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'''Ur''' ([[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]: ''Urim'';<ref>S. M. Kramer, ''The Sumerians, Their History, Culture, and Character'', University of Chicago Press, 1963, pages 28 and 298</ref> [[Sumerogram|Sumerian Cuneiform]]: {{cuneiform|𒋀𒀕𒆠}} {{lang|sux-Latn|URIM<sub>2</sub><sup>[[Ki (earth)|KI]]</sup>}} or {{cuneiform|𒋀𒀊𒆠}} {{lang|sux-Latn|URIM<sub>5</sub><sup>KI</sup>}};<ref>[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/signlist.php Literal transliteration]: Urim<sub>2</sub> = [[Sin (mythology)|ŠEŠ]].ABgunu = ŠEŠ.UNUG ({{cuneiform|𒋀𒀕}}) and |
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Urim<sub>5</sub> = ŠEŠ.AB ({{cuneiform|𒋀𒀊}}), |
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where ŠEŠ=URI<sub>3</sub> (''[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?searchword=l=urim2%20t=SN&charenc=gcirc The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature].'')</ref> [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: ''Uru''<ref name="Cam">''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HRwo6dBekUQC&pg=PA149 The Cambridge Ancient History: Prologomena & Prehistory]: Vol. 1, Part 1. Accessed 15 Dec 2010.]</ref>) was an important [[city-state]] in ancient [[Sumer]] located at the site of modern '''Tell el-Muqayyar''' in [[Iraq]]'s [[Dhi Qar Governorate]].<ref>Tell el-Muqayyar– in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Tell'' means "mound" or "hill" and ''Muqayyar'' means "built of [[bitumen]]." Muqayyar is variously transcribed as Mugheir, Mughair, Moghair, etc.</ref> Once a coastal city near the mouth of the [[Euphrates]] on the [[Persian Gulf]], Ur is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank, {{convert|16|km}} from [[Nasiriyah]]. |
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The city's patron deity was [[Sin (mythology)|Nanna]], the Sumerian [[Lunar deity|moon god]], and the name of the city is in origin derived from the god's name, {{lang|sux-Latn|URIM<sub>2</sub><sup>KI</sup>}} being the classical Sumerian spelling of [[Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen|LAK]]-32.UNUG<sup>KI</sup>, literally "the abode (UNUG) of Nanna (LAK-32)".<ref>''[[Reallexikon der Assyriologie]]'', 1997, ISBN 978-3-11-014809-1, [http://books.google.com/books?id=O1yFrzi-MgYC&pg=RA2-PA360&lpg=RA2-PA360&dq=%22LAK32.NA%22&source=bl&ots=EdyMpkD6IK&sig=Wa3_AX4ZHkYZTyohXRIUeN4SY24&hl=en&ei=5mR5SrusDcOg_AaomoiABg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=%22LAK32.NA%22&f=false p.360]</ref> |
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The site is marked by the ruins of the [[Great Ziggurat of Ur]], which contained the shrine of Nanna, excavated in the 1930s. The temple was built in the 21st century BC ([[short chronology]]), during the reign of [[Ur-Nammu]] and was reconstructed in the 6th century BC by [[Nabonidus]]. The ruins cover an area of {{convert|1200|m}} northwest to southeast by {{convert|800|m}} northeast to southwest and rise up to about {{convert|20|m}} above the present plain level.<ref name="Zettler, R.L 1998">Zettler, R.L. and Horne, L. (eds.) 1998. ''Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur'', University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</ref> |
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==History== |
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{{cleanup|section|date=February 2011}} |
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===Early history=== |
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====Prehistory==== |
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Archaeologists have discovered evidence of an early occupation at Ur during the [[Ubaid period]]. These early levels were sealed off with a sterile deposit which was quickly interpreted as evidence for the Great Flood of the Bible by the excavators in the 1920s. However it is now understood that the South Mesopotamian plain was exposed to regular floods from the Euphrates and the Tigris and that it was subjected to heavy erosion from water and wind. The further occupation of Ur only becomes clear again during its florescence in the third millennium BC (although it must already have been a growing urban center during the fourth millennium). The third millennium BC is generally described as the Early Bronze Age of Mesopotamia, which ends approximately after the demise of the Third Dynasty of Ur.<!----what does the following mean? "(cf. infra)."----> |
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====Third millennium BC (Early Bronze Age)==== |
