Phocas

For other uses, see Phocas (disambiguation).

Phocas on a contemporary coin

Flavius Phocas Augustus, Eastern Roman Emperor (reigned 602–610), is perhaps one of the most maligned figures to have held the Imperial title in the long history of Rome and Byzantium. He ascended the throne from the Emperor Maurice, and was himself overthrown by Heraclius after losing a civil war.

Almost nothing is known of Phocas's early life, although he may have been a native of Thrace. By 600, he was a subaltern officer in the Roman army that served in the Balkans, and apparently was viewed as a leader by his fellow soldiers: he was a member of a delegation sent by the army in that year to Constantinople to submit grievances to the government. The king (chagan ) of the Avars had defeated the Byzantines and taken a large number of prisoners. He asked from Mauricius 1 nummus ( solidus, about 4,48 g of gold ) for each soul and reduced the rescue to 4 siliquae ( one sixth of solidus ). The emperor refused and all the prisoners were killed. The delegation's complaints were rejected, and, according to several sources, Phocas himself was slapped and humiliated by prominent court officials at this time.The emperor rejected any grievance.

In 602, having created unrest in the legions by reforms intended to reduce the expenses of their maintainance, Maurice ordered the Balkan army, then campaigning against the Avars, to winter on the north side of the Danube, the unprotected far side of the river's protective boundary; amid general mutinies from Edessa to Europe, the army almost immediately revolted and marched on the capital, with Phocas at its head. Within a month, Maurice's government had collapsed, the emperor abdicated and fled the city, and the various factions in Constantinople acclaimed Phocas as emperor. He was crowned in the Church of St John the Baptist and his wife Leontia was invested with the rank of Augusta. Maurice, who represented little genuine threat, was dragged from his monastic sanctuary at Chalcedon, and killed along with his five sons. It is said that he had to watch as his sons were butchered in front of his eyes. The bodies were thrown in the sea and the heads of all were exhibited in Constantinople before Phocas made arrangements for a Christian burial for the relics his deeply pious predecessor.

Phocas's rule was welcomed at first by many because he lowered taxes, which had been high during the reign of Maurice. A fulsome letter of courtly praise from Pope Gregory I is preserved: "the joyful applause with which he salutes the fortune of the assassin, has sullied, with indelible disgrace, the character of the saint," Gibbon noted severely: "he is content to celebrate the deliverance of the people and the fall of the oppressor; to rejoice that the piety and benignity of Phocas have been raised by Providence to the Imperial throne." (Gibbon). But he also faced great opposition and was regarded by many as a usurper; his coup was the first violent regime change in Constantinople since its foundation by Constantine. He is reported to have responded to this opposition with extreme cruelty, allegedly killing thousands in an effort to keep control of the government. This was probably an exaggeration: no histories actually written under Phocas survive, and thus we are dependent for information on historians writing under his successors, who had an interest in blackening Phocas' reputation.

Column of Phocas, the last monument erected in the Roman forum.

Phocas is the dedicatee of the last monument erected in the Roman forum. In Phocas's reign, the Byzantines were sovereign over the city of Rome, although the Pope was the most powerful figure resident in the city. Phocas tended to support the popes in many of the theological controversies of the time, and thus enjoyed good relations with the papacy. Phocas gave the Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV for use as a church; he intervened to restore Smaragdus to the Exarchate of Ravenna, in gratitude Smaragdus erected in the Roman Forum a gilded statue atop the rededicated "Column of Phocas" (illustration, right), which featured a new inscription on its base in the emperor's honour. The fluted Corinthian column and the marble plinth on which it sits were already standing in situ, scavenged previously from yet other monuments.

It was during Phocas's reign that the traditional frontiers of the Eastern Roman Empire began to collapse. The Balkans had been for some years subject to raiding by Avars and Slavs; with the removal of the army from the Danube, these attacks worsened, and enemy forces penetrated as far as Athens. In the east, the situation was even more grave. The Persian King Chosroes II had been helped onto his throne years earlier by Maurice during a civil war in Persia; now, he used the death of his erstwhile patron as an excuse to break his treaty with the empire. He received at his court an individual claiming to be Maurice's son Theodosius; he arranged a coronation for this pretender and demanded that the Byzantines accept him as emperor. He also took advantage of the chaos that Phocas' usurpation had sowed in the Roman military: he came to the aid of Narses, a Roman general who refused to acknowedge the new emperor's authority and who was besieged by troops loyal to Phocas in Edessa. This expedition was part of a war of attrition Chosroes waged against Byzantine forts in northern Mesopotamia, and by 607 or so he had advanced Persian control to the Euphrates.

In 608, the Exarch of Africa and his son, both named Heraclius, began a revolt against Phocas, issuing coins depicting the two of them in consular (though not imperial) regalia. Phocas responded with the executions, among them of the ex-Empress Constantina and her three daughters. Nicetas, a nephew of Heraclius the Elder, led an overland invasion of Egypt; the younger Heraclius began to sail westward with another force via Sicily and Cyprus. With the outbreak of civil war came serious urban rioting in Syria and Palestine; Phocas sent his general Bonosus to quell the disturbances and reconquer Egypt. Bonosus dealt with the eastern cities so harshly that his savagery was remembered centuries later; he then took almost the entire eastern army with him to Egypt, where he was defeated by Nicetas after some hard fighting. The Persians took advantage of this conflict to occupy a significant part of the eastern provinces and even begin a penetration into Anatolia.

By 610, the younger Heraclius had reached the vicinity of Constantinople, and most of the military loyal to Phocas had gone down in defeat or defected. Some prominent Byzantine aristocrats came to meet Heraclius, and he arranged to be crowned and acclaimed as Emperor. When he reached the capital, the Excubitors, an elite imperial guard unit led by Phocas's own son-in-law Priscus, deserted to Heraclius, and he entered the city without serious resistance. Phocas was captured and brought before Heraclius, who asked, "Is this how you have ruled, wretch?" Phocas replied, "And will you rule better?" Enraged, Heraclius personally killed and beheaded Phocas on the spot. Phocas's body was mutilated, paraded through the capital, and burned.

References

• Edmund Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: The tyranny of Phocas
• David Michael Olster, The Politics of Usurpation in the Seventh Century: Rhetoric and Revolution in Byzantium, (Adolf M Hakkert, 1993) ISBN 9025610102)