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{{Verdi operas}}'''''I Lombardi alla prima crociata''''' (''The Lombards on the First Crusade'') is an [[opera]]tic ''dramma lirico'' in four acts by [[Giuseppe Verdi]] to an Italian [[libretto]] by [[Temistocle Solera]], based on an epic poem by [[Tommaso Grossi]]. Its first performance was given at the [[Teatro alla Scala]] in [[Milan]] on 11 February 1843. Verdi dedicated the score to [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Maria Luigia, the Habsburg Duchess of Parma]], who died a few weeks after the premiere.


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In 1847, the opera was significantly revised to become Verdi's first [[grand opera]] for performances in French at the [[Salle Le Peletier]] of the [[Paris Opera]] under the title of ''[[Jérusalem]]''.


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==Performance history==
The opera's British premiere took place on 12 May 1846 at [[Her Majesty's Theatre]] in London <ref>Holden, p. 980</ref>with Verdi in attendance. This "was the first of Verdi's operas to be heard in the United States, at [[Palmo's Opera House]]",<ref>Andrew Porter, "Traces of Eternal Beauty", in the booklet accompanying the Phillips recording of ''I Lombardi'', 1971 and 1998</ref> on 3 March 1847 in New York.


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In modern times it has received few performances - apart from a run at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in the 1970s with [[Jose Carreras]], [[Sylvia Sass]] and [[Yevgeny Nesterenko]] - but it has been occasionally presented in concert form by the [[Opera Orchestra of New York]] which gave it in December 1972 with [[José Carreras]], [[Renata Scotto]] and [[Paul Plishka]] in the principal roles and they revived it in January 1986, again with Pliska as well as [[Aprile Millo]] and [[Carlo Bergonzi]].


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Bergonzi and Plishka (along with [[Cristina Deutekom]]) appeared in the [[San Diego Opera]]'s short-lived (1979 to 1984) summer "Verdi Festival" in June 1979 and it is claimed that this was a West Coast premiere.<ref>[http://www.sdopera.com/company/perfhistory.aspx#197879 San Diego Opera's performance history]</ref>


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While not regularly performed, ''I Lombardi'' was given its first performances as part of the [[Metropolitan Opera]]'s 1993/94 season with [[Luciano Pavarotti]], Aprile Millo, and [[Samuel Ramey]] in some of the major roles.


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[[Sarasota Opera]]'s "Verdi Cycle", which will conclude in 2016, featured the opera during its 2011 season. Two opera companies have announced that they plan to present all of Verdi's operas, but neither ABAO in [[Bilbao]], Spain, nor the [[Teatro Regio di Parma]], Italy have announced dates.
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==Roles==
{| class="wikitable"
!Role
!Voice type
!Premiere Cast, 11 February 1843<ref>List of singers taken from Budden, Vol. 1, p. 114</ref><br>(Conductor: - [[Eugenio Cavallini]])
|-
|Arvino, ''son of Lord Folco''
|[[tenor]]
|Giovanni Severi
|-
|Pagano/Hermit, ''son of Lord Folco''
|[[bass (vocal range)|bass]]
|[[Prosper Dérivis]]
|-
|Viclinda, ''wife of Arvino''
|[[soprano]]
|[[Teresa Ruggeri]]
|-
|Giselda, ''daughter of Arvino''
|soprano
|[[Erminia Frezzolini]]
|-
|Oronte, ''son of Acciano ruler of Antioch''
|tenor
|[[Carlo Guasco]]
|-
|[[Yaghi-Siyan|Acciano]], ''ruler of Antioch''
|tenor
|Luigi Vairo
|-
|Sofia, ''wife of Acciano''
|soprano
|Amalia Gandaglia
|-
|Pirro, ''Arvino's squire''
|bass
|Gaetano Rossi
|-
|Prior of Milan
|tenor
|Napoleone Marconi
|-
| colspan="3"|''Villagers of Milan, palace guards, crusaders, pilgrims, nuns, cut-throats, harem women, warriors - Chorus''
|}


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==Synopsis==
:Time: 1096/97
:Place: Milan, in and around Antioch, and near Jerusalem