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[[Image:Meso2mil.JPG|left|thumb|[[Mesopotamia]] in the 3rd millennium BC. (Some cities are shown with French spellings, e.g. ''Ninive'' for [[Nineveh]].)]]There are two main sources which inform scholars about the importance of Ur during the Early Bronze Age. The first is a large body of [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] documents, mostly from the empire of the so-called [[Third Dynasty of Ur]] at the very end of the third millennium. This was the most centralized bureaucratic state the world had yet known. Concerning the earlier centuries, the [[Sumerian King List]] provides a tentative political history of ancient [[Sumer]]. |
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The second source of information is archaeological work in modern Iraq. Although the early centuries (first half of the third millennium and earlier) are still poorly understood, the archaeological discoveries have shown unequivocally that Ur was a major urban center on the Mesopotamian plain. Especially the discovery of the Royal Tombs have confirmed its splendour. These tombs, which date to the Early Dynastic IIIa period (approximately in the 25th or 24th century BC), contained immense amounts of luxury items made out of precious metals, and semi-precious stones all of which would have had to been imported from long distances (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, the Persian Gulf).<ref name="Zettler, R.L 1998"/> This up to then unparalleled wealth is a testimony of Ur's economic importance during the Early Bronze Age.<ref>Aruz, J. (ed.) 2003. ''Art of the First Cities. The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus'', The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York</ref> |
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Archaeological research of the region has also contributed greatly to our understanding of the landscape and long-distance interactions that took place during these ancient times. We know that Ur was the most important port on the [[Persian Gulf]], which extended much further inland than it does today. All the wealth which came to Mesopotamia by sea had to pass through Ur. |
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So far evidence for the earliest periods of the Early Bronze Age in Mesopotamia is very limited. That Ur was an important urban centre already then seems to be indicated by a type of [[cylinder seal]] called the City Seals. These seals contain a set of proto-cuneiform signs which appear to be writings or symbols of the name of city-states in ancient Sumer. Many of these seals were found in Ur, and the name of Ur is prominent on them.<ref>Matthews, R.J. 1993. ''Cities, Seals and Writing: Archaic Seal Impressions from Jemdet Nasr and Ur'', Berlin</ref> |
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[[File:Map of Ur III.svg|thumb|Empire of the Third Dynasty of Ur]] |
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The [[Third Dynasty of Ur|third dynasty]] was established when the king [[Ur-Nammu]] came to power, ruling between ca. 2047 BC and 2030 BC. During his rule, temples, including the ziggurat, were built, and agriculture was improved through [[irrigation]]. His code of laws, the ''[[Code of Ur-Nammu]]'' (a fragment was identified in [[Istanbul]] in 1952) is one of the oldest such documents known, preceding the [[code of Hammurabi]] by 300 years. He and his successor [[Shulgi]] were both deified during their reigns, and after his death he continued as a hero-figure: one of the surviving works of Sumerian literature describes the death of Ur-Nammu and his journey to the underworld.<ref>The Ancient Near East: C.3000-330 B.C. By Amélie Kuhrt, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-16762-0</ref> About that time, the houses in the city were two-storied villas with 13 or 14 rooms, with plastered interior walls.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Keller |first = Werner |authorlink = |coauthors = |title = The Bible As History |publisher = [[Morrow]] |year = 1980 |location = |pages =40 |url = |doi = |isbn = 0-688-03724-0 }}</ref>{{dubious|an editor has questioned this source as non-historical|date=February 2011}} |
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Ur-Nammu was succeeded by Shulgi, the greatest king of the Third Dynasty of Ur who solidified the hegemony of Ur and reformed the empire into a highly centralized bureaucratic state. Shulgi ruled for a long time (at least 42 years) and deified himself halfway through his rule.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} |
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The Ur empire continued through the reigns of three more kings, [[Amar-Sin]], [[Shu-Sin]], and [[Ibbi-Sin]]. It fell around 1940 BC to the [[Elam]]ites in the 24th [[regnal year]] of Ibbi-Sin, an event commemorated by the [[Lament for Ur]].<ref>Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC) by Douglas Frayne, University of Toronto Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8020-4198-1</ref><ref>[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/dahl/dissertation.pdf The ruling family of Ur III Umma. A Prosopographical Analysis of an Elite Family in Southern Iraq 4000 Years ago], J.L. Dahl, UCLA dissertation, 2003</ref> |
