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==Allan Paivio==
==Allan Paivio==
Paivio received his masters and Ph. D from McGill University and worked with Dr. Wallace Labert on bilingual processing during his graduate studies. As part of his graduate work Paivio worked with Lambert and conducted a study which examined recall by looking at the differences between the adjective-noun order and the noun-adjective order as indicators. Paivio and Lambert found evidence supporting nouns and modifying adjectives being learned more easily when the adjectives are listed ahead of the nouns rather than after them. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Lambert|first=Wallace|coauthors=Allan Paivio|title=The influence of noun-adjective order on learning|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|year=1956|volume=10|issue=1|pages=9-12|doi=10.1037/h0083652}}</ref> In 1963, Paivio investigated whether learning adjective-nouns pairs is effected by the degree a noun is abstract. Previous literature had shown that physical nouns are more meaningful and easier to remember then abstract nouns or adjectives. The study by Paivio gave further evidence that concrete nouns can be more easily learned then abstract nouns. The study also confirmed that noun-adjective pairs were more easily learned in the noun-adjective order because nouns can only provoke a few different adjectives and the adjectives of the same pairs can elicit many alternate nouns. Therefore, the noun-adjective order and easier to remember and learn. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Paivio|first=Allan|title=Learning of adjective-noun paired associates as a function of adjective-noun word order and noun abstractness|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|year=1963|volume=17|issue=4|pages=370-379|doi=10.1037/h0083277}}</ref> Paivio conducted experiments on the role of imagery in associative learning, which led to his discovery of dual coding theory (DCT). In 1967 the theory was first addressed to the Canadian Psychological Association and was presented more in depth in reviews in 1969 and 1971. In 1991, Paivio assessed the previous and current status of his dual coding theory. He also addresses criticisms and alternate views on the theory.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Paivio|first=Allan|title=Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|year=1991|volume=45|issue=3|pages=255-287|doi=10.1037/h0084295|accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref> There is evidence supporting that high-imagery nouns are recalled significantly better than low-imagery nouns. In a study by Paivio and Begg it was found that this result could not be accounted for by differential interference attributable to interitem semantic or associative readiness. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Paivio|first=Allan|coauthors=Begg, I|title=Imagery and associative overlap in short-term memory|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology|year=1971|volume=89|issue=1|pages=40-45|doi=10.1037/h0031193}}</ref> Allan Paivio is most well-known for him Dual Coding Theory (DCT) which gives empirical evidence of the mental processes that underlie human behaviour and experience
Paivio received his masters and Ph. D from McGill University and worked with Dr. Wallace Labert on bilingual processing during his graduate studies. As part of his graduate work Paivio worked with Lambert and conducted a study which examined recall by looking at the differences between the adjective-noun order and the noun-adjective order as indicators. Paivio and Lambert found evidence supporting nouns and modifying adjectives being learned more easily when the adjectives are listed ahead of the nouns rather than after them. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Lambert|first=Wallace|coauthors=Allan Paivio|title=The influence of noun-adjective order on learning|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|year=1956|volume=10|issue=1|pages=9-12|doi=10.1037/h0083652}}</ref> In 1963, Paivio investigated whether learning adjective-nouns pairs is effected by the degree a noun is abstract. Previous literature had shown that physical nouns are more meaningful and easier to remember then abstract nouns or adjectives. The study by Paivio gave further evidence that concrete nouns can be more easily learned then abstract nouns. The study also confirmed that noun-adjective pairs were more easily learned in the noun-adjective order because nouns can only provoke a few different adjectives and the adjectives of the same pairs can elicit many alternate nouns. Therefore, the noun-adjective order and easier to remember and learn. