibbons. Awkwardly, however, the term "hominid" is still used with the specific meaning of extinct animals more closely related to humans than the other great apes (for example, [[australopithecine]]s). It is now usual to use even finer divisions, such as [[subfamily (biology)|subfamilies]] and [[tribe (biology)|tribe]]s to distinguish which hominoids are being discussed. Current evidence implies that humans share a common, extinct, ancestor with the chimpanzee line, from which we separated more recently than the gorilla line. |
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Both great apes and lesser apes fall within [[Catarrhini]], which also includes the [[Old World monkeys]] of [[Africa]] and [[Eurasia]]. Within this group, both families of apes can be distinguished from these [[monkey]]s by the number of cusps on their [[molar (tooth)|molar]]s (apes have five—the "Y-5" molar pattern, Old World monkeys have only four in a "bilophodont" pattern). Apes have more mobile shoulder joints and arms, ribcages that are flatter front-to-back, and a shorter, less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys. These are all anatomical adaptations to vertical hanging and swinging locomotion (brachiation) in the apes. All living members of the Hylobatidae and Hominidae are tailless, and humans can therefore accurately be referred to as bipedal apes. However there are also primates in other families that lack tails. |
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Although the hominoid fossil record is far from complete, and the evidence is often fragmentary, there is enough to give a good outline of the evolutionary history of humans. The time of the split between humans and living apes used to be thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years ago, or even up to 30 or 40 million years ago. Some apes occurring within that time period, such as ''[[Ramapithecus]]'', used to be considered as [[hominin]]s, and possible ancestors of humans. Later fossil finds indicated that ''Ramapithecus'' was more closely related to the orangutan, and new biochemical evidence indicated that the last common ancestor of humans and other hominins occurred between 5 and 10 million years ago, and probably in the lower end of that range. ''Ramapithecus'' therefore is no longer considered a hominin. |
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==Cultural aspects of non-human apes== |
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The intelligence and humanoid appearance of non-human apes are responsible for legends which attribute human qualities; for example, they are sometimes said to be able to speak but refuse to do so in order to avoid work. They are also said to be the result of a curse—a [[Jewish]] [[folktale]] claims that one of the races who built the [[Tower of Babel]] became non-human apes as punishment, while [[Muslim]] lore says that the Jews of [[Elath]] became non-human apes as punishment for [[fishing]] on the [[Sabbath]]. [[Christianity|Christian]] folklore claims that non-human apes are a symbol of [[lust]] and were created by [[Satan]] in response to [[God]]'s creation of humans. It is uncertain whether any of these references is specifically to non-human apes, since all date from a period when the distinction between non-human apes and monkeys was not widely understood, or not understood at all. |
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==New Subspecies?== |
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In [[2002]], a new giant ape troop was discovered in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. These apes share many features of both chimpanzees and gorillas. According to a report from [[BBC News Online]] {{ref|BBC_Rpt}}, the apes have large black faces, are two meters tall and make nests on the ground, all like gorillas. However, they live hundreds of kilometers from any other gorilla troops, and their diet is high in fruits, similar to the chimpanzee diet. They were given the common name of [[Bili Ape]]. |
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Subsequent molecular investigation of hair and pelt samples showed them to be [[Common Chimpanzee]]s who had individually adapted to local conditions. This would indicate that they may be a subspecies of the common chimp. |
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==History of hominoid taxonomy== |
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The history of hominoid taxonomy is somewhat confusing and complex. The names of subgroups have changed their meaning over time as new evidence from fossil discoveries, anatomy comparisons and DNA sequences, has changed understanding of the relationships between hominoids. The story of the hominoid taxonomy is one of gradual demotion of humans from a special position in the taxonomy to being one branch among many. It also illustrates the growing influence of [[cladistics]] (the science of classifying living things by strict descent) on taxonomy. |
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[[As of 2005]], there are eight extant [[genus|genera]] of hominoids. They are the four great ape genera (''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' (humans), ''[[chimpanzee|Pan]]'' (chimpanzees), ''[[Gorilla]]'', and ''[[Pongo]]'' (orangutans)), and the four genera of [[gibbon]]s (''[[Hylobates]]'', ''[[Hoolock]]'', ''[[Nomascus]]'', and ''[[Symphalangus]]''). |
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In [[1758]], [[Carolus Linnaeus]], relying on second- or third-hand accounts, placed two species in ''Homo'' along with ''H. sapiens'': ''Homo troglodytes'' ("cave-dwelling man") and the ''Homo caudatus'' ("tail-bearing man"). It is not clear to which animals these names refer, as Linnaeus had no specimen to refer to, hence no precise description. Linnaeus named the orangutan ''Simia satyrus'' ("satyr monkey"). He placed the three genera ''Homo'', ''[[Simia]]'' and ''Lemur'' in the family of Primates. |
