Hearing loss: Difference between revisions
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==Definition== |
==Definition== |
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'''Deafness''' is the inability for the ear to interpret certain or all frequencies of sound. |
'''Deafness''' is the inability for the ear to interpret certain or all frequencies of sound. |
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==Causes== |
==Causes== |
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===Diseases=== |
===Diseases=== |
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Diseases such as Meniere’s, meningitis, and mumps can affect hearing. [[Meniere’s disease]] is a virus that makes it so the [[inner ear fluid]] is unable to drain.<ref>http://www.masseyeandear.org/for-patients/patient-guide/patient-education/diseases-and-conditions/menieres-disease/</ref> This excess fluid increases pressure of the ear and makes it difficult for sound waves to travel to the brain. Because Meniere’s is a virus there is no cure at present. However, Meniere’s requires a trigger such as genetic predisposition or a traumatic event that changes the inner ear fluid.<ref |
Diseases such as Meniere’s, meningitis, and mumps can affect hearing. [[Meniere’s disease]] is a virus that makes it so the [[inner ear fluid]] is unable to drain.<ref name="menieres disease">{{cite web|title=Meniere's Disease|url=http://www.masseyeandear.org/for-patients/patient-guide/patient-education/diseases-and-conditions/menieres-disease/|publisher=Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary|accessdate=2 December 2011|date=01|month=2|year=2009}}</ref> This excess fluid increases pressure of the ear and makes it difficult for sound waves to travel to the brain. Because Meniere’s is a virus there is no cure at present. However, Meniere’s requires a trigger such as genetic predisposition or a traumatic event that changes the inner ear fluid.<ref name="menieres disease"></ref> [[Meningitis]] is the inflammation of protective membranes around the brain or the spine. This prevents the [[auditory nerve]] from transmitting signals to the brain. Meningitis is usually the result of an infection that went untreated and spread to the brain. [[Mumps]] is a viral that usually infects the [[parotid salivary gland]].<ref name=mumps-mayoclinic>{{cite web|title=Mumps|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mumps/DS00125|publisher=MayoClinic.com|accessdate=2 December 2011|date=4 May 2010}}</ref> A serious side effect of mumps is hearing loss due to the swelling of the parotid gland which blocks the sound waves from reaching the middle ear.<ref name=mumps-mayoclinic></ref> There are many diseases that affect hearing but Meniere’s and meningitis are the leaders with 3-5 million people suffering at present and more than 10,000 being diagnosed annually.<ref name=mumps-statistics>{{cite web|title=Mumps Statistics|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mor_mum-mortality-mumps|publisher=Nationmaster|accessdate=2 December 2011|month=January|year=2004}}</ref> Mumps are not as common is the states but is more common around the world but is still relatively rare. On average there are only 14 deaths around the world annually. |
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===Neurological Disorders=== |
===Neurological Disorders=== |
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Neurological disorders such as [[multiple sclerosis]] and strokes can have an effect on hearing as well. Multiple sclerosis, or MS, is an [[autoimmune disease]] where the immune system attacks the [[myelin sheath]], a covering that protects the nerves. Once the myelin sheaths are destroyed there is no possible way at present to repair them. Without the myelin to protect the nerves, nerves become damaged creating disorientation for the patient. This is a painful process and may end in the debilitation of the infected person until they are paralyzed and have one or more sense gone. One of those may be hearing. If the auditory nerve becomes damaged then the infected person will become completely deaf in one or both ears. There is no cure to MS.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/multiple-sclerosis/DS00188</ref> |
Neurological disorders such as [[multiple sclerosis]] and strokes can have an effect on hearing as well. Multiple sclerosis, or MS, is an [[autoimmune disease]] where the immune system attacks the [[myelin sheath]], a covering that protects the nerves. Once the myelin sheaths are destroyed there is no possible way at present to repair them. Without the myelin to protect the nerves, nerves become damaged creating disorientation for the patient. This is a painful process and may end in the debilitation of the infected person until they are paralyzed and have one or more sense gone. One of those may be hearing. If the auditory nerve becomes damaged then the infected person will become completely deaf in one or both ears. There is no cure to MS.<ref name=multiple-sclerosis>{{cite web|title=Multiple Sclerosis|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/multiple-sclerosis/DS00188|publisher=MayoClinic.com|accessdate=2 December 2011|date=11|month=December|year=2010}}</ref> A [[stroke]] occurs if there is a clot in the brain, and blood is unable to get to a section of the brain. Within minutes the oxygen deprived cells will begin to die causing serious damage to the human body. Depending on what nerves are damaged, one of the side effects can be deafness.<ref name=stroke-mayoclinic>{{cite web|title=Stroke|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/stroke/DS00150|publisher=MayoClinic.com|accessdate=2 December 2011|date=1|month=July|year=2010}}</ref> |
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==Types of Deafness== |
==Types of Deafness== |
