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'''Stephen Ányos Jedlik''' ({{lang-hu|Jedlik Ányos István}}, in older texts and publications: {{lang-la|Stephanus Anianus Jedlik}}, January 11, 1800 – December 13, 1895) was a [[Hungarian Kingdom|Hungarian]]<ref name="cleveland">{{cite web
'''Stephen Ányos Jedlik''' ({{lang-hu|Jedlik Ányos István}}, {{lang-sk|Štefan Anián Jedlík}}<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=2a4oAQAAIAAJ&q=%C5%A0tefan+Ani%C3%A1n+Jedl%C3%ADk&dq=%C5%A0tefan+Ani%C3%A1n+Jedl%C3%ADk&hl=sk&ei=1EKDTvL1FoXl4QSO7L2HAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAzgK</ref>, in older texts and publications: {{lang-la|Stephanus Anianus Jedlik}}, January 11, 1800 – December 13, 1895) was a [[Hungarian Kingdom|Hungarian]]<ref name="cleveland">{{cite web
|title=Hungarian Cultural Contributions
|title=Hungarian Cultural Contributions
|publisher=[[Cleveland State University]]
|publisher=[[Cleveland State University]]

Revision as of 15:56, 28 September 2011

The native form of this personal name is Jedlik Ányos István. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
Ányos Jedlik
File:Jedlikanyos.jpg
Ányos Jedlik
BornJanuary 11, 1800
Szímő, Kingdom of Hungary, Habsburg Empire
DiedDecember 13, 1895
Győr, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary
CitizenshipHungarian
Known forElectric motor, Dynamo, Self-excitation, Impulse generator, Cascade connection
Scientific career
Fieldsinventor, engineer, physicist

Stephen Ányos Jedlik (Hungarian: Jedlik Ányos István, Slovak: Štefan Anián Jedlík[1], in older texts and publications: Latin: Stephanus Anianus Jedlik, January 11, 1800 – December 13, 1895) was a Hungarian[2][3][4][5] [6][7][8][9][10] inventor, engineer, physicist, Benedictine priest. He was also member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and author of several books. He is considered by Hungarians and Slovaks to be the unsung father of the dynamo and electric motor.

Career

Jedlik and his cousin Gergely Czuczor in Győr

He was born in Szimő, Kingdom of Hungary, (today Zemné, Slovakia). His mother was a member of a Hungarian noble family, while his father's family — based on the surname — was probably[11] of Slovak origin moving in 1720 from Liptó county (now Liptov) to Szímő.[11]

Jedlik's education began at high schools in Nagyszombat (today Trnava) and Pozsony (today Bratislava). In 1817 he became a Benedictine and from that time continued his studies at the schools of that order, where he was known by his Latin name Stephanus Anianus. He lectured at Benedictine schools up to 1839, then for 40 years at the Budapest University of Sciences department of physics-mechanics. Few guessed at that time that his activities would play an important part in bringing up a new generation of physicists. He became the dean of the Faculty of Arts in 1848, and by 1863 he was rector of the University. From 1858 he was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and from 1873 was an honorary member. After his retirement he continued working and spent his last years in complete seclusion at the priory in Győr, where he died.

Scientific Work

Jedlik's "lightning-magnetic self-rotor", 1827 (The world's first electric motor)

In 1827, Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating devices which he called lightning-magnetic self-rotor and in 1828 demonstrated the first device which contained the three main components of practical direct current motors: the stator, rotor and commutator.[12][13][14][15][16][17] In the prototype both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic. The first electromotor, built in 1828, and Jedlik's operating instructions are kept at the Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest. The motor still works perfectly today.[18]

He was a prolific author. In 1845 he began teaching his pupils in Hungarian instead of Latin. His cousin Gergely Czuczor, a Hungarian linguist, asked him to create a Hungarian technical vocabulary in physics, the first of its kind, by which he became one of its founders.

In the 1850s he conducted optical and wave-mechanical experiments, and at the beginning of the 1860s he constructed an excellent optical grate.

He was ahead of his contemporaries in his scientific work, but he did not speak about his most important invention, his prototype dynamo, until 1856; it was not until 1861 that he mentioned it in writing in a list of inventory of the university. Although that document might serve as a proof of Jedlik's status as the originator, the invention of the dynamo is linked to Siemens' name because Jedlik's invention did not rise to notice at that time.