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The ''troglodytes'' name was used for the chimpanzee by [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach|Blumenbach]] in 1775 but moved to the genus ''Simia''. The orangutan was moved to the genus ''[[Pongo]]'' in 1799 by [[Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacépède|Lacépède]]. |
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<!--''...history from 1800 to 1960 goes here...''--> |
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[[Image:Hominoid taxonomy 1.png|right|300px]] |
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Until about [[1960]] the hominoids were usually divided into two families: humans and their extinct relatives in [[Hominidae]], the other apes in [[Pongidae]].{{ref|Simpson1945}} |
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<br style="clear:both"/> |
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[[Image:Hominoid taxonomy 2.png|right|300px]] |
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The 1960s saw the application of techniques from [[molecular biology]] to primate taxonomy. Goodman used his 1963 immunological study of serum proteins to propose a division of the hominoids into three families, with the non-human great apes in Pongidae and the lesser apes (gibbons) in [[Hylobatidae]].{{ref|Goodman1963}} The [[trichotomy]] of hominoid families, however, prompted scientists to ask which family [[speciation|speciated]] first from the common hominoid ancestor. |
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<br style="clear:both"/> |
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[[Image:Hominoid taxonomy 3.png|right|300px]] |
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Within the superfamily Hominoidea, gibbons are the [[outgroup]]: this means that the rest of the hominoids are more closely related to each other than any of them are to gibbons. This led to the placing of the other great apes into the family Hominidae along with humans, by demoting the Pongidae to a subfamily; the Hominidae family now contained the subfamilies [[Homininae]] and [[Ponginae]]. Again, the three-way split in Ponginae led scientists to ask which of the three genera is least related to the others. |
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<br style="clear:both"/> |
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[[Image:Hominoid taxonomy 4.png|right|300px]] |
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Investigation showed [[orangutan]]s to be the outgroup, but comparing humans to all three other hominid genera showed that African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) and humans are more closely related to each other than any of them are to orangutans. This led to the placing of the African apes in the subfamily Homininae, forming another three-way split. This classification was first proposed by M. Goodman in 1974.{{ref|Goodman1974}} |
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<br style="clear:both"/> |
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[[Image:Hominoid taxonomy 5.png|right|300px]] |
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To try to resolve the hominine trichotomy, some authors proposed the division of the subfamily Homininae into the tribes Gorillini (African apes) and Hominini (humans). |
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<br style="clear:both"/> |
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[[Image:Hominoid taxonomy 6.png|right|300px]] |
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However, DNA comparisons provide convincing evidence that within the subfamily Homininae, gorillas are the outgroup. This suggests that chimpanzees should be in Hominini along with humans. This classification was first proposed (though one rank lower) by M. Goodman et. al. in 1990.{{ref|Goodman1990}} Later DNA comparisons split the gibbon genus ''Hylobates'' into four genera. |
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<br clear=all> |
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==Classification and evolution== |
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As discussed above, hominoid taxonomy has undergone several changes. Current understanding is that the apes diverged from the [[Old World monkey]]s about 25 million years ago. The lesser and greater apes split about 18 mya, and the hominid splits happen 14 mya (''Pongo''), 7 mya (''Gorilla''), and 3-5 mya (''Homo'' & ''Pan'') |
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* '''Superfamily Hominoidea''' |
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** Family [[Hylobatidae]]: gibbons |
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*** Genus ''[[Hylobates]]'' |
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*** Genus ''[[Hoolock]]'' |
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*** Genus ''[[Symphalangus]]'' |
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*** Genus ''[[Nomascus]]'' |
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** Family [[Hominidae]]: great apes |
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*** Genus ''[[Pongo]]'': orangutans |
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*** Genus ''[[Gorilla]]'': gorillas |
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*** Genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'': humans |
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*** Genus ''[[Chimpanzee|Pan]]'': chimpanzees |
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==Legal status== |