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According to one estimate, Ur was the largest city in the world from c. 2030 to 1980 BC. Its population was approximately 65,000.<ref>[http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm Largest Cities Through History]</ref> |
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===Later Bronze Age=== |
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The city of Ur lost its political power after the demise of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Nevertheless its important position which kept on providing access to the Persian Gulf ensured the ongoing economical importance of the city during the second millennium BC. The splendour of the city, the might of the empire, the greatness of king Shulgi, and undoubtedly the efficient propaganda of the state endured throughout Mesopotamian history. Shulgi was a well known historical figure for at least another two thousand years, while historical narratives of the Mesopotamian societies kept names, events, and mythologies in remembrance. |
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===Iron Age=== |
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In the 6th century BC there was new construction in Ur under the rule of [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon]]. The last Babylonian king, [[Nabonidus]], improved the ziggurat. However the city started to decline from around 550 BC and was no longer inhabited after about 500 BC, perhaps owing to drought, changing river patterns, and the silting of the outlet to the [[Persian Gulf]]. |
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===20th century=== |
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<!---contrast with the above---??---> |
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As of 1954, there was a railway station here. The Bagdad railroad line connected to Basra, {{convert|120|mi}} to the south.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Keller |first = Werner |authorlink = |coauthors = |title = The Bible As History |publisher = [[Morrow]] |year = 1980 |location = |pages =31 |url = |doi = |isbn = 0-688-03724-0 }}</ref><!---not sure if book is referring to Berlin-Bagdad railroad--->{{dubious|an editor has questioned this source as non-historical|date=February 2011}} |
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==Biblical Ur== |
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{{Main|Ur Kasdim}} |
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Ur is considered by many to be the city of [[Ur Kasdim]] mentioned in the [[Book of Genesis]] ([[Biblical Hebrew]] {{lang|he|אוּר}}) as the birthplace of the patriarch Abram ([[Abraham]]; Arabic: Ibrahim), traditionally believed to be sometime in the 2nd millennium BC. |
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Ur is mentioned four times in the [[Torah]] or [[Old Testament]], with the distinction "of the Kasdim/Kasdin"—traditionally rendered in English as "Ur of the Chaldees". The [[Chaldea]]ns were already settled in the vicinity by around 850 BC. The name is found in {{Bibleverse||Genesis|11:28|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse||Genesis|11:31|KJV}}, and {{Bibleverse||Genesis|15:7|KJV}}. In ''[[Nehemiah]]'' 9:7, a single passage mentioning Ur is a paraphrase of ''Genesis.'' ({{Bibleverse||Nehemiah|9:7|KJV}}) |
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The ''[[Book of Jubilees]]'' states that Ur was founded in 1688 ''[[Anno Mundi]]'' (year of the world) by 'Ur son of Kesed, presumably the offspring of [[Arphaxad]], adding that in this same year wars began on Earth. |
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:"And 'Ur, the son of Kesed, built the city of 'Ara of the Chaldees, and called its name after his own name and the name of his father." (i.e., ''Ur Kasdim'') (Jubilees 11:3). |
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===Ur in Islamic tradition=== |
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According to Islamic texts, the prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) was thrown into the fire here. In the story, this fire of [[Nimrod]] was turned into water, saving the life of Ibrahim. While the [[Qur'an]] does not mention the king's name, Muslim commentators have assigned Nimrod as the king based on Jewish sources, namely the [[Book of Jasher]] (11:1 and 12:6).<ref>Hajjah Amina Hatun, Lore of Light: Stories from the Lives of the Prophets, A. S. Noordeen, 1994, ISBN 967-9963-66-7</ref> |
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==Archaeology== |
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[[Image:Ur-Nassiriyah.jpg|thumb|right|Archeological excavations at [[Tell el-Mukayyar]], [[Iraq]]]] |