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''[[Conductive hearing loss]]'' is when sound waves do not make it to the inner ear as well as it should. This could be due to a blockage in the ear canal, such as ear wax or some other sort of material, a puncture or some sort of damage in the eardrum that does not allow it to transmit the sound waves to the bones of the ear, or the bones of the ear may not vibrate as much as they need to. However, conductive hearing loss is typically only partial deafness and rarely results in complete deafness, and this type of deafness is most likely to respond to surgery or a similar type of treatment. |
''[[Conductive hearing loss]]'' is when sound waves do not make it to the inner ear as well as it should. This could be due to a blockage in the ear canal, such as ear wax or some other sort of material, a puncture or some sort of damage in the eardrum that does not allow it to transmit the sound waves to the bones of the ear, or the bones of the ear may not vibrate as much as they need to. However, conductive hearing loss is typically only partial deafness and rarely results in complete deafness, and this type of deafness is most likely to respond to surgery or a similar type of treatment. |
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''[[Sensorineural hearing loss]]'' is caused by problems in the inner ear or in the auditory nerve. This is when the [[cochlea]] or [[semicircular canal]] does not connect the sound wave correctly to the auditory nerve, or when the nerve itself is unable to transmit the electric impulses of the sound to the brain correctly. This type of deafness usually results in total hearing loss in one or both ears. There are many causes to this disability, but surgery has been known to fix sensorineural deafness. |
''[[Sensorineural hearing loss]]'' is caused by problems in the inner ear or in the auditory nerve. This is when the [[cochlea]] or [[semicircular canal]] does not connect the sound wave correctly to the auditory nerve, or when the nerve itself is unable to transmit the electric impulses of the sound to the brain correctly. This type of deafness usually results in total hearing loss in one or both ears. There are many causes to this disability, but surgery has been known to fix sensorineural deafness. |
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''[[Mixed hearing loss]]'' is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. This is a combination of many problems in all parts of the ear. This typically results in complete deafness but surgeries can help treat this type of hearing loss somewhat. |
''[[Mixed hearing loss]]'' is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. This is a combination of many problems in all parts of the ear. This typically results in complete deafness but surgeries can help treat this type of hearing loss somewhat. |
||
Another type of hearing loss is [[auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder]]. People who suffer from ANSD have normal outer ear functions but have some kind of damage to the inner ear that disorganizes the sound wave so the brain is unable to interpret the information. The Teagle foundation, a collation of doctors that perform different studies, had very high results for treating ANSD with [[cochlear implantations]]. Gone untreated ANSD will cause complete deafness in both ears. |
Another type of hearing loss is [[auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder]]. People who suffer from ANSD have normal outer ear functions but have some kind of damage to the inner ear that disorganizes the sound wave so the brain is unable to interpret the information. The Teagle foundation, a collation of doctors that perform different studies, had very high results for treating ANSD with [[cochlear implantations]]. Gone untreated ANSD will cause complete deafness in both ears. |
||
==Treatments== |
==Treatments== |
||
The most common hearing loss treatment is a type surgical procedure that will remove a blockage in the outer ear. This is almost always effective and will treat conductive hearing loss however surgery is only possible if the cause of the hearing loss can be identified. If not a hearing can be used to amplify sound to make it clearer and more defined. The newest treatment for ANSD and sensorineural hearing loss is a cochlear implant. The cochlear implant is surgically installed to connect to the auditory nerve. The implant has a membrane that vibrates when sound hits it and sends signals to the nerve which then transmits the stimulus to the brain. The cochlear implant has only one membrane compared to the human ear’s three membranes. This means that sound will not be as clear using the cochlear when juxtaposed to normal hearing, but sounds can still be identified and responses can be made. |
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This is a great scientific innovation that allows the deaf to hear. It may not be as perfect as our normal hearing but doctors agree that it is the best treatment. |
This is a great scientific innovation that allows the deaf to hear. It may not be as perfect as our normal hearing but doctors agree that it is the best treatment. |
||
==Deaf Culture== |
==Deaf Culture== |