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===Act 1: La Vendetta===


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''Scene 1: A square outside the church of Sant' Ambrogio in Milan''


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The two sons of Lord Folco, Pagano and Arvino, are reconciled, having previously feuded over which man would win the hand of Viclinda. Pagano, who once threatened the life of his brother, has returned from exile. A throng gathers in front of the church of Sant'Ambrogio to celebrate. Viclinda, now Arvino's wife, and their daughter Giselda are on hand to witness the reconciliation. A crusade to the Holy Land is announced and Arvino is to lead it. Pagano secretly vents his enduring frustration to Pirro, Arvino's squire: he still desires Viclinda (''Sciagurata! hai tu creduto'' / "Wretched woman! Did you believe that I could forget you..."). As nuns sing in the background, Pirro and a gang of cut-throats agree to help Pagano take Viclinda for himself.


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''Scene 2: The Folco palace''


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Viclinda and Giselda are concerned about Pagano and his supposed reformation. Arvino asks them to watch his elderly father, Lord Folco, who is spending the night in Arvino's chambers. Giselda prays (Aria: ''Salve Maria'' / "Hail Mary!"). Pirro and Pagano and their assassins storm the palace. Pagano draws his sword and enters Arvino's chambers. He emerges with a bloody sword and with Viclinda in his custody. Arvino suddenly appears and Pagano is shocked to learn that in the darkness he has killed his father, not his brother (''Orror!'' / "Horror! Dreadful monster of Hell..."). A throng calls for Pagano's death, but Giselda protests against more bloodshed. So Pagano is once again sent into exile.


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===Act 2: L'uomo della Caverna===


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''Scene 1: Acciano's palace in Antioch''


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Acciano and representatives from surrounding territories plot their continued resistance to the marauding crusaders. They have captured Giselda, who is now held captive within Acciano's harem. Sofia, Acciano's head wife and a secret Christian, enters with her son Oronte. Oronte has fallen in love with the captive Giselda (Aria: ''La mia letizia infondere'' / "Would that I could instill my gladness into her dear heart"). As Oronte sings of his love, Sofia sees Giselda as a means of converting her son to Christianity (''Come poteva un angelo'' / "How could Heaven create an angel so pure").


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''Scene 2: A cave in the desert outside Antioch''


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A hermit waits for the arrival of the crusaders. A man appears at the cave and asks the hermit how he may receive forgiveness for his past sins. The man is Pirro, who has become a confidante of Acciano and now controls the gates of Antioch. The hermit counsels Pirro that he will achieve forgiveness if he opens the gates to the approaching crusaders. Thereafter, the crusaders, led by Arvino, appear at the cave. The hermit learns that Arvino's daughter has been captured by Acciano. The hermit assures them that they will succeed in taking Antioch.


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''Scene 3: Acciano's harem''


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The members of the harem sing of Giselda's luck in attracting the attentions of Oronte. As Giselda prays (Aria: ''Oh madre, dal cielo'' / "O mother, from heaven hear my lament") sudden shouts warn that the crusaders have invaded Antioch. Sofia rushes in to say that both Acciano and Oronte have been killed. Arvino enters with the hermit. Sofia identifies Arvino as the murderer of her husband and son. Giselda is horrified and recoils at her father's attempted embrace. She declares that this crusade was not the will of God. Arvino draws his sword and threatens to kill her for her blasphemy, but he is stopped by the hermit and Sofia. Arvino declares that his daughter has gone mad.


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===Act 3: La Conversione===


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''Scene 1: The valley of Jehoshaphat; Jerusalem is in the distance''


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The crusaders, joined by Christian pilgrims, sing of the beauty of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. Giselda has wandered away from her father's camp. Suddenly, Oronte appears! He was merely wounded, not killed, by Arvino's sword. Giselda and Oronte decide to flee together (Duet: ''Oh belle, a questa misera'' / "O Lombard tents, fair to this unhappy girl, farewell!").

''Scene 2: Arvino's tent''

Arvino rages against his daughter's betrayal. Soldiers arrive to tell him that Pagano has been seen in camp and they call for his capture and death. Arvino agrees.