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Paivio|first=Allan|title=Learning of adjective-noun paired associates as a function of adjective-noun word order and noun abstractness|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|year=1963|volume=17|issue=4|pages=370-379|doi=10.1037/h0083277}}</ref> Paivio conducted experiments on the role of imagery in associative learning, which led to his discovery of dual coding theory (DCT). In 1967 the theory was first addressed to the Canadian Psychological Association and was presented more in depth in reviews in 1969 and 1971. In 1991, Paivio assessed the previous and current status of his dual coding theory. He also addresses criticisms and alternate views on the theory.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Paivio|first=Allan|title=Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|year=1991|volume=45|issue=3|pages=255-287|doi=10.1037/h0084295|accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref> There is evidence supporting that high-imagery nouns are recalled significantly better than low-imagery nouns. In a study by Paivio and Begg it was found that this result could not be accounted for by differential interference attributable to interitem semantic or associative readiness. The effect of the concreteness of imagery on short term memory was suggested to be a positive effect accredited to imagery. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Paivio|first=Allan|coauthors=Begg, I|title=Imagery and associative overlap in short-term memory|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology|year=1971|volume=89|issue=1|pages=40-45|doi=10.1037/h0031193}}</ref> Allan Paivio is most well-known for his Dual Coding Theory (DCT) which gives empirical evidence of the mental processes that underlie human behaviour and experience
.<ref>{{cite journal|last=James|first=Clark|coauthors=Allan Paivio|title=Dual coding theory and education|journal=Educational Psychology Review|year=1991|volume=3|issue=3|pages=149-210|doi=10.1007/BF01320076}}</ref> Paivo also found evidence that multiple units of information can be combined quickly into synchronously-organized, integrated visual compounds that function as units in memory storage. This allows for a more efficient way of retrieving memories. In a study, Paivio found that words could not be integrated into memory in the same way as visual components. Words have sequential constraints and therefore take up more storage pace. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Paivio|first=Allan|title=Imagery and synchronic thinking|journal=Canadian Psychological Review/Psychologie Canadienne|year=1975|volume=16|issue=3|pages=147-163|doi=10.1037/h0081801}}</ref> Two ideas of the theory were that image code was more available for pictures and verbal code was more available for words. Sequential processing was specialized by the verbal system and parallel processing was specialized by the image system. In 1981, Paivio’s students and associates gathered for a conference and to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the publication of Imagery and Verbal Process. The conference laid the foundation for the book, Imagery, Memory and Cognition.<ref>{{cite journal|last=MacLeod|first=Colin|title=Imagery and dual coding theory: The first decade|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|year=1984|volume=3|issue=38|pages=519-522|doi=10.1037/h0080882|accessdate=20/02/12}}</ref>
.<ref>{{cite journal|last=James|first=Clark|coauthors=Allan Paivio|title=Dual coding theory and education|journal=Educational Psychology Review|year=1991|volume=3|issue=3|pages=149-210|doi=10.1007/BF01320076}}</ref> Paivo also found evidence that multiple units of information can be combined quickly into synchronously-organized, integrated visual compounds that function as units in memory storage. This allows for a more efficient way of retrieving memories. In a study, Paivio found that words could not be integrated into memory in the same way as visual components. Words have sequential constraints and therefore take up more storage pace. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Paivio|first=Allan|title=Imagery and synchronic thinking|journal=Canadian Psychological Review/Psychologie Canadienne|year=1975|volume=16|issue=3|pages=147-163|doi=10.1037/h0081801}}</ref> Two ideas of the theory were that image code was more available for pictures and verbal code was more available for words. Sequential processing was specialized by the verbal system and parallel processing was specialized by the image system. In 1981, Paivio’s students and associates gathered for a conference and to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the publication of Imagery and Verbal Process. The conference laid the foundation for the book, Imagery, Memory and Cognition.<ref>{{cite journal|last=MacLeod|first=Colin|title=Imagery and dual coding theory: The first decade|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology|year=1984|volume=3|issue=38|pages=519-522|doi=10.1037/h0080882|accessdate=20/02/12}}</ref>