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In 1625, the site was visited by [[Pietro della Valle]], who recorded the presence of ancient bricks stamped with strange symbols, cemented together with [[bitumen]], as well as inscribed pieces of black marble that appeared to be [[seal (device)|seals]]. |
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The site was first excavated in 1853 and 1854 by John George Taylor, British [[vice consul]] at Basra from 1851-1859.<ref>J. E. Taylor, Notes on the Ruins of Muqeyer, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 15, pp. 260-276, 1855</ref><ref>JE Taylor, Notes on Abu Shahrein and Tel-el-Lahm, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 15 , pp. 404-415, 1855. |
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In the relevant publications he is erroneously listed as J. E. Taylor.</ref><ref>E. Sollberger, Mr. Taylor in Chaldaea, Anatolian Studies, vol. 22, pp. 129-139 , 1972</ref> |
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He worked on behalf of the [[British Museum]]. He had been instructed to do so by the Foreign Office. |
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Taylor found clay cylinders in the four corners of the top stage of the ziggurat which bore an inscription of [[Nabonidus]] (''Nabuna`id''), the last king of Babylon ([[530s BC|539 BC]]), closing with a prayer for his son Belshar-uzur (Bel-ŝarra-Uzur), the [[Belshazzar]] of the [[Book of Daniel]]. Evidence was found of prior restorations of the ziggurat by [[Ishme-Dagan]] of Isin and [[Shu-Sin]] of Ur, and by [[Kurigalzu]], a [[Kassites|Kassite]] king of Babylon in the 14th century BCE. [[Nebuchadnezzar]] also claims to have rebuilt the temple. Taylor further excavated an interesting Babylonian building, not far from the temple, part of an ancient Babylonian [[necropolis]]. All about the city he found abundant remains of burials of later periods. Apparently, in later times, owing to its sanctity, Ur became a favorite place of [[sepulchre]]s, so that even after it had ceased to be inhabited, it continued to be used as a necropolis. |
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Typical of the era, his evacuations destroyed information and exposed the tell. Natives used the now loosened 4000 year old bricks and tile for construction for the next 75 years while the site lay unexplored.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Keller |first = Werner |authorlink = |coauthors = |title = The Bible As History |publisher = [[Morrow]] |year = 1980 |location = |pages =34 |url = |doi = |isbn = 0-688-03724-0 }}</ref>{{dubious|an editor has questioned this source as non-historical|date=February 2011}} |
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After Taylor's time the site was visited by numerous travelers, almost all of whom have found ancient Babylonian remains, inscribed stones and the like, lying upon the surface. The site was considered rich in remains, and relatively easy to explore. After some soundings were made in 1918 by [[Reginald Campbell Thompson]], H. R. Hill worked the site for one season for the British Museum in 1919, laying the groundwork for more extensive efforts to follow.<ref>H. R. Hall, The Excavations of 1919 at Ur, el-'Obeid, and Eridu, and the History of Early Babylonia ,Man, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 25, pp. 1-7, 1925</ref><ref>H. R. Hall, Ur and Eridu: The British Museum Excavations of 1919, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 9, no. 3/4, pp. 177-195, 1923</ref> |
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Excavations from 1922 to 1934 were funded by the [[British Museum]] and the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and led by the [[archaeologist]] Sir [[Charles Leonard Woolley]].<ref>Leonard Woolley, Ur: The First Phases, Penguin, 1946</ref><ref>Leonard Woolley, Excavations at Ur: A Record of Twelve Years' Work, Apollo, 1965, ISBN 0-8152-0110-9</ref><ref>Leonard Woolley and P. R. S. Moorey, Ur of the Chaldees: A Revised and Updated Edition of Sir Leonard Woolley's Excavations at Ur, [[Cornell University Press]], 1982, ISBN 0-8014-1518-7</ref> A total of about 1,850 burials were uncovered, including 16 that were described as "royal tombs" containing many valuable artifacts, including the [[Standard of Ur]]. Most of the royal tombs were dated to about 2600 BC. The finds included the unlooted tomb of a queen thought to be Queen [[Puabi]]<ref name="puabi">Queen Puabi is also written Pu-Abi and formerly transcribed as Shub-ab.</ref>—the name is known from a cylinder [[seal (device)|seal]] found in the tomb, although there were two other different and unnamed seals found in the tomb. Many other people had been buried with her, in a form of human sacrifice. Near the [[ziggurat]] were uncovered the temple E-nun-mah and buildings E-dub-lal-mah (built for a king), E-gi-par (residence of the high priestess) and E-hur-sag (a temple building). Outside the temple area, many houses used in everyday life were found. Excavations were also made below the royal tombs layer: a {{convert|3.5|m|adj=on}}-thick layer of alluvial clay covered the remains of earlier habitation, including [[pottery]] from the [[Ubaid period]], the first stage of settlement in southern Mesopotamia. Woolley later wrote many articles and books about the discoveries.