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Jack Gannon, a professor at Gallaudet University said this about [[deaf culture]]. “Deaf culture is a set of learned behaviors and perceptions that shape the values and norms of deaf people based on their shared or common experiences.” Some doctors believe that being deaf makes a person more social. Dr. Bill Vicar, from ASL University, shared his experiences as a deaf person, “[deaf people] tend to congregate around the kitchen table rather than the living room sofa… our good-byes take nearly forever, and our hellos often consist of serious hugs. When two of us meet for the first time we tend to exchange detailed biographies.”<ref>Deaf Heritage: A Narrative History of Deaf America by Jack Gannon (National Association of the Deaf, 1981)</ref> Deaf culture is not about contemplating what deaf people cannot do and how to fix their problems. This is what they call a pathological view of the deaf. Instead deaf people celebrate what they can do. There is a strong sense of unity between deaf people as they share their experiences of suffering through a similar struggle. This celebration creates a unity between even deaf strangers. Dr. Bill Vicars expresses the power of this bond when stating, “if given the chance to become hearing most [deaf people] would choose to remain deaf.”.<ref name=deafcultureonline>{{cite web|last=Drolsbaugh|first=Mark|title=Everything You've Wanted to Know About Deaf Culture (And Then Some)|url=http://www.deaf-culture-online.com/index.html|publisher=Deaf Culture Online|accessdate=28 November 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110213211737/http://www.deaf-culture-online.com/index.html|archivedate=13 February 2011}}</ref> There is more to deaf culture than meets the eye and has to be “experienced” to full comprehend it.<ref name=deafcultureonline></ref> |
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==American Sign Language== |
==American Sign Language== |
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===History=== |
===History=== |
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Abbe Charles Michel de l’Epee was the first person to open a deaf school. L’Epee taught French sign language to children, and started the spread of many deaf schools across Europe. Thomas Gallaudet was traveling to England to start a deaf school. His inspiration was a nine-year old girl who lived next door. Seeing her conquer her struggles made Gallaudet want to teach and see other children conquer their own disabilities. Gallaudet witnessed a demonstration of deaf teaching skills from Sicard, Massieu, and Clerc, the masters of teaching deaf children at the time. After the demonstration of Gallaudet studied under the French masters and perfected his own teaching skills. Once he was done learning Gallaudet and Clerc traveled to the United States and opened the first deaf school in Hartford Connecticut. [[American Sign Language]], or ASL, started to evolve from primarily LSf, French sign language, and other outside influences.<ref> |
Abbe Charles Michel de l’Epee was the first person to open a deaf school. L’Epee taught French sign language to children, and started the spread of many deaf schools across Europe. Thomas Gallaudet was traveling to England to start a deaf school. His inspiration was a nine-year old girl who lived next door. Seeing her conquer her struggles made Gallaudet want to teach and see other children conquer their own disabilities. Gallaudet witnessed a demonstration of deaf teaching skills from Sicard, Massieu, and Clerc, the masters of teaching deaf children at the time. After the demonstration of Gallaudet studied under the French masters and perfected his own teaching skills. Once he was done learning Gallaudet and Clerc traveled to the United States and opened the first deaf school in Hartford Connecticut. [[American Sign Language]], or ASL, started to evolve from primarily LSf, French sign language, and other outside influences.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Frishberg|first=Nancy|title=Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in American Sign Language|journal=Language|year=1975|month=September|volume=51|issue=3|pages=696}}</ref> |
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===ASL in the present=== |
===ASL in the present=== |
||
American Sign Language consists of different hand signals to mean different words. ASL also has signs for the alphabet which is primarily used to spell names. ASL also uses: facial expressions, body language, hand shape, hand position, hand movement, and gestures, all of these things affect the meaning or sincerity of the signs that are used. ASL is offered at most major schools and is recognized as its own language. There are ASL translator’s at most major events and special seating to accommodate any deaf members of the audience. ASL is what makes deaf culture possible. Deaf people can communicate in their own way and do not have to rely on reading lips or technology to help them. ASL is an amazing invention that has defined a people and has created a new culture. |
American Sign Language consists of different hand signals to mean different words. ASL also has signs for the alphabet which is primarily used to spell names. ASL also uses: facial expressions, body language, hand shape, hand position, hand movement, and gestures, all of these things affect the meaning or sincerity of the signs that are used. ASL is offered at most major schools and is recognized as its own language. There are ASL translator’s at most major events and special seating to accommodate any deaf members of the audience. ASL is what makes deaf culture possible. Deaf people can communicate in their own way and do not have to rely on reading lips or technology to help them. ASL is an amazing invention that has defined a people and has created a new culture. |
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==Historical Deaf People== |
==Historical Deaf People== |
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[[Helen Keller]]- American author and activist |
*[[Helen Keller]] - American author and activist |
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[[Thomas Edison]]- inventor |
*[[Thomas Edison]] - inventor |
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[[Ludwig Van Beethoven]]- Classical Composer |
*[[Ludwig Van Beethoven]] - Classical Composer |
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[[Trix Bruce]]- Actor |
*[[Trix Bruce]] - Actor |