Revision as of 22:19, 9 April 2012

Allan Paivio

Paivio received his masters and Ph. D from McGill University and worked with Dr. Wallace Labert on bilingual processing during his graduate studies. As part of his graduate work Paivio worked with Lambert and conducted a study which examined recall by looking at the differences between the adjective-noun order and the noun-adjective order as indicators. Paivio and Lambert found evidence supporting nouns and modifying adjectives being learned more easily when the adjectives are listed ahead of the nouns rather than after them. [1] In 1963, Paivio investigated whether learning adjective-nouns pairs is effected by the degree a noun is abstract. Previous literature had shown that physical nouns are more meaningful and easier to remember then abstract nouns or adjectives. The study by Paivio gave further evidence that concrete nouns can be more easily learned then abstract nouns. The study also confirmed that noun-adjective pairs were more easily learned in the noun-adjective order because nouns can only provoke a few different adjectives and the adjectives of the same pairs can elicit many alternate nouns. Therefore, the noun-adjective order and easier to remember and learn. [2] Paivio conducted experiments on the role of imagery in associative learning, which led to his discovery of dual coding theory (DCT). In 1967 the theory was first addressed to the Canadian Psychological Association and was presented more in depth in reviews in 1969 and 1971. In 1991, Paivio assessed the previous and current status of his dual coding theory. He also addresses criticisms and alternate views on the theory.[3] There is evidence supporting that high-imagery nouns are recalled significantly better than low-imagery nouns. In a study by Paivio and Begg it was found that this result could not be accounted for by differential interference attributable to interitem semantic or associative readiness. The effect of the concreteness of imagery on short term memory was suggested to be a positive effect accredited to imagery. [4] Allan Paivio is most well-known for his Dual Coding Theory (DCT) which gives empirical evidence of the mental processes that underlie human behaviour and experience .[5] Paivo also found evidence that multiple units of information can be combined quickly into synchronously-organized, integrated visual compounds that function as units in memory storage. This allows for a more efficient way of retrieving memories. In a study, Paivio found that words could not be integrated into memory in the same way as visual components. Words have sequential constraints and therefore take up more storage pace. [6] Two ideas of the theory were that image code was more available for pictures and verbal code was more available for words. Sequential processing was specialized by the verbal system and parallel processing was specialized by the image system. In 1981, Paivio’s students and associates gathered for a conference and to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the publication of Imagery and Verbal Process. The conference laid the foundation for the book, Imagery, Memory and Cognition.[7]


The book of Imagery and Verbal Process consists not only of findings of Paivio, but also poses questions to be answered in the future. The first three chapters theoretical the fourth chapter and chapters there after discuss a variety of perceptual, learning and verbal outcomes that pertain to the general theory. [8] In 1996, Johnson, Paivio and Clark reviewed the three stages of object identification, name activation and response generation in regards to naming pictured objects.[9] In a study, Kounios and Holcomb found evidence supporting the consistency of dual coding theory with respect to context availability theory, which states that concreteness effects result from processing differences in a single system.[10] A study by Marschark and Paivio showed results that were inconsistent with dual coding theory. The study investigated picture word transfer effects and found that switching from pictures to words appeared to have a negative effect on reaction time and switching from words to pictures had a positive effect, which contracts dual processing theory. [11] A bilingual version of dual coding theory was studied in 1988, and the results supported dual coding theory and the independence store hypothesis of bilingual memory.[12]


Thompson and Paivio examined the mnemonic independence of auditory and visual nonverbal stimuli in free recall. Recall in the picture-sound condition was greater than with just picture or just sound. [13] Paivio and Csapo examined the superiority of recall with pictures and the effects of organization and elaboration. [14] Paivio wrote the book Mind and Its Revolution: A Dual Coding Theoretical Approach, which was published in 2009 and covers recent developments in Dual Coding Theory. Several chapters also describe how the mind is an outcome of evolutionary processes using dual coding theory.[15] Paivio and Sadoski conducted a study in 2011 that assessed Elman’s theory in the role of mental lexicon in language processing and applied the prospective of Dual Processing Theory. They found evidence for some agreements and disagreements with aspects of Elman’s position. [16]