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck | first = Roger B. | authorlink = | coauthors = Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | year = 1999 | location = Evanston, IL | pages = | url = | doi = | isbn = 0-395-87274-X }}</ref> One of Woolley's assistants on the site was the archaeologist [[Max Mallowan]]. The discoveries at the site reached the headlines in mainstream media in the world with the discoveries of the Royal Tombs. As a result the ruins of the ancient city attracted many visitors. One of these visitors was the already famous [[Agatha Christie]] who as a result of this visit became the wife of Max Mallowan. |
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Most of the treasures excavated at Ur are in the [[British Museum]] and the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]]. At the UPenn Museum the exhibition Iraq's Ancient Past,<ref>[http://www.penn.museum/sites/iraq/ Iraq's Ancient Past]</ref> which includes many of the most famous pieces from the Royal Tombs, is expected to be open to visitors in late Spring 2011. |
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In 2009, an agreement was reached for a joint University of Pennsylvania and Iraqi team to resume archaeological work at the site of Ur.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/American_Archeologists_To_Excavate_In_Iraq/1604648.html Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty - Free Media in Unfree Societies] U.S. Archaeologists To Excavate In Iraq</ref> |
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===Archaeological remains=== |
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Though some of the areas that were cleared during modern excavations have sanded over again, the [[Great Ziggurat of Ur|Great Ziggurat]] is fully cleared and stands as the best-preserved and most visible landmark at the site.<ref>Soldiers visit historical ruins of Ur, Nov 18, 2009, By 13th Sustainment Command Expeditionary Public Affairs http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/11/18/30595-soldiers-visit-historical-ruins-of-ur/</ref> The famous Royal tombs, also called the Neo-[[Sumerian architecture|Sumerian]] Mausolea, located about {{convert|250|m}} south-east of the Great Ziggurat in the corner of the wall that surrounds the city, are nearly totally cleared. Parts of the tomb area appear to be in need of structural consolidation or stabilization. |
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There are [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] (Sumerian writing) on many walls, some entirely covered in script stamped into the mud-bricks. The text is sometimes difficult to read, but it covers most surfaces. Modern [[graffiti]] has also found its way to the graves, usually in the form of names made with coloured pens (sometimes they are carved). The Great Ziggurat itself has far more graffiti, mostly lightly carved into the bricks. The graves are completely empty. A small number of the tombs are accessible. Most of them have been cordoned off. The whole site is covered with pottery debris, to the extent that it is virtually impossible to set foot anywhere without stepping on some. Some have colours and paintings on them. Some of the "mountains" of broken pottery are debris that has been removed from excavations. Pottery debris and human remains form many of the walls of the royal tombs area. It can only be speculated whether this is of ancient making or modern restoration, but it is a fact that they are, literally, filled up with pottery debris.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} |
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In May 2009, the [[United States Army]] returned the Ur site to the Iraqi authorities, who hope to develop it as a tourist destination.<ref>{{cite web|title= US returns Ur, birthplace of Abraham, to Iraq|publisher=AFP|date=2009-05-14|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/14/2569969.htm|accessdate=2009-09-12}}</ref> |
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===Preservation=== |
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Since 2009, [[non-profit organization]] [[Global Heritage Fund]] (GHF) has been working to protect and preserve Ur against problems of erosion, neglect, inappropriate restoration, and war and conflict. GHF's stated goal for the project is to create an informed and scientifically-grounded Master Plan to guide the site’s long-term conservation and management, which will enable sustainability and can serve as a model for other sites’ stewardship.<ref>http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/overview/current_projects/ur_iraq/</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Ancient Near East}} |