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[[Pete Townshend]]- Musician |
*[[Pete Townshend]] - Musician |
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[[Johnnie Ray]]- Singer |
*[[Johnnie Ray]] - Singer |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references /> |
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{{reflist}} |
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<ref name="Dangerous Decibels">http://www.dangerousdecibels.org/ </ref> |
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<ref name="menieres disease"> http://www.masseyeandear.org/for-patients/patient-guide/patient-education/diseases-and-conditions/menieres-disease/ </ref> |
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<ref name="Mumps"> http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mumps/DS00125 </ref> |
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<ref name="deaths from mumps"> http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mor_mum-mortality-mumps </ref> |
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<ref name="MS"> http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/multiple-sclerosis/DS00188 </ref> |
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<ref name="stroke"> http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/stroke/DS00150/DSECTION=complications </ref> |
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<ref name="Deaf Heritage"> Deaf Heritage: A Narrative History of Deaf America by Jack Gannon (National Association of the Deaf, 1981)</ref> |
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<ref name="ASL"> Frishberg, Nancy. "Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in American Sign Language." Linguistic Society of America 51 (1975): 696. Print. </ref> |
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<ref name="Deaf Culture"> Drolsbaugh, Mark. "Everything You've Wanted to Know About Deaf Culture (And Then Some)." Deaf Culture Online. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. <http://www.deaf-culture-online.com/index.html>. </ref> |
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[[af:Doofheid]] |
[[af:Doofheid]] |
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[[ar:صمم]] |
[[ar:صمم]] |
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Revision as of 06:33, 2 December 2011
Definition
Deafness is the inability for the ear to interpret certain or all frequencies of sound.
Causes
Diseases
Diseases such as Meniere’s, meningitis, and mumps can affect hearing. Meniere’s disease is a virus that makes it so the inner ear fluid is unable to drain.[1] This excess fluid increases pressure of the ear and makes it difficult for sound waves to travel to the brain. Because Meniere’s is a virus there is no cure at present. However, Meniere’s requires a trigger such as genetic predisposition or a traumatic event that changes the inner ear fluid.[1] Meningitis is the inflammation of protective membranes around the brain or the spine. This prevents the auditory nerve from transmitting signals to the brain. Meningitis is usually the result of an infection that went untreated and spread to the brain. Mumps is a viral that usually infects the parotid salivary gland.[2] A serious side effect of mumps is hearing loss due to the swelling of the parotid gland which blocks the sound waves from reaching the middle ear.[2] There are many diseases that affect hearing but Meniere’s and meningitis are the leaders with 3-5 million people suffering at present and more than 10,000 being diagnosed annually.[3] Mumps are not as common is the states but is more common around the world but is still relatively rare. On average there are only 14 deaths around the world annually.
Neurological Disorders
Neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and strokes can have an effect on hearing as well. Multiple sclerosis, or MS, is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, a covering that protects the nerves. Once the myelin sheaths are destroyed there is no possible way at present to repair them. Without the myelin to protect the nerves, nerves become damaged creating disorientation for the patient. This is a painful process and may end in the debilitation of the infected person until they are paralyzed and have one or more sense gone. One of those may be hearing. If the auditory nerve becomes damaged then the infected person will become completely deaf in one or both ears. There is no cure to MS.[4] A stroke occurs if there is a clot in the brain, and blood is unable to get to a section of the brain. Within minutes the oxygen deprived cells will begin to die causing serious damage to the human body. Depending on what nerves are damaged, one of the side effects can be deafness.[5]
Types of Deafness
Conductive hearing loss is when sound waves do not make it to the inner ear as well as it should. This could be due to a blockage in the ear canal, such as ear wax or some other sort of material, a puncture or some sort of damage in the eardrum that does not allow it to transmit the sound waves to the bones of the ear, or the bones of the ear may not vibrate as much as they need to. However, conductive hearing loss is typically only partial deafness and rarely results in complete deafness, and this type of deafness is most likely to respond to surgery or a similar type of treatment.
Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by problems in the inner ear or in the auditory nerve. This is when the cochlea or semicircular canal does not connect the sound wave correctly to the auditory nerve, or when the nerve itself is unable to transmit the electric impulses of the sound to the brain correctly. This type of deafness usually results in total hearing loss in one or both ears. There are many causes to this disability, but surgery has been known to fix sensorineural deafness.
Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. This is a combination of many problems in all parts of the ear. This typically results in complete deafness but surgeries can help treat this type of hearing loss somewhat. Another type of hearing loss is auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. People who suffer from ANSD have normal outer ear functions but have some kind of damage to the inner ear that disorganizes the sound wave so the brain is unable to interpret the information. The Teagle foundation, a collation of doctors that perform different studies, had very high results for treating ANSD with cochlear implantations. Gone untreated ANSD will cause complete deafness in both ears.
Treatments
The most common hearing loss treatment is a type surgical procedure that will remove a blockage in the outer ear. This is almost always effective and will treat conductive hearing loss however surgery is only possible if the cause of the hearing loss can be identified. If not a hearing can be used to amplify sound to make it clearer and more defined. The newest treatment for ANSD and sensorineural hearing loss is a cochlear implant. The cochlear implant is surgically installed to connect to the auditory nerve. The implant has a membrane that vibrates when sound hits it and sends signals to the nerve which then transmits the stimulus to the brain. The cochlear implant has only one membrane compared to the human ear’s three membranes. This means that sound will not be as clear using the cochlear when juxtaposed to normal hearing, but sounds can still be identified and responses can be made.
This is a great scientific innovation that allows the deaf to hear. It may not be as perfect as our normal hearing but doctors agree that it is the best treatment.
Deaf Culture
Jack Gannon, a professor at Gallaudet University said this about deaf culture. “Deaf culture is a set of learned behaviors and perceptions that shape the values and norms of deaf people based on their shared or common experiences.” Some doctors believe that being deaf makes a person more social. Dr. Bill Vicar, from ASL University, shared his experiences as a deaf person, “[deaf people] tend to congregate around the kitchen table rather than the living room sofa… our good-byes take nearly forever, and our hellos often consist of serious hugs. When two of us meet for the first time we tend to exchange detailed biographies.”[6] Deaf culture is not about contemplating what deaf people cannot do and how to fix their problems. This is what they call a pathological view of the deaf. Instead deaf people celebrate what they can do. There is a strong sense of unity between deaf people as they share their experiences of suffering through a similar struggle. This celebration creates a unity between even deaf strangers. Dr. Bill Vicars expresses the power of this bond when stating, “if given the chance to become hearing most [deaf people] would choose to remain deaf.”.[7] There is more to deaf culture than meets the eye and has to be “experienced” to full comprehend it.[7]
American Sign Language
History
Abbe Charles Michel de l’Epee was the first person to open a deaf school. L’Epee taught French sign language to children, and started the spread of many deaf schools across Europe. Thomas Gallaudet was traveling to England to start a deaf school. His inspiration was a nine-year old girl who lived next door. Seeing her conquer her struggles made Gallaudet want to teach and see other children conquer their own disabilities. Gallaudet witnessed a demonstration of deaf teaching skills from Sicard, Massieu, and Clerc, the masters of teaching deaf children at the time. After the demonstration of Gallaudet studied under the French masters and perfected his own teaching skills. Once he was done learning Gallaudet and Clerc traveled to the United States and opened the first deaf school in Hartford Connecticut. American Sign Language, or ASL, started to evolve from primarily LSf, French sign language, and other outside influences.[8]
ASL in the present
American Sign Language consists of different hand signals to mean different words. ASL also has signs for the alphabet which is primarily used to spell names. ASL also uses: facial expressions, body language, hand shape, hand position, hand movement, and gestures, all of these things affect the meaning or sincerity of the signs that are used. ASL is offered at most major schools and is recognized as its own language. There are ASL translator’s at most major events and special seating to accommodate any deaf members of the audience. ASL is what makes deaf culture possible. Deaf people can communicate in their own way and do not have to rely on reading lips or technology to help them. ASL is an amazing invention that has defined a people and has created a new culture.
Historical Deaf People
- Helen Keller - American author and activist
- Thomas Edison - inventor
- Ludwig Van Beethoven - Classical Composer
- Trix Bruce - Actor
- Pete Townshend - Musician
- Johnnie Ray - Singer
References
- ^ a b "Meniere's Disease". Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. 01. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b "Mumps". MayoClinic.com. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ "Mumps Statistics". Nationmaster. 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Multiple Sclerosis". MayoClinic.com. 11. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Stroke". MayoClinic.com. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Deaf Heritage: A Narrative History of Deaf America by Jack Gannon (National Association of the Deaf, 1981)
- ^ a b Drolsbaugh, Mark. "Everything You've Wanted to Know About Deaf Culture (And Then Some)". Deaf Culture Online. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ^ Frishberg, Nancy (1975). "Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in American Sign Language". Language. 51 (3): 696.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)