References

  1. ^ Lambert, Wallace (1956). "The influence of noun-adjective order on learning". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 10 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1037/h0083652. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Paivio, Allan (1963). "Learning of adjective-noun paired associates as a function of adjective-noun word order and noun abstractness". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 17 (4): 370–379. doi:10.1037/h0083277.
  3. ^ Paivio, Allan (1991). "Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 45 (3): 255–287. doi:10.1037/h0084295. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ^ Paivio, Allan (1971). "Imagery and associative overlap in short-term memory". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 89 (1): 40–45. doi:10.1037/h0031193. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ James, Clark (1991). "Dual coding theory and education". Educational Psychology Review. 3 (3): 149–210. doi:10.1007/BF01320076. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Paivio, Allan (1975). "Imagery and synchronic thinking". Canadian Psychological Review/Psychologie Canadienne. 16 (3): 147–163. doi:10.1037/h0081801.
  7. ^ MacLeod, Colin (1984). "Imagery and dual coding theory: The first decade". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 3 (38): 519–522. doi:10.1037/h0080882. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  8. ^ Runquist, Willard (1973). "Aspects of cognitive process: A review of imagery and verbal processes by allan paivio". Canadian Psychologist/Psychologie Canadienne. 14 (3): 290–296. doi:10.1037/h0082228.
  9. ^ Johnson, Carla (1996). "Cognitive components of picture naming". Psychological Bulletin. 120 (1): 113-139. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Kounios, John (1994). "Concreteness effects in semantic processing: ERP evidence supporting dual-coding theory". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 20 (4): 804–823. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.4.804. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Marschark, Marc (1977). "Integrative processing of concrete and abstract sentences". Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior. 16 (2): 217–231. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80048-0. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Paivio, Allan (1988). "Bilingual dual-coding theory and semantic repetition effects on recall". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 14 (1): 163–172. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.14.1.163. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Thompson, Valerie (1994). "Memory for pictures and sounds: Independence of auditory and visual codes". Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology. 48 (3): 390–398. doi:10.1037/1196-1961.48.3.380. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Paivio, Allan (1973). "Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding?". Cognitive Psychology. 5 (2): 176–206. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90032-7. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Delprato D.J. (2009). "Review of mind and its evolution: A dual coding theoretical approach". The Psychological Record. 59 (2): 295–300.
  16. ^ Paivio, Allan (2011). "Lexicons, contexts, events, and images: Commentary on elman (2009) from the perspective of dual coding theory". Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 35 (1): 198–209. doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01146.x. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory and education. Educational Psychology Review, 3(3), 149-210. doi:10.1007/BF01320076

Delprato, D. J. (2009). Review of mind and its evolution: A dual coding theoretical approach. The Psychological Record, 59(2), 295-300. Retrieved from https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/621928502?accountid=15115

Johnson, Carla J.; Paivio, Allan; Clark, James M, (1996). Cognitive components of picture naming. Psychological Bulletin, 120(1),113-139.

Kounios, J., & Holcomb, P. J. (1994). Concreteness effects in semantic processing: ERP evidence supporting dual-coding theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(4), 804-823. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.4.804

Lambert, W. E., & Paivio, A. (1956). The influence of noun-adjective order on learning. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 10(1), 9-12. doi:10.1037/h0083652

MacLeod, C. M. (1984). Imagery and dual coding theory: The first decade. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 38(3), 519-522. doi:10.1037/h0080882

Marschark, M., & Paivio, A. (1977). Integrative processing of concrete and abstract sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 16(2), 217-231. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80048-0

Paivio, A. (1963). Learning of adjective-noun paired associates as a function of adjective-noun word order and noun abstractness. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 17(4), 370-379. doi:10.1037/h0083277

Paivio, <. c. (1975). Imagery and synchronic thinking. Canadian Psychological Review/Psychologie Canadienne, 16(3), 147-163. doi:10.1037/h0081801

Paivio, <. c. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 45(3), 255-287. doi:10.1037/h0084295

Paivio, <. c., & Begg, I. (1971). Imagery and associative overlap in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology,89(1), 40-45. doi:10.1037/h0031193

Paivio, <. c., Clark, J. M., & Lambert, W. E. (1988). Bilingual dual-coding theory and semantic repetition effects on recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(1), 163-172. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.14.1.163

Paivio, <. c., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 176-206. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90032-7

Paivio, <. c., & Sadoski, M. (2011). Lexicons, contexts, events, and images: Commentary on elman (2009) from the perspective of dual coding theory. Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 35(1), 198-209. doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01146.x

Runquist, W. N. (1973). Aspects of cognitive process: A review of imagery and verbal processes by allan paivio. Canadian Psychologist/Psychologie Canadienne, 14(3), 290-296. doi:10.1037/h0082228

Thompson, V. A., & Paivio, A. (1994). Memory for pictures and sounds: Independence of auditory and visual codes.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Expérimentale, 48(3), 380-398. doi:10.1037/1196-1961.48.3.380

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