In 1863 he discovered the possibility of voltage multiplication and in 1868 demonstrated it with a "tubular voltage generator" (lightning conductor), which was successfully displayed at the Vienna World Exposition in 1873.[19] It was an early form of the impulse generators now applied in nuclear research.[2][20] The jury of the World Exhibition of 1873 in Vienna awarded his voltage multiplying condenser of cascade connection with prize "For Development". Through this condenser, Jedlik framed the principle of surge generator of cascaded connection. (The Cascade connection was an other important invention of Ányos Jedlik)[21][22]

Dynamo invention

Drawn plan of a "telephon" by Ányos Jedlik in Hungarian. Pannonhalma Archabbey, Kingdom of Hungary

Jedlik's best known invention is the principle of dynamo self-excitation.

In 1827, Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating devices which he called electromagnetic self-rotors.[13]

In the prototype of the single-pole electric starter, both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic. In essence, the concept is that instead of permanent magnets, two opposed electromagnets induce the magnetic field around the rotor. He formulated the concept of the self-excited dynamo about 1861, six years before Siemens and Wheatstone.[23][24]

As one side of the coil passes in front of the north pole, crossing the line of force, current is induced. As the frame rotates further the current diminishes, then arriving at the front of the south pole it rises again but flows in the opposite direction. The frame is connected to a commutator, thus the current always flows in the same direction in the external circuit.

Books for university students

The following are all given in the Hungarian Electronic Library:[25]

  1. Tentamen publicum e Physica ... ex Institutine primi semestris Aniani Jedlik ("Public examination on Physics ... from the first semester education of Ányos Jedlik") (in Latin). Pozsony. 1839.
  2. Tentamen publicum e Physica quod in regia univers. Hung. e praelectionibus ("Public examination on Physics for election to the Royal Hungarian University") (in Latin). Pest: Trattner-Károlyi. 1845.
  3. Mathesis adplicata ("Applied Science") (in Latin). Pest: Kőnyomat.
  4. Compendium Hydrostaticae et Hydrodinamicae usibus Auditorum Suorum adaptatum per Anianum Jedlik ("Compendium of Hydrostatics and Hydrodynamics. Lecture Notes adapted by Ányos Jedlik") (in Latin). Pest: Kőnyomat. 1847.
  5. Elements of natural science. Vol. 16. Pest: Eisinfels. 1850.
  6. Viznyugtanhoz tartozó Pótlékok ("Supplements for science of still/calm water") (in Hungarian). Pest: Kőnyomat. 1850.
  7. Goldsmith, Irta (1851). Ányos Jedlik, Lecturer in natural sciences at the University of Pest in 1851 (ed.). Fénytan ("Science of Light") (in Hungarian). Pest: Kőnyomat.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link)
  8. Goldsmith, Irta (1990) [1851]. Ányos Jedlik, Lecturer in natural sciences at the University of Pest in 1851 (ed.). Hőtan ("Science of Heat") (in Hungarian). Budapest: Műszaki Könyvkiadó.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link)

Contributions by Jedlik in other works:

  1. Vagács, Caesar, ed. (1854). "A hévmérő s kellékei ("The thermometer and its accessories")". Olvasmány a főgymnasiumi középosztályok ("Reading material for grammar school students") (in Hungarian). Hartleben. pp. 259–261.
  2. ibid., pp. 256–258
  3. Német – magyar tudományos műszótár a csász. kir. gymnasiumok és reáliskolák számára ("German - Hungarian Scientific Dictionary for Imperial and Royal grammar schools and primary schools") (in German and Hungarian). Vol. VIII. Pest: Hekenast. 1858.
  4. "Ueber die Anwendung des Elektro-Magnetes bei elektro-dynamischen Rotationen ("On the application of electromagnets in electrodynamic rotations")". Aemtlicher Bericht über die XXXII. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte zu Wien im Sept. 1856 ("Report of the 32nd Conference of German Naturalists and Physicists at Vienna, September 1856") (in German). Vienna. 1858. pp. 170–175.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. "Modification der Grove'schen und Bunsen'schen Batterie ("Modification of the Grove and Bunsen batteries")". ibid. (in German). pp. 176–178.
  6. Various authors (1859–1876). Egyetemes Magyar Encyclopaedia ("Universal Hungarian Encyclopaedia") (in Hungarian). Vol. 1–13. Pest: Szent István Társulat.

