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Dual coding theory

Paivio received his masters and Ph. D from McGill University and worked with Dr. Wallace Labert on bilingual processing during his graduate studies. As part of his graduate work Paivio worked with Lambert and conducted a study which examined recall by looking at the differences between the adjective-noun order and the noun-adjective order as indicators. Paivio and Lambert found evidence supporting nouns and modifying adjectives being learned more easily when the adjective are listed ahead of the nouns rather than after them. ^[1]

Two ideas of the theory were that image code was more available for pictures and verbal code was more available for words. Sequential processing was specialized by the verbal system and parallel processing was specialized by the image system. In 1981, Paivio’s students and associates gathered for a conference and to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the publication of Imagery and Verbal Process. The conference laid the foundation for the book, Imagery, Memory and Cognition.^[2]

Paivio conducted experiments on the role of imagery in associative learning, which led to his discovery of dual coding theory (DCT). In 1967 the theory was first addressed to the Canadian Psychological Association and was presented more in depth in reviews in 1969 and 1971. In 1991, Paivio assessed the previous and current status of his dual coding theory. He also addresses criticisms and alternate views on the theory.^[3]

References

^ Lambert, Wallace (1956). "The influence of noun-adjective order on learning". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 10 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1037/h0083652. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ MacLeod, Colin (1984). "Imagery and dual coding theory: The first decade". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 3 (38): 519–522. doi:10.1037/h0080882. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ Paivio, Allan (1991). "Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 45 (3): 255–287. doi:10.1037/h0084295. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory and education. Educational Psychology Review, 3(3), 149-210. doi:10.1007/BF01320076

Delprato, D. J. (2009). Review of mind and its evolution: A dual coding theoretical approach. The Psychological Record, 59(2), 295-300. Retrieved from https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/621928502?accountid=15115

Johnson, Carla J.; Paivio, Allan; Clark, James M, (1996). Cognitive components of picture naming. Psychological Bulletin, 120(1),113-139.

Kounios, J., & Holcomb, P. J. (1994). Concreteness effects in semantic processing: ERP evidence supporting dual-coding theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(4), 804-823. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.4.804

Lambert, W. E., & Paivio, A. (1956). The influence of noun-adjective order on learning. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 10(1), 9-12. doi:10.1037/h0083652

MacLeod, C. M. (1984). Imagery and dual coding theory: The first decade. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 38(3), 519-522. doi:10.1037/h0080882

Marschark, M., & Paivio, A. (1977). Integrative processing of concrete and abstract sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 16(2), 217-231. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80048-0

Paivio, <. c. (1975). Imagery and synchronic thinking. Canadian Psychological Review/Psychologie Canadienne, 16(3), 147-163. doi:10.1037/h0081801

Paivio, <. c. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 45(3), 255-287. doi:10.1037/h0084295

Paivio, <. c., & Begg, I. (1971). Imagery and associative overlap in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology,89(1), 40-45. doi:10.1037/h0031193

Paivio, <. c., Clark, J. M., & Lambert, W. E. (1988). Bilingual dual-coding theory and semantic repetition effects on recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(1), 163-172. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.14.1.163

Paivio, <. c., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 176-206. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90032-7

Paivio, <. c., & Sadoski, M. (2011). Lexicons, contexts, events, and images: Commentary on elman (2009) from the perspective of dual coding theory. Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 35(1), 198-209. doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01146.x

Runquist, W. N. (1973). Aspects of cognitive process: A review of imagery and verbal processes by allan paivio. Canadian Psychologist/Psychologie Canadienne, 14(3), 290-296. doi:10.1037/h0082228

Thompson, V. A., & Paivio, A. (1994). Memory for pictures and sounds: Independence of auditory and visual codes.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Expérimentale, 48(3), 380-398. doi:10.1037/1196-1961.48.3.380

[1] Lambert, Wallace (1956). "The influence of noun-adjective order on learning". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 10 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1037/h0083652. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[2] MacLeod, Colin (1984). "Imagery and dual coding theory: The first decade". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 3 (38): 519–522. doi:10.1037/h0080882. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[3] Paivio, Allan (1991). "Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 45 (3): 255–287. doi:10.1037/h0084295. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

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 ==Dual coding theory==
+Paivio received his masters and Ph. D from McGill University and worked with Dr. Wallace Labert on bilingual processing during his graduate studies. As part of his graduate work Paivio worked with Lambert and conducted a study which examined recall by looking at the differences between the adjective-noun order and the noun-adjective order as indicators. Paivio and Lambert found evidence supporting nouns and modifying adjectives being learned more easily when the adjective are listed ahead of the nouns rather than after them. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Lambert|first=Wallace|coauthors=Allan Paivio|title=The influence of noun-adjective order on learning|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|year=1956|volume=10|issue=1|pages=9-12|doi=10.1037/h0083652}}</ref>
 Two ideas of the theory were that image code was more available for pictures and verbal code was more available for words. Sequential processing was specialized by the verbal system and parallel processing was specialized by the image system. In 1981, Paivio’s students and associates gathered for a conference and to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the publication of Imagery and Verbal Process. The conference laid the foundation for the book, Imagery, Memory and Cognition.<ref>{{cite journal|last=MacLeod|first=Colin|title=Imagery and dual coding theory: The first decade|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|year=1984|volume=3|issue=38|pages=519-522|doi=10.1037/h0080882|accessdate=20/02/12}}</ref>