User:Rmehta88/Physiological Factors of Maximal Sprint Speed: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Gepardjagt1 (Acinonyx jubatus).jpg|thumb|right| |
[[File:Gepardjagt1 (Acinonyx jubatus).jpg|thumb|right|400px|Cheetah chasing its prey. Captured at Ree Park - Ebeltoft Safari, Denmark. Photo by Malene Thyssen (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Malene)]] |
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'''Limitations to Animal Running Speed''' provides an overview of how various factors determine the maximal [[Sprint (running)|running]] speed. Some terrestrial animals are built for achieving extremely fast speeds such as the [[cheetah]], race [[Horse racing|horse]] and [[Greyhound racing|greyhound]]. There is no single determinant of maximal running speed, however, certain factors stand out against others and have been investigated in both animals and humans. These factors can be divided into two categories: [[Ground reaction force|ground reaction force (GRF)]] and foot contact time. |
'''Limitations to Animal Running Speed''' provides an overview of how various factors determine the maximal [[Sprint (running)|running]] speed. Some terrestrial animals are built for achieving extremely fast speeds such as the [[cheetah]], race [[Horse racing|horse]] and [[Greyhound racing|greyhound]]. There is no single determinant of maximal running speed, however, certain factors stand out against others and have been investigated in both animals and humans. These factors can be divided into two categories: [[Ground reaction force|ground reaction force (GRF)]] and foot contact time. |
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Limitations to Animal Running Speed provides an overview of how various factors determine the maximal running speed. Some terrestrial animals are built for achieving extremely fast speeds such as the cheetah, race horse and greyhound. There is no single determinant of maximal running speed, however, certain factors stand out against others and have been investigated in both animals and humans. These factors can be divided into two categories: ground reaction force (GRF) and foot contact time.
Ground Reaction Force
One common variant in running gait which is often studied is the GRF. It has been shown that as velocity increases, there is a linear increase in the vertical GRF.[1] The GRF during running exceeds the body weight and therefore the extra force must be applied by the body. In a study by Weyand et al, it was shown that faster human runners achieved higher speeds by applying greater vertical GRF and not by increasing swing time[2] The amount of force which can be applied is dependent on other more specific factors.
Muscle Moment Arm
A muscle's moment arm is defined as the shortest distance from the muscle tendon to the joint's center of rotation. As a general rule, the larger the moment arm of a muscle, the greater torque it can produce with the same amount of force. At the same time, the muscle would cause a smaller change in joint angle for the same amount of length change. As an example, holding a wrench at the very end of the handle makes it easier to loosen a bolt, however, requires your hand to travel a greater distance compared to holding the wrench closer to the bolt. [3]
Running Gait [4]
Foot Morphology [5]
Foot contact time [6]
Muscular
Muscle fiber type [8]
Other
Other environmental factors also play a role:
- Technology
- Environment
- Training
See also
References
- ^ He, J. P., R. Kram, et al. (1991). "Mechanics of running under simulated low gravity." Journal of Applied Physiology 71(3): 863-870.
- ^ Weyand PG, Sternlight DB, Bellizzi MJ, Wright S. Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. J Appl Physiol 81: 1991–1999, 2000.
- ^ Hudson, P. E., S. A. Corr, et al. (2011). "Functional anatomy of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) hindlimb." Journal of Anatomy 218(4): 363-374.
- ^ Bertram, J. E. A. and A. Gutmann (2009). "Motions of the running horse and cheetah revisited: fundamental mechanics of the transverse and rotary gallop." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6(35): 549-559.
- ^ Baxter, J. R., T. A. Novack, et al. (2012). "Ankle joint mechanics and foot proportions differ between human sprinters and non-sprinters." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279(1735): 2018-2024.
- ^ Weyand, P. G., R. F. Sandell, et al. (2010). "The biological limits to running speed are imposed from the ground up." Journal of Applied Physiology 108(4): 950-961.
- ^ Kumagai, K., T. Abe, et al. (2000). "Sprint performance is related to muscle fascicle length in male 100-m sprinters." Journal of Applied Physiology 88(3): 811-816.
- ^ Majumdar, A. and R. Robergs (2011). "The Science of Speed: Determinants of Performance in the 100 m Sprint." International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching 6(3): 479-494.