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*[[Cities of the ancient Near East]] |
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*[[History of Iraq]] |
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*[[History of Sumer]] |
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*[[Lyres of Ur]] |
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*[[Ram in a Thicket]] |
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*[[Royal Game of Ur]] |
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*[[Short chronology timeline]] |
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*[[Standard of Ur]] |
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*[[Imports to Ur]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==References== |
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*P. R. S. Morrey, Where Did They Bury the Kings of the IIIrd Dynasty of Ur?, Iraq, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 1984 |
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*J. Oates, Ur and Eridu: The Prehistory, Iraq, vol. 22, pp. 32–50, 1960 |
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*C.J. Gadd, History and monuments of Ur, Chatto & Windus, 1929 (Dutton 1980 reprint: ISBN 0-405-08545-1) |
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*[http://www.etana.org/coretexts/20261.pdf Leonard Woolley, Ur Excavations V: The Ziggurat and Its Surroundings], [[Oxford University Press]], 1927 |
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*[http://www.etana.org/coretexts/20262.pdf Leonard Woolley, Ur excavations IV: The Early Periods], Oxford University Press, 1927 |
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*[http://www.etana.org/coretexts/20261.pdf Leonard Woolley, Ur Excavations V: The Ziggurat and Its Surroundings], Oxford University Press, 1927 |
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*[http://www.etana.org/coretexts/20259.pdf Leonard Woolley and M. E. L. Mallowan, Ur Excavations VII: The Old Babylonian Period], Oxford University Press, 1927 |
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*[http://www.etana.org/coretexts/20258.pdf Leonard Woolley, Ur Excavations VIII: The Kassite Period], Oxford University Press, 1927 |
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*[http://www.etana.org/coretexts/20239.pdf Leonard Woolley and M. E. L. Mallowan, Ur Excavations IX: The Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods], [[Oxford University Press]], 1927 |
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*{{1911}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/tombs/explore/exp_set.html Explore some of the Royal Tombs] Mesopotamia website from the [[British Museum]] |
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*[http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/exhibits/ur/index.shtml Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur] |
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*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=40&letter=U ''Jewish Encyclopedia'':] Ur |
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*[http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Woolley%E2%80%99s_Ur_Revisited%2C_Richard_L._Zettler%2C_BAR_10:05%2C_Sep/Oct_1984. Woolley’s Ur Revisited, Richard L. Zettler, BAR 10:05, September/October 1984.] |
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*[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/aamw/resources/fieldwork/#Ur%20%28Iraq%29 Ur Excavations of the University of Pennsylvania Museum] |
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*[http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/overview/current_projects/ur_iraq/ Ur Preservation Project] by [[Global Heritage Fund]] |
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*[http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=1253 Explore Ur with Google Earth] on [[Global Heritage Network]] |
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*[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/science/27ur.html At Ur, Ritual Deaths That Were Anything but Serene] on [[The New York Times]] |
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[[Category:Sumerian cities]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Iraq]] |
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[[Category:Ancient cities]] |
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[[Category:Dhi Qar Governorate]] |
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[[Category:Former populated places in Iraq]] |
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[[Category:Ur| ]] |
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{{Link GA|es}} |
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[[als:Ur (Stadt)]] |
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Revision as of 14:18, 11 January 2012
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