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reforms adopted by many developing nations over the last two decades, the lessons for economic policymaking that
reforms adopted by many developing nations over the last two decades, the lessons for economic policymaking that
emerge from this experience, and the performance of the international economic system into which poor and
emerge from this experience, and the performance of the international economic system into which poor and
middle-income countries are increasingly integrated." <ref>{{citebook |title=The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance |authors=Serra, N and Stiglitz, JE}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcn.es/forum2004/english/desenvolupament.htm |title=Forum 2004: The Legacy. The Barcelona Development Agenda |accessdate=2011-04-18}}</ref>
middle-income countries are increasingly integrated." <ref name="The Washington Consensus Reconsidered">{{citebook |title=The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance |authors=Serra, N and Stiglitz, JE}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcn.es/forum2004/english/desenvolupament.htm |title=Forum 2004: The Legacy. The Barcelona Development Agenda |accessdate=2011-04-18}}</ref>


Based on trends and concerns the participants noted in international development policy, the agenda outlines principles for policy implementation that reflect both widely accepted principles of macroeconomics, such as the importance of market development, and improved understanding of challenges and solutions in developing markets, such as capital inequity and environmental impacts.
Based on trends and concerns the participants noted in international development policy, the agenda outlines principles for policy implementation that reflect both widely accepted principles of macroeconomics, such as the importance of market development, and improved understanding of challenges and solutions in developing markets, such as capital inequity and environmental impacts.
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===Three encouraging trends===
===Three encouraging trends===
* Gains in human rights in many developing countries.
* Gains in human rights in many developing countries.
::Though there are still examples of rights violations in many places around the globe, there is a general and increasing trend of recognition and implementation of human rights worldwide.<ref> {{cite web |title=United Nations Human Rights: Human Rights by Country |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/Pages/HumanRightsintheWorld.aspx |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref> Though human rights records are not always indicative of the strength of an economy,<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=http://www.hrw.org/ |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref> development and human rights causes are often similar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hrq/summary/v027/27.3alston.html |title=Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate Seen Through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref>
::Though there are still examples of rights violations in many places around the globe, there is a general and increasing trend of recognition and implementation of human rights and democratic principles worldwide.<ref> {{cite web |title=United Nations Human Rights: Human Rights by Country |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/Pages/HumanRightsintheWorld.aspx |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref> Additionally, though human rights records are not always indicative of the strength of an economy,<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=http://www.hrw.org/ |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref> development and human rights causes are often similar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hrq/summary/v027/27.3alston.html |title=Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate Seen Through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref>
* Rapid growth in several countries that has pulled millions of people out of poverty.
* Rapid growth in several countries that has pulled millions of people out of poverty.
::Development policies already in place have managed to increase the income of millions of people in some of the most highly-populated developing countries on the planet, including China<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Y |last2=Wan |first2=G |year=2006 |title=Poverty Reduction in China: Trends and Causes. Working paper 2006/152 |publisher=United Nations University-World Institute fore Development Economics Research |ISBN=92-9190-936-X |accessdate=2011-04-21 }}</ref> and India <ref>{{cite web |title=Building a Climate for Investment, Growth, and Poverty Reduction in India |url=http://www.eximbankindia.in/lecture2001.pdf |author=Nicholas Stern |date=21 |month=03 |year=2001 |work=Speech at EXIM Bank, Mumbai, India |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Land Reform, Poverty Reduction, and Growth: Evidence from India |url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/003355300554809 |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref>. While successful development paths are highly variable depending on the particular circumstances of each country, the right combination of policies and resources has the capacity to affect rapid change.
::Development policies already in place have managed to increase the income of millions of people in some of the most highly-populated developing countries on the planet, including China<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Y |last2=Wan |first2=G |year=2006 |title=Poverty Reduction in China: Trends and Causes. Working paper 2006/152 |publisher=United Nations University-World Institute fore Development Economics Research |ISBN=92-9190-936-X |accessdate=2011-04-21 }}</ref> and India <ref>{{cite web |title=Building a Climate for Investment, Growth, and Poverty Reduction in India |url=http://www.eximbankindia.in/lecture2001.pdf |author=Nicholas Stern |date=21 |month=03 |year=2001 |work=Speech at EXIM Bank, Mumbai, India |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Land Reform, Poverty Reduction, and Growth: Evidence from India |url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/003355300554809 |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref>. While successful development paths are highly variable depending on the particular circumstances of each country, the right combination of policies and resources has the capacity to affect rapid change.
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===Three reasons for concern===
===Three reasons for concern===
* Recurring systemic financial crises affecting developing states, including countries that applied previously-recommended development policies overseen by international organizations.
* Recurring systemic financial crises affecting developing states, including countries that applied previously-recommended development policies overseen by international organizations
::The application of [[Washington Consensus]]-style free markets and financial arrangements has not been beneficial for all developing states that have adopted them. The economies and financial systems of several countries that adopted them, particularly in Latin America, stagnated or suffered declines <ref>{{Cite conference
⚫
* Lack of sustained growth in many regions that adopted reforms.
|first =Joseph |last =Stiglitz |title =Development policies in a world of globalization | publisher = Brazilian Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES) | date =2002-09-12,13 | location=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Economic Development, 10th ed. |last=Todaro |first=M.P. |coauthors= S.C. Smith |year=2009 |publisher=Addison-Welsey |location=Essex, England |isbn=978-1-4058-7424-3 |pages=861}}</ref>. It was presumed until this point that western-style policies were applicable across a broad spectrum of political situations, but assumptions made by these policies, especially in reference to markets and information flow, were flawed.
⚫
* Persistence and growth of distributional inequalities in many developing states, especially in wealth and income.
⚫
* Lack of sustained growth in many regions that adopted reforms
⚫
* Persistence and growth of distributional inequalities in many developing states, especially in wealth and income