''Scene 3: A grotto near the River Jordan''

After a violin prelude, Giselda and Oronte appear. Oronte has been wounded and Giselda bitterly laments God's cruelty. The hermit appears. He tells Giselda and Oronte that their love is sinful but may be purified by Oronte's conversion and baptism. The hermit completes the baptism, and Giselda laments as Oronte dies from his wounds, promising to see her in heaven (Trio: ''Qual volutta trascorrere'' / "What wondrous pleasure I feel").

===Act 4: Il Santo Sepolcro===
''Scene 1: A cave, near Jersulam''

As Giselda dreams, Oronte appears to her in a vision and tells her that God has granted his prayer: the crusaders will find strength in the waters of the fountain of Siloam (Aria: ''In cielo benedetto'' / "Through you, Gisleda, I am blessed in heaven"). Giselda wakes and sings of her miraculous vision (Aria: ''Qual prodigio . . . Non fu sogno!'' / "A miracle!... It was not a dream").

''Scene 2: The Lombards' tents''

The crusaders and pilgrims are despairing that God has abandoned them in the desert (''O signore, dal tetto natio'' / "O Lord, Thou dids't call us"). Giselda rushes in, announcing the discovery of a spring of water. As all rejoice, Arvino assures his crusaders of his confidence that they will now take Jerusalem.

''Scene 3: Arvino's tent''

Dying from wounds, the hermit is brought in by Giselda and Arvino. The hermit reveals that he is really Pagano. In his dying moments, he confesses to Arvino his penitence for their father's murder and begs forgiveness. Arvino embraces his brother, and Pagano asks for a final view of the Holy City. As Jerusalem appears in the distance, Pagano dies, and the crusaders praise heaven (''Te lodiamo, gran Dio di vittoria'' / "We praise Thee, great God of Victory").

==Recordings==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!width="150"|Cast <br>(Arvino, Pagano, Viclinda, Giselda, Oronte)
!Conductor,<br>Opera House and Orchestra
!Label<ref>[http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLVELOMB.HTM Recordings on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk]</ref>
|-
| 1951||Aldo Bertucci,<br>[[Mario Petri]],<br>[[Miriam Pirazzini]],<br>[[Maria Vitale]],<br>Gustavo Gallo || [[Manno Wolf-Ferrari]],<br>Orchestra Sinfonica e Coro della Rai di Milano || Audio CD: Warner Fonit
|-
| 1969||Umberto Grilli<br>[[Ruggero Raimondi]]<br>Anna di Stasio<br>Renata Scotto,<br>Luciano Pavarotti|| [[Gianandrea Gavazzeni]],<br>Rome Opera Orchestra || Audio CD: Opera D'oro <br> ASIN: B00000FBRS
|-
| 1971 ||Jerome Lo Monaco<br>Ruggero Raimondi<br>Desdemona Malvisi<br>Cristina Deutekom,<br>[[Plácido Domingo]]|| [[Lamberto Gardelli]],<br>[[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]] and Ambrosian Singers ||Audio CD: [[Philips]] <br> Cat: 000942602
|-
| 1996||[[Richard Leech]]<br>Samuel Ramey<br>[[Patricia Racette]]<br>[[June Anderson]],<br>Luciano Pavarotti|| [[James Levine]],<br>[[Metropolitan opera]] Orchestra and Chorus || Audio CD: [[Decca Records|Decca]] <br> Cat: 455 287-2
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[[Julian Budden|Budden, Julian]], ''The Operas of Verdi, Volume 1: From'' Oberto ''to'' Rigoletto. London: Cassell, 1984. ISBN 0-304-310581.
*Holden, Amanda (Ed.), ''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-140-29312-4
*[http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/Inglese/page.asp?IDCategoria=162&IDSezione=580&ID=19742 ''I Lombardi'' sysnopsis and background on giuseppeverdi.it, in English]

==External links==
*[http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/stampabile.asp?IDCategoria=162&IDSezione=581&ID=19889 Libretto]
* [http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl?opera=I+Lombardi+alla+Prima+Crociata&a Aria database]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lombardi alla prima crociata, I}}
[[Category:Operas by Giuseppe Verdi]]
[[Category:Italian-language operas]]
[[Category:1843 operas]]
[[Category:Operas]]
[[Category:Operas set in Italy]]
[[Category:La Scala world premieres]]