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Human beings are the only ape recognized as [[person]]s and protected in law by the [[United Nations]] [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] [http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html] and by all governments, though to varying degrees. Chimpanzees, Gorillas and Orangutans are not classified as [[persons]], which means that where their interests intersect with that of humans they have no legal status. |
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Many argue that the other apes' cognitive capacity in itself, as well as their close genetic relationship to human beings, dictates an acknowledgement of personhood. The [[Great Ape Project]], founded by Australian philosopher [[Peter Singer]], is campaigning to have the United Nations endorse its [[Declaration on Great Apes]], which would extend to all species of [[chimpanzee]]s, [[gorilla]]s, and [[orangutan]]s the protection of three basic interests: the right to life, the protection of individual [[liberty]], and the prohibition of [[torture]]. |
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==References== |
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# {{note|BBC_Rpt}} ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3730574.stm 'New' giant ape found in DR Congo]'' at [[BBC News Online]] |
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# {{note|Simpson1945}} {{cite journal |
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| author = [[George Gaylord Simpson|G. G. Simpson]] |
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| year = 1945 |
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| title = The principles of classification and a classification of mammals |
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| journal = Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. |
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| volume = 85 |
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| pages = 1–350}} |
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# {{note|Goodman1963}} {{cite book |
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| author = M. Goodman |
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| year = 1963 |
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| chapter = Man’s place in the phylogeny of the primates as reflected in serum proteins |
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| editor = S. L. Washburn |
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| title = Classification and human evolution | publisher = Aldine, Chicago |
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| pages = 204–234}} |
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# {{note|Goodman1974}} {{cite journal |
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| journal = [[Annual Review of Anthropology]] |
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| volume = 3 |
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| pages = 203–228 |
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| year = 1974 |
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| url = http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.001223 |
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| title = Biochemical Evidence on Hominid Phylogeny |
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| author = M. Goodman}} |
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# {{note|Goodman1990}} {{cite journal |
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| journal = [[Journal of Molecular Evolution]] |
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| year = 1990 |
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| volume = 30 |
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| pages = 260–266 |
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| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2109087&dopt=Abstract |
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| title = Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids |
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| author = M. Goodman, D. A. Tagle, D. H. Fitch, W. Bailey, J. Czelusniak, B. F. Koop, P. Benson, J. L. Slightom}} |
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==External links == |
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{{sisterlinks|Ape}} |
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{{Wikispecies|Hominoidea|Ape}} |
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{{Wikibookspar|Dichotomous Key|Hominoidea}} |
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* [http://www.greatapeproject.org/declaration.html ''Declaration on Great Apes''] at the [[Great Ape Project]] |
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*{{1911}} |
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[[Category:Apes|*]] |
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[[de:Menschenartige]] |
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[[es:Hominoidea]] |
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[[fr:Hominoidea]] |
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[[ko:유인원]] |
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[[he:קופי אדם]] |
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[[nl:Hominoidea]] |
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[[ja:ヒト上科]] |
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[[no:Menneskeaper]] |
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[[sk:Hominoidovce]] |
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[[sv:Människoartade]] |
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Revision as of 22:44, 28 February 2006
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