==Seven Lessons and Priorities for Reform==
==Seven Lessons and Priorities for Reform==
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==Participants==
==Participants==
<ref>{{citebook |title=The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance |authors=Serra, N and Stiglitz, JE }}</ref>
<ref name="The Washington Consensus Reconsidered"/>
*Alice Amsden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
*Alice Amsden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
*Olivier Blachard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
*Olivier Blachard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Revision as of 01:51, 22 April 2011

Barcelona Development Agenda

Introduction

The Barcelona Development Agenda is a statement of development principles formulated as a response to the prevailing Washington Consensus development model. Resulting from the collaboration of economists from both developing and developed countries at the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures in Barcelona, Spain, the Barcelona Development Agenda outlines seven lessons learned from previous policy failures and successes, and presents them as priorities for future economic reforms. The principles emphasize a balance of market and government economic roles, flexible economic tools, and an increased role for sustainability and equity in governance.

Background

The Universal Forum of Cultures Barcelona 2004 that met in Barcelona, Spain from May 9th to September 26th, 2004 to promote human rights, diversity, peace, and sustainable development.[1] On the last two days of the Forum, economists from organizations around the world met to discuss the impacts of economic policies, especially global policies, on developing countries. The opening statement of the agenda laid out the discussion of the meeting: 

"We, a group of economists from developing and developed countries, met in Barcelona on September 24 and 25,
2004 to consider the prospects for growth and development around the world. We discussed the effect of economic
reforms adopted by many developing nations over the last two decades, the lessons for economic policymaking that
emerge from this experience, and the performance of the international economic system into which poor and
middle-income countries are increasingly integrated." [2] [3]

Based on trends and concerns the participants noted in international development policy, the agenda outlines principles for policy implementation that reflect both widely accepted principles of macroeconomics, such as the importance of market development, and improved understanding of challenges and solutions in developing markets, such as capital inequity and environmental impacts.