[[ca:I Lombardi]]
[[da:I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]
[[de:I Lombardi alla prima Crociata]]
[[es:I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]
[[fr:I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]
[[id:I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]
[[it:I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]
[[he:הלומברדים במסע הצלב הראשון]]
[[la:I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]
[[hu:A lombardok]]
[[ms:I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]
[[nl:I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]
[[ja:十字軍のロンバルディア人]]
[[pl:Lombardczycy]]
[[pt:I Lombardi alla prima crociata (opera)]]
[[ro:I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]
[[sr:Ломбардијци у Првом крсташком походу (опера)]]
[[fi:I Lombardi]]

Revision as of 10:07, 28 June 2011

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It works seamlessly with the programs you already know and use, including Microsoft Outlook your existing hardware. Office 365 also offers improved collaboration capabilities, including a passwordprotected portal to share large, hard-to-email files both inside and outside of your organization. Powerful security features from Microsoft help protect your data, and when the service is released for general availability, it will be backed with a 99.9-percent uptime guarantee.

   * Anytime, Anywhere Access

Office 365 provides web-enabled access to email, important documents, contacts, and calendar on almost any device smartphones. It frees you to work where and when you choose, letting you respond to important requestsright away, from almost any location. With the ability to access email and documents from your mobile device,access to Microsoft Office, Office 365 helps you view and edit documents from the most popular web browsers on PCs and Macintosh computers. Take control of when and where you work with Office 365.

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Using professional services like Office 365 tells potential customers that you’re serious about business.For example, you can impress your prospects by inviting them to a collaborative online meeting where you can review your latest proposal. With these state-of-the-art but easy-to-use collaboration, mail, and messaging services, you can set yourself apart from organizations that use free or ad-supported services.A custom domain name further enhances your branding, and Office 365 includes design tools to easily create a professional, public-facing website in minutes.

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With Office 365, you can create a password-protected portal to share large, hard-to-email files both inside and outside of your organization, giving you a single location to find the latest versions of files or documents, no matter how many people are working on them. Send instant messages to colleagues and customers and invite them to participate in online meetings where you can review documents or take control of a desktop.

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   * Safety and Security

Security is priority at Microsoft data centers. With Office 365, you can use the same systems used by Microsoft and other enterprises worldwide to help protect email, documents, and networks. These systems scan your messages and documents for spam and malicious software (also called malware) 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Microsoft data centers help safeguard your data and are certified to meet several industry-standard certifications, including the ISO 27001 certification and the EU Safe Harbor seal.

   * Seamless Coordination with the Tools You Already Know

Office 365 works seamlessly with the programs you already know and use, including Outlook, Word,Excel, and PowerPoint. These tools provide the same great features you rely on as well as powerful capabilities in Office 365. With Microsoft Office 2010 and Microsoft Office Professional Plus, you can see if others are editing PowerPoint presentations, and check documents in and out of your online document library. These andother features are automatically enabled when you use Office 2010 and Office Professional Plus with office 365

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Office 365 administration is designed for organizations without IT staff, so you can easily set up and use the features, helping you focus on your business rather than on learning menus and technical lingo.Perform administrative tasks using an intuitive, web-based portal that is accessible only to people you designate. The online portal provides step-by-step instructions on how to add users and set up your account so your employees can quickly start using Office 365.

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Office 365 helps safeguard your data with enterprise-grade reliability, disaster recovery capabilities, data centers in multiple locations, and a strict privacy policy. The Microsoft data centers that deliver Office 365 are designed with redundant networks, power systems, servers, and continuous monitoring. These and other high availability safeguards provide the basis for the 99.9-percent uptime, money-back guarantee that are included with the service after the release for general availability.

   * Flexibility for Your Business

With Office 365, you get pay-as-you-go pricing options that give you predictability and flexibility for your business. Office 365 also offers great flexibility by allowing you to easily provide users with only theservices they need, cost-effectively adding value to your business.

Learn More>