See Also

References

  1. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=2a4oAQAAIAAJ&q=%C5%A0tefan+Ani%C3%A1n+Jedl%C3%ADk&dq=%C5%A0tefan+Ani%C3%A1n+Jedl%C3%ADk&hl=sk&ei=1EKDTvL1FoXl4QSO7L2HAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAzgK
  2. ^ a b Somogyi, Lél F. (May 21, 2003). "Hungarian Cultural Contributions". Cleveland State University. pp. 304–308. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  3. ^ Simon, Andrew L. (1999). "Engineering: The Early Years". Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture. Simon Publications. p. 246. ISBN 0-9665734-2-0. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  4. ^ Teichmann, Jürgen; Stinner, Arthur; Rieß, Falk (eds.). From the itinerant lecturers of the 18th century to popularizing physics in the 21st century - exploring the relationship between learning and entertainment (PDF). Conference sponsored by the University of Oldenburg, Deutsches Museum, University of Winnipeg. Retrieved August 23, 2010. {{cite book}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ Károly Simonyi: History of the Hungarianphysic
  6. ^ "Hungary - Famous hungarians". Encyclopedia of the Nations (United Nations). Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  7. ^ Wagner, Francis S. (1977). Hungarian Contributions to World Civilization. Bratislava: Alpha Publications. ISBN 0912404043, 9780912404042. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  8. ^ Denton, Tom (2004). Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750662190, 9780750662192. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  9. ^ "Bulletin of the International Committee of Historical Sciences". International Committee of Historical Sciences. Presses Universitaires de France. 1933.
  10. ^ Pledge, H. T. (2007). Science since 1500: A Short History of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology. London: Read Books. ISBN 1406768723, 9781406768725. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  11. ^ a b Mayer, Farkas (1995). Jedlink Ányos (1800–1895) Családfája ("Family tree") (PDF) (in Hungarian). Magyar Tudománytörténeti Intézet munkatársai (Hungarian Institute of the History of Science, Árpád Király chief ed.). p. 1. Retrieved August 23, 2010. "A Jedlik-ágról, a név alapján, csak azt lehet sejteni, hogy a Vágon tutajjal érkező, Szimőn megtelepedő, itt elmagyarosodott szlovák család lehetett [...] A Jedlik család ősei 1720-ban Liptóból jöttek tutajon Szimőre." (English: "It is likely that the Jedlik family arrived from Liptó by boat on the River Vág in 1720 and started to live in Szimő.")
  12. ^ Thompson, Silvanus P., ed. (1891). Electricity and magnetism, translated from the French of Amédée Guillemin. London: MacMillan.
  13. ^ a b Heller, Augustus (April 1896). "Anianus Jedlik". Nature. 53 (1379). Norman Lockyer: 516. Bibcode:1896Natur..53..516H. doi:10.1038/053516a0. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  14. ^ "Technology and Applications Timeline". Electropaedia. May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  15. ^ Thein, M. (March 22, 2009). "Elektrische Maschinen in Kraftfahrzeugen[[Category:Articles containing German-language text]] ("Electical machinery in motor vehicles")" (PDF) (in German). Zwickau: Falkutat der Kraftfahrzeugen. Retrieved August 23, 2010. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  16. ^ "Elektrische Chronologie". Elektrisiermaschinen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert – Ein kleines Lexikon[[Category:Articles containing German-language text]] ("Electrical machinery in the 18th and 19th centuries – a small thesaurus") (in German). University of Regensburg. March 31, 2004. Retrieved 23 August 2010. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  17. ^ "History of Batteries (and other things)". Electropaedia. June 9, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  18. ^ http://www.traveltohungary.com/english/articles/article.php?id=135 [dead link]
  19. ^ Sipka, László (Summer 2001). "Innovators and Innovations". Hungarian Quarterly. XLII (162). Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  20. ^ Sisa, Stephen (1995). "42. The Hungarian Genius". The Spirit of Hungary: A Panorama of Hungarian History and Culture. Ontario, Canada: Vista Books. p. 308. ISBN 0-9628422-0-6. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  21. ^ http://www.institutoideal.org/conteudo_eng.php?&sys=biblioteca_eng&arquivo=1&artigo=94&ano=2008
  22. ^ http://www.hellotrade.com/energosolar/electronic-engineering.html
  23. ^ Singer, Charles Joseph; Williams, Trevor Illtyd (1954). A history of technology. Clarendon Press. p. 187. ISBN 1-56072-432-3. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  24. ^ O'Dea, William T. (1933). Handbook of the collections illustrating electrical engineering. HMSO. p. 6. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  25. ^ "Jedlik Ányos (1800–1895) Akadémikus, Fizikaprofesszor. Könyveinek és Cikkeiinek Bibliográfiája[[Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text]] ("Ányos Jedlik (1800–1895) Academic, Professor of Physics. Books and Articles")" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár (Hungarian Electronic Library). September 6, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2010. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)

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