Observations of current policy

  • Gains in human rights in many developing countries.
Though there are still examples of rights violations in many places around the globe, there is a general and increasing trend of recognition and implementation of human rights and democratic principles worldwide.[4] Additionally, though human rights records are not always indicative of the strength of an economy,[5] development and human rights causes are often similar.[6]
  • Rapid growth in several countries that has pulled millions of people out of poverty.
Development policies already in place have managed to increase the income of millions of people in some of the most highly-populated developing countries on the planet, including China[7] and India [8] [9]. While successful development paths are highly variable depending on the particular circumstances of each country, the right combination of policies and resources has the capacity to affect rapid change.
  • Recognition of the importance of macroeconomic stability (e.g. reduced inflation, etc.).
Though some economic adjustment policies have failed to produce stabilized economies[10][11], the consensus is now that macroeconomic stability is necessary for succesful implementation of other development policies, as well as accelerating growth [12][13].

Three reasons for concern

  • Recurring systemic financial crises affecting developing states, including countries that applied previously-recommended development policies overseen by international organizations
The application of Washington Consensus-style free markets and financial arrangements has not been beneficial for all developing states that have adopted them. The economies and financial systems of several countries that adopted them, particularly in Latin America, stagnated or suffered declines [14][15]. It was presumed until this point that western-style policies were applicable across a broad spectrum of political situations, but assumptions made by these policies, especially in reference to markets and information flow, were flawed.
  • Lack of sustained growth in many regions that adopted reforms
  • Persistence and growth of distributional inequalities in many developing states, especially in wealth and income

Seven Lessons and Priorities for Reform

1. Institutional quality and market orientation matter
For successful development to occur, institutions such as property rights and the rule of law must be established and improved, though the exact for of these is heavily dependent on historical and cultural context. Additionally, markets should be balanced by state regulation, as assumptions involving a pure market economy are rarely met in developing countries. Lastly, though the mechanics are not provided for, equitable distribution of income is stated as an additional basis of successful development strategies.
2. Poor financial policies are barriers to development
Weak and maladjusted fiscal policy tends to inhibit development, and disproportionally affects low-income households upon failure. Large public debt can burden governments with debt service obligations that consume a significant proportion of the GDP. Large amounts of private debt can inhibit innovation and expansion in private sector industry. Poorly regulated financial institutions, such as some banks, and loose monetary policies, such as expanded money supply and credit are serious barriers to development.
3. Sustained growth cannot be guaranteed by a single set of policies
Development solutions that can trigger sustained growth will vary depending on the historical, cultural, and social attributes of a particular country. The primary impact of this is that states should have the flexibility to experiment with different economic policies that suit their specific context. Experimentation with different bundles of industrialization, technology development and acquisition, import/export, and other policies should be encouraged. Constraints to growth should be identified and addressed through both macro and microeconomic policies.
4. Multilateral trade negotiations should proceed in a manner that promotes development.
Whereas protectionism in developed countries creates obstacles for market entry and expansion in developing countries, trade negotiations should include stakeholders from impacted states. Additionally, trade policies in developing countries should be examined to identify and correct those that limit growth. (Note: at the time of the BDA, it was hoped that the Doha Round would reduce trade barriers between and among developed and developing countries. Though currently stalled, there have been recent calls to restart negotiations.[16])
5. Current international financial relationships are faulty
Financial arrangements between developed and developing countries are often defective, insufficient, and detrimental to the recipients. This is largely due to missing or malfunctioning markets within the countries, and a lack of mechanisms to share risk between lenders and recipients. As such, financial capital flows tend to be volatile, and are underregulated by international lending institutions. Additionally, aid levels tend to be inadequate to address some financial problems in developing markets. Both unbalanced risk and shortage of aid are likely the result of lack of representation of recipient countries in decision-making processes regarding financial arrangements.
6. Labor and financial capital are not treated equally
Movement of different types of capital across international boundaries is not balanced. Current policies, especially in developed nations, favor the transfer of financial capital, but often discourage the movement of labor capital across borders. Increased migration of workers along with sufficient protection (e.g. workers rights, market integration) of labor has the potential to increase both equity and efficiency in production and service provision. Improved labor capital mobility can also increase financial capital exchange through remittances.
7. National and global sustainable development policies are necessary to address growing environmental problems
Whereas previous models on development ignored, misunderstood, or underestimated the environmental impact of growth policy, updated models must internalize and address the environmental impacts of development. As impacts including soil degradation, climate change, and reduced water quality and availability disproportionately impact developing countries and low-income families, sustainable development policies must address these impacts, whether through prevention or alleviation. However, economic policies in developed countries must also address domestic environmental impacts, some of which are exported to developing economies.

Application of the Barcelona Development Agenda

Though no initiatives have been directly undertaken as a result of the Barcelona Development Agenda, the Center for International Relations and Development Studies (CIDOB, Centre d’Investigació de Relacions Internacionals i Desenvolupament) has been working to implement some of the BDA principles into the Ibero-American Development Agenda (ADI, Agenda de Desarrollo Iberoamericana). The ADI has a goal of: 

“facilitating policy recommendations that permit countries to attain sustainable economic growth as a way
of reducing poverty and inequality, thus augmenting the quality of life of the Latin American people.
In order to do this, the ADI Seminar promotes discussion and dialogue between prominent economists,
sociologists and political scientists based on the rigorous analysis of the economic, social and institutional
situation in the region.”[17]

A collaboration between Latin American governments, economics, sociologists, and political scientists, principles stated in the BDA are being implemented through collaborative policy decision-making in the ADI.

Participants

[2]

Notes

  1. ^ "Universal Forum of Cultures Barcelona 2004". Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  2. ^ a b The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ "Forum 2004: The Legacy. The Barcelona Development Agenda". Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  4. ^ "United Nations Human Rights: Human Rights by Country". Retrieved 2011-04-21.
  5. ^ "Human Rights Watch". Retrieved 2011-04-21.
  6. ^ "Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate Seen Through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals". Retrieved 2011-04-21.
  7. ^ Zhang, Y; Wan, G (2006). "Poverty Reduction in China: Trends and Causes. Working paper 2006/152". United Nations University-World Institute fore Development Economics Research. ISBN 92-9190-936-X. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Nicholas Stern (21). "Building a Climate for Investment, Growth, and Poverty Reduction in India" (PDF). Speech at EXIM Bank, Mumbai, India. Retrieved 2011-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "Land Reform, Poverty Reduction, and Growth: Evidence from India". Retrieved 2011-04-21.
  10. ^ Stewart, Frances (1991). "The many faces of adjustment". World Development. 19 (12): 1847–1864. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(91)90029-H.
  11. ^ Montiel, Peter; Serven, Luis (2006). "Macroeconomic Stability in Developing Countries: How Much Is Enough?". World Bank Res Obs. 21 (2): 151–178. doi:10.1093/wbro/lkl005.
  12. ^ Bleaney, Michael (1996). "Macroeconomic stability, investment and growth in developing countries". Journal of Development Economics. 48 (2): 461–477. doi:10.1016/0304-3878(95)00049-6.
  13. ^ Fischer, Stanley (1993). "The role of macroeconomic factors in growth". Journal of Monetary Economics. 32 (3): 485–512. doi:10.1016/0304-3932(93)90027-D.
  14. ^ Stiglitz, Joseph (2002-09-12,13). Development policies in a world of globalization. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Brazilian Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES). {{cite conference}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Todaro, M.P. (2009). Economic Development, 10th ed. Essex, England: Addison-Welsey. p. 861. ISBN 978-1-4058-7424-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Davos 2011: Doha round 'should finish by end of year'". Retrieved 2011-04-19.
  17. ^ "CIDOB". Retrieved 2011-04-21.

References

